Programming in Java

Arrays
 Array
• Definition:
An array is a group/collection of variables of the
same type that are referred to by a common name.
• Arrays of any type can be created and may have one
or more dimensions.
• A specific element in an array is accessed by its index
(subscript).
• Examples:
• Collection of numbers
• Collection of names
• Collection of suffixes
 Examples
Array of numbers:
10 23 863 8 229

Array of names:

Sam Shanu Riya

Array of suffixes:
ment tion ness ves
 One-Dimensional Arrays
• A one-dimensional array is a list of variables of same
type.
• The general form of a one-dimensional array
declaration is:

type var-name[ ];
array-var = new type[size];

or, type var-name[ ] = new type[size];

Example:
int num [] = new int [10];
 Syntax
Declaration of array variable:
data-type variable-name[];
eg. int marks[];

This will declare an array named ‘marks’ of type ‘int’. But no memory is
allocated to the array.

Allocation of memory:
variable-name = new data-type[size];
eg. marks = new int[5];

This will allocate memory of 5 integers to the array ‘marks’ and it can store upto
5 integers in it. ‘new’ is a special operator that allocates memory.
Accessing elements in the array:
•Element in the array is accessed by specifying name of
the array followed by the index of the element.
• All array indexes in Java start at zero.
variable-name[index] = value;
Example:
marks[0] = 110;
This will assign the value 110 to the 1st element in the array.

marks[2] = 163;
This will assign the value 163 to the 3rd element in the array.
 Example
STEP 1 : (Declaration)
int marks[];
marks → null
STEP 2: (Memory Allocation)
marks = new int[5];
marks → 0 0 0 0 0
marks[0] marks[1] marks[2] marks[3] marks[4]

STEP 3: (Accessing Elements)

marks[0] = 10;
marks → 10 0 0 0 0
marks[0] marks[1] marks[2] marks[3] marks[4]
• Size of an array can’t be changed after the array is created.

• Default values:
– zero (0) for numeric data types,
– false for boolean types

• Length of an array can be obtained as:

array_ref_var.length
 Example
class Demo_Array
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int marks[];
marks = new int[3];
marks[0] = 10;
marks[1] = 35;
marks[2] = 84;
System.out.println(“Marks of 2nd student=” + marks[1]);
}
}
 Note
• Arrays can store elements of the same data type. Hence an
int array CAN NOT store an element which is not an int.
• Though an element of a compatible type can be converted
to int and stored into the int array.

eg. marks[2] = (int) 22.5;

This will convert ‘22.5’ into the int part ‘22’ and store it into the 3rd place
in the int array ‘marks’.

• Array indexes start from zero. Hence ‘marks[index]’ refers

to the (index+1)th element in the array and ‘marks[size-1]
refers to last element in the array.
 Array Initialization
1. data Type [] array_ref_var = {value0, value1, …, value n};

2. data Type [] array_ref_var;

array_ref_var = {value0, value1, …,value n};

3. data Type [] array_ref_var = new data Type [n+1];

array_ref_var [0] = value 0;
array_ref_var [1] = value 1;
…
array_ref_var [n] = value n;

4. data Type [] array_ref_var = new data Type [] {val 0,val 1..val n};
 Example
int[] v = new int[10];
int i = 7;
int j = 2;
int k = 4;
v[0] = 1;
v[i] = 5;
v[j] = v[i] + 3;
v[j+1] = v[i] + v[0];
v[v[j]] = 12;
System.out.println(v[2]);
v 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

v[0] v[1] v[2] v[3] v[4] v[5] v[6] v[7] v[8] v[9]
 Example
int[] v = new int[10];
int i = 7;
int j = 2;
int k = 4;
v[0] = 1;
v[i] = 5;
v[j] = v[i] + 3;
v[j+1] = v[i] + v[0];
v[v[j]] = 12;
System.out.println(v[2]);
v 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

v[0] v[1] v[2] v[3] v[4] v[5] v[6] v[7] v[8] v[9]
 Example
int[] v = new int[10];
int i = 7;
int j = 2;
int k = 4;
v[0] = 1;
v[i] = 5;
v[j] = v[i] + 3;
v[j+1] = v[i] + v[0];
v[v[j]] = 12;
System.out.println(v[2]);
v 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

v[0] v[1] v[2] v[3] v[4] v[5] v[6] v[7] v[8] v[9]
 Example
int[] v = new int[10];
int i = 7;
int j = 2;
int k = 4;
v[0] = 1;
v[i] = 5;
v[j] = v[i] + 3;
v[j+1] = v[i] + v[0];
v[v[j]] = 12;
System.out.println(v[2]);
v 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

v[0] v[1] v[2] v[3] v[4] v[5] v[6] v[7] v[8] v[9]
 Example
int[] v = new int[10];
int i = 7;
int j = 2;
int k = 4;
v[0] = 1;
v[i] = 5;
v[j] = v[i] + 3;
v[j+1] = v[i] + v[0];
v[v[j]] = 12;
System.out.println(v[2]);
v 1 0 8 6 0 0 0 5 0 0

v[0] v[1] v[2] v[3] v[4] v[5] v[6] v[7] v[8] v[9]
 Example
int[] v = new int[10];
int i = 7;
int j = 2;
int k = 4;
v[0] = 1;
v[i] = 5;
v[j] = v[i] + 3;
v[j+1] = v[i] + v[0];
v[v[j]] = 12;
System.out.println(v[2]);
v 1 0 8 6 0 0 0 5 12 0

v[0] v[1] v[2] v[3] v[4] v[5] v[6] v[7] v[8] v[9]
 Example
int[] v = new int[10];
int i = 7;
int j = 2;
int k = 4;
v[0] = 1;
v[i] = 5; 8 is displayed
v[j] = v[i] + 3;
v[j+1] = v[i] + v[0];
v[v[j]] = 12;
System.out.println(v[2]);
v 1 0 8 6 0 0 0 5 12 0

v[0] v[1] v[2] v[3] v[4] v[5] v[6] v[7] v[8] v[9]
 Multi-Dimensional Array
• Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays.

• Two-Dimensional arrays are used to represent a table or a

matrix.

• Creating Two-Dimensional Array:

int twoD[][] = new int[4][5];
Conceptual View of 2-Dimensional Array
class TwoDimArr
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int twoD[][]= new int[4][5];
int i, j, k = 0;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
{
twoD[i][j] = k;
k++;
}
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
System.out.print(twoD[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
• When we allocate memory for a multidimensional
array, we need only specify the memory for the first
(leftmost) dimension.

int twoD[][] = new int[4][];

• The other dimensions can be assigned manually.

// Manually allocate differing size second dimensions.
class TwoDAgain {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int twoD[][] = new int[4][];
twoD[0] = new int[1];
twoD[1] = new int[2];
twoD[2] = new int[3];
twoD[3] = new int[4];
int i, j, k = 0;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
for(j=0; j<i+1; j++)
{
twoD[i][j] = k;
k++;
}
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
for(j=0; j<i+1; j++)
System.out.print(twoD[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
 Initializing Multi-Dimensional Array
class Matrix {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double m[][] = {
{ 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 2, 2, 2 },
{ 0, 3, 3, 3 }
};
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
System.out.print(m[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
 Alternative Array Declaration
type[ ] var-name;

• Example:
char twod1[][] = new char[3][4];
char[][] twod2 = new char[3][4];

• This alternative declaration form offers convenience

when declaring several arrays at the same time.

• Example: int[] nums, nums2, nums3;

 Array Cloning
class Demo
{
public static void main(String arv[])
{ int a[] = new int[5];
for(int i=0; i <5 ; i++)
{ a[i] = i+1; }
int b[] = a;
a[2] = 20 ;
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
System.out.println(b[i]);
}}
 Array Cloning
• To create another array with its own values, Java
provides the clone() method.

• arr2 = arr1; (assignment)

is not equivalent to
arr2 = arr1.clone(); (cloning)
 Let’s Do It
• WAP to convert double array into int array by using user
defined method with following signature:

public static int [] doubleToInt(double d[])

 Variable-Length Argument Lists
• A variable number of arguments of the same type can be
passed to a method and treated as an array.
typeName... parameterName
• Only one variable-length parameter may be specified in a
method, and this parameter must be the last parameter.

• Eg.
– void printMax(int a, double... numbers)
– …
– printMax(34, 3, 3, 2, 56.5)
– printMax(10, new double[]{1, 2, 3})
 Let’s Do It
• WAP to calculate and display the CGPI of students by taking atleast
three subjects marks as input from the user. The number of CA
components in subjects can vary (eg: Java – 4 CAs, Data Structure –
3 CAs etc.) and consider best n-1 CAs for final CGPI. Your program
should be user interactive.

• Percentage → Grade→ Point

• 80<= P → A → 10
• 60<= P < 80 → B →8
• 50<= P < 60 → C →6
• 40<= P < 50 → D → 5
• P < 40 →F →0
 Brainstorming Questions
• class Demo
• {
• public static void main(String[] args) {
• int[] a = new int[0];
• System.out.print(a.length);
• }
• }
• A) 0
• B) Compilation error, arrays cannot be initialized to zero size
• C) Compilation error, it is a.length() not a.length
• D) Runtime Error

• Ans-A
 Brainstorming Questions
• class Demo {
• static void test(int[] a) {
• int[] b = new int[2];
• a = b;
• System.out.print(b.length);
• System.out.print(a.length);
• }
• public static void main(String[] args) {
• int[] a = new int[5];
• test(a);
• System.out.print(a.length); }}
• A) 225
• B) 255
• C) 200
• D) 222

• Ans-A
 Brainstorming Questions
• class Demo {
• public static void main(String[] args) {
• String entries[] = {"entry1","entry2"};
• int count=0;
• while (entries [count++]!=null){
• System.out.println(count);
• }
• System.out.println(count);
• }
• }
• A) An Exception will be thrown
• B) 0 will be printed as part of the output
• C) 2 will be printed as part of the output
• D) 3 will be printed as part of the output

• Ans-A
 Brainstorming Questions
• Which of the following declarations of an array is incorrect?

• A) int[] a[];
• B) int b[3];
• C) int []c[];
• D) int[] d[];

• Ans- B
 Brainstorming Questions
• class Demo {
• final static int x[] = new int[5];
• public static void main(String[] args) {
• int x = new Demo().x[5];
• if (x <= 10)
• System.out.println("javachamp");
• }
• }
• A) Compilation error
• B) ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException is thrown
• C) javachamp
• D) No output is produced

• Ans-B
 Brainstorming Questions
• class Demo {
• public static void main(String[] args)
• {
• byte b1= 25;
• byte b2=45;
• byte b3= b1+b2;
• }}
• a) 70
• b) CompileError
• c) 25
• d) RunTimeException

• Ans- B
 Array of Objects
• An array can hold objects as well as primitive type values.

Eg:
Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

• To initialize circleArray, you can use a for loop like this one:
for (int i = 0; i < circleArray.length; i++)
{
circleArray[i] = new Circle();
}
 Brainstorming Questions
• Consider the following command-line invocations?
• i. java Arrays
• ii. java Arrays 12
• iii. java Arrays 12 32
• class Arrays
• { public static void main(String [ ] args){
• for(int x=0;args.length>x++;){
• System.out.print(args[x]+ " ");
• } } }
• A. Only the invocation i will complete without throwing exceptions
• B. Only Invocation i will throw an exception.
• C. Invocation ii will produce he output 12.
• D. Invocation iii will produce he output 12 32.
• E. Invocations ii and iii will throw exceptions.

• Ans-A
 Brainstorming Questions
• class Demo
• {public static void main(String[] args) {
• Object obj = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 };
• int[] someArray = (int[])obj;
• for (int i : someArray) System.out.print(i + " ");
• } }
• A) 1 2 3
• B) Compilation fails because of an error in line 12.
• C) Compilation fails because of an error in line 13.
• D) Compilation fails because of an error in line 14.
• E) A ClassCastException is thrown at runtime
• Ans- A
 Brainstorming Questions
• What is the result of running the following code with "java
Demo debug":
• class Demo
• { public static void main(String [ ] args)
• { if (args.length == 1 | args[1].equals("debug"))
• { System.out.println(args[0]); }
• else { System.out.println("Release");
• } } }
• A) Debug
• B) Release
• C) Compilation fails
• D) An exception is thrown at run-time
• Ans-D