ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

1ST SEMESTER – FINALS REVIEWER

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM material in the distal parts of

the large intestine to the
The Digestive Tract is a tube extending anus.
from the mouth to the anus. It is also called 4. Mixing. Some contractions do not
the alimentary tract, or alimentary canal. propel food from one end of the
digestive tract to the other but,
Gastrointestinal tract refers only to the rather, move it back and forth within
‘stomach and intestines, but it is often used the digestive tract to mix it with
as a synonym for digestive tract. digestive secretions and help break
it into smaller pieces.
The associated accessory organs are 5. Secretion is added to lubricate,
primarily glands located outside the liquefy, buffer, and digest the food.
digestive tract that secretes fluids into it. 6. Digestion is the breakdown of
large organic molecules into their
component parts.
7. Absorption is the movement of
molecules out of the digestive tract
and into the blood or into the
lymphatic system.
8. Elimination is the process by
which the waste products of
digestion are removed from the
body.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FOUR MAJOR

TUNICS

MUCOSA
• consists of three layers
o Mucous Epithelium, which
is moist stratified squamous
Figure 1. The Digestive System consists epithelium in the mouth,
of the digestive tract and accessory organs. oropharynx, esophagus,
and anal canal and simple
FUNCTIONS columnar epitheliumin the
remainder of the digestive
1. Ingestion is the intake of solid or tract.
liquid food into the stomach. o Lamina Propria a loose
2. Mastication is the process by connective tissue
which the teeth chew food in the o Muscularis Mucosae. The
mouth. epithelium extends deep
3. Propulsion is the movement of into the lamina propria in
food from one end of the digestive many places to form
tract to the other. intestinal glands and
a. Swallowing, or deglutition crypts.
moves liquids or a soft mass
of food and liquid. SUBMUCOSA
b. Peristalsis propels material • A thick connective tissue layer. This
through most of the tunic contains nerves, blood
digestive tract. vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
c. Mass movements are small glands.
contractions that move

J. TAGACAY
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1ST SEMESTER – FINALS REVIEWER

MUSCULARIS rectum, kidneys, adrenal glands, urinary

• The muscularis consists of an inner bladder.
layer of circular smooth muscle and
an outer layer of longitudinal
smooth muscle.

SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA
• is called the visceral peritoneum. It
consists of a thin layer of
connective tissue and a simple
squamous epithelium.

PERITONEUM
• The walls and organs of the
abdominal cavity are lined with
serous membranes. These
membranes are called the
peritoneum ORAL CAVITY
o Visceral Peritoneum - • It is divided into two parts:
serous membrane that o The vestibule is the space
covers the organs. between the lips or cheeks
o Parietal Peritoneum - and the teeth, and
serous membrane that o The oral cavity proper lies
covers the wall of the medial to the teeth. The oral
abdominal cavity. cavity is lined with moist
stratified squamous
MESENTERIES epithelium, which protects
• CT sheets that hold the abdominal against abrasion.
cavity organs in place
o Lesser omentum - LIPS
connects the lesser • muscular structures formed by the
curvature of the stomach to orbicularis oris muscle.
the liver and diaphragm.
o Greater omentum - CHEEKS
connects the greater • buccinators muscles flatten the
curvature of the stomach to cheeks against Teeth
the transverse colon and
posterior body wall. MASTIFICATION
o Omental bursa - a long, • begins the process of mechanical
double fold of mesentery digestion
that extends inferiorly from
the stomach before looping TONGUE
back to the transverse colon • plays a major role in the process of
to create a cavity/pocket. swallowing; major sensory organ
o Mesentery proper - for taste; one of the major organs of
attaches the small intestine speech
to the posterior abdominal o Frenulum – thin fold of
wall, tissue inferior to the tongue.

RETROPERITONEAL – abdominal organs

that have no mesenteries, duodenum,
pancreas, ascending, descending colon,

J. TAGACAY
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1ST SEMESTER – FINALS REVIEWER

CEMENTUM
• covers the surface of the dentin in
the root; anchors the tooth in the
jaw.

ALVEOLI
• where the teeth are rooted.

GINGIVA
• dense fibrous CT and most
stratified squamous epithelium that
covers the alveolar processes.

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS
• CT fibers that extend from the
alveolar walls that hold the teeth in
place.
TEETH
• 32 teeth in a normal adult mouth. DENTAL CARIES / TOOTH DECAY
• Located in the mandible and • result of the breakdown of enamel
maxillae. by acids produced by bacteria on
tooth surface.
1. Incisor – to cut
2. Canine – to tear PERIODONTAL DISEASE
3. Premolars • inflammation x degeneration of the
4. Molars periodontal ligaments, gingiva,
5. Wisdom teeth – third molars alveolar bone.

PERMANENT TEETH – secondary teeth

PRIMARY TEETH – deciduous teeth; milk
or baby teeth

PARTS
A. Crown
B. Cusps
C. Neck
D. Root

PULP CAVITY
• center of the tooth; contains blood
vessels nerves, and pulp
(connective tissue).

DENTIN
• bonelike tissue that surrounds the
pulp cavity

ENAMEL
• extremely hard, acellular substance
that covers the dentin of the tooth
drown

J. TAGACAY
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1ST SEMESTER – FINALS REVIEWER

MASTICATION
• Food taken into the mouth is
masticated, or chewed, by the
teeth. The anterior teeth (the
incisors and the canines) primarily
cut and tear food, whereas the
premolars and molars primarily
crush and grind it.

Four pairs of muscles move the mandible

during mastication:
• temporalis, masseter, medial
pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid
PHARYNX
MASTICATION REFLEX • Throat
• or chewing reflex, is integrated in • Connects the mouth with the
the medulla oblongata and controls esophagus.
the basic movements of chewing. • Oropharynx + laryngopharynx –
transmit food.
SALIVARY GLANDS • Contains pharyngeal constrictor
• are scattered throughout the oral muscles.
cavity. There are three pairs of
large, multicellular salivary glands: ESOPHAGUS
the parotid glands, the • Muscular tube that transports food
submandibular glands, and the from the pharynx to the stomach.
sublingual glands • Esophageal sphincters – regulate
the movement of food into and out
3 PAIRS OF SALIVARY GLANDS of the esophagus.
1. PAROTID GLANDS - largest; • Cardiac sphincter – lower ES.
serous glands located anterior to
each ear. SWALLOWING / DEGLUTITION
2. SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS – 1. Voluntary Phase
produce more serous than mucous • Bolus (mass of food) us formed in
secretions. the mouth.
3. SUBLINGUAL GLANDS – • Bolus is pushed by the tongue
smallest; produce primarily mucous forcing in into the oropharynx.
secretions. 2. Pharyngeal Phase
• A reflex initiated when a bolus of
SALIVA food stimulates receptors in the
• is a combination of serous and oropharynx.
mucous secretions from the • Epiglottis – tipped posteriorly to
various salivary glands. cover the larynx.
3. Esophageal Phase
MUMPS
• Responsible for moving food form
• inflammation of the parotid gland the pharynx to the stomach.
caused by viral infection
• Peristaltic waves – muscular
contractions of the esophagus.

J. TAGACAY
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1ST SEMESTER – FINALS REVIEWER

STOMACH
• Functions primarily as a storage
and mixing chamber for ingested
food.

J. TAGACAY