Title: Application of Derivative

Chapter: Application of Derivative

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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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Error and Approximation :

Let y = f(x) be a function. If these is an error x in x then corresponding error in y is y

= f(x + x) – f(x).
f(x  x)  f(x) dy
We have lim = = f(x)
x 0 x dx
We define the differential of y, at point x, corresponding to the increment x as f(x) x
and denote it by dy.
i.e. dy = f(x) x.
Let P(x, f(x)), Q((x + x), f(x + x)) (as shown in figure)
y = QS, 
 x = PS,
dy = RS
In many practical situations, it is easier to evaluate dy but not y.

Example # 10. Find the approximate value of 251/3.

Sol. Let y = x1/3
Let x = 27 and x = –2
Now y = (x + x)1/3 – x1/3 = (25)1/3 – 3
dy
x = 251/3 – 3
dx
At x = 27, 251/3 = 3 – 0.074 = 2.926

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Monotonicity of a function :

Let f be a real valued function having domain D(DR) and S be a subset of D. f is said to
be monotonically increasing (non decreasing) (increasing) in S if for every x1, x2  S,
x1 < x2  f(x1)  f(x2). f is said to be monotonically decreasing (non increasing)
(decreasing) in S if for every x1, x2  S, x1 < x2  f(x1)  f(x2)

f is said to be strictly increasing in S if for x1, x2  S, x1 < x2  f(x1) < f(x2). Similarly,
f is said to be strictly decreasing in S if for x1, x2  S, x1 < x2  f(x1) > f(x2) .
Notes : (i) f is strictly increasing  f is monotonically increasing (non decreasing).
But converse need not
be true.
(ii) f is strictly decreasing  f is monotonically decreasing (non increasing). Again,
converse need not be true.
(iii) If f(x) = constant in S, then f is increasing as well as decreasing in S
(iv) A function f is said to be an increasing function if it is increasing in the domain.
Similarly, if f is decreasing in the domain, we say that f is monotonically
decreasing
(v) f is said to be a monotonic function if either it is monotonically increasing or
monotonically decreasing
(vi) If f is increasing in a subset of S and decreasing in another subset of S, then f is
non monotonic in S.

Application of differentiation for detecting monotonicity :

Let  be an interval (open or closed or semi open and semi closed)
(i) If f(x) > 0  x  , then f is strictly increasing in 
(ii) If f(x) < 0  x  , then f is strictly decreasing in 

Note : Let I be an interval (or ray) which is a subset of domain of f. If f (x) > 0,  x  
except for countably many points where f (x) = 0, then f(x) is strictly increasing in .
{f (x) = 0 at countably many points  f (x) = 0 does not occur on an interval which is a
subset of  }
Let us consider another function whose graph is shown below for x  (a, b).

Here also f(x)  0 for all x  (a, b). But, note that in this case, f(x) = 0 holds for all x 
(c, d) and (e,b).

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 Thus the given function is increasing (monotonically increasing) in (a, b), but not strictly
increasing.

Example # 11 : Let f(x) = x3. Find the intervals of monotonicity.

Solution : f(x) = 3x2

f(x) > 0 everywhere except at x = 0. Hence f(x) will be strictly increasing function
for
x  R {see figure}

Example # 12 : Let f(x) = x – sinx. Find the intervals of monotonicity.

Solution : f(x) = 1 – cosx

Now, f(x) > 0 every where, except at x = 0, ± 2, ± 4 etc. But all these points
are discrete (countable) and do not form an interval. Hence we can conclude that
f(x) is strictly increasing in R. In fact we can also see it graphically.

Example # 13 : Find the intervals in which f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 7 is increasing.

Solution : f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 7

f(x) = 3x2 – 4x – 4
f(x) = (x – 2) (3x + 2)
x   ,    [2, )
2
for M.. f(x)  0 
 3

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Example # 14 : Find the intervals of monotonicity of the following functions.
(i) f(x) = x2 (x – 2)2 (ii) f(x) = x n x

Solution : (i) f(x) = x2 (x – 2)2  f(x) = 4x (x – 1) (x – 2)

observing the sign change of f(x)

Hence increasing in [0, 1] and in [2, )

and decreasing for x  (– , 0] and [1, 2]
(ii) f(x) = x n x
f(x) = 1 + n x
1
f(x)  0  n x  – 1  x
e

increasing for x   ,   and decreasing for x   0 ,  .

1 1

e   e
Note : If a function f(x) is increasing in (a, b) and f(x) is continuous in [a, b], then f(x) is
increasing on [a, b]

Example # 15 : f(x) = [x] is a step up function. Is it a strictly increasing function for x  R.

Solution : No, f(x) = [x] is increasing (monotonically increasing) (non-decreasing), but not
strictly increasing function as illustrated by its graph.

Example # 16 : If f(x) = sin4x + cos4x + bx + c, then find possible values of b and c such that
f(x) is monotonic for all x  R

Solution : f(x) = sin4x + cos4x + bx + c

f(x) = 4 sin3x cosx – 4cos3x sinx + b = – sin4x + b.
Case - (i) : for M.I. f(x)  0  for all x  R
 b  sin4x for all x  R  b1
Case - (ii) : for M.D. f(x)  0 for all x  R
 b sin4x for all x  R  b–1
Hence for f(x) to be monotonic b  (– , – 1]  [1, ) and c  R.

Example # 17 : Find possible values of 'a' such that f(x) = e2x – 2(a2 – 21) ex + 8x + 5 is
monotonically increasing for x  R

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Solution : f(x) = e2x – 2(a2 – 21) ex + 8x + 5
f(x) = 2e2x – 2(a2 – 21) ex + 8  0 ;  c x  R
4
 ex +  a2 – 21
ex
 4 
4  a2 – 21  e  e x  4 
x

 
 a  [–5, 5]
Self Practice Problems :

(11) Find the intervals of monotonicity of the following functions.

(i) f(x) = – x3 + 6x2 – 9x – 2
1
(ii) f(x) = x +
x 1
2
(iii) f(x) = x . ex  x
(iv) f(x) = x – cosx

(12) Let f(x) = x – tan–1x. Prove that f(x) is monotonically increasing for x  R.

(13) If f(x) = 2ex – ae–x + (2a + 1) x – 3 monotonically increases for  x  R, then

find range of values of a

(14) Let f(x) = e2x – aex + 1. Prove that f(x) cannot be monotonically decreasing for
 x  R for any value of 'a'.

(15) The values of 'a' for which function f(x) = (a + 2) x3 – ax2 + 9ax – 1 monotonically
decreasing for  x  R.

Ans. (11) (i)  in [1, 3] ; D in (– , 1]  (3, )

(ii)  in (– , – 2]  [0, ) ; D in [– 2, – 1)  (–1, 0]

 in   , 1 ; D in  ,    [1, )

1 1
(iii)
 2   2

(iv) I for x  R
(13) a0 (15) – < a  – 3

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 Exercise – I
Section (A) : Rate of change and approximation
1. The length x of rectangle is decreasing at a rate of 3 cm/min and width y is increasing
at a rate of 2 cm/min. When x = 10 cm and y = 6 cm, find the rate of change of (i) the
perimeter, (ii) the area of rectangle.

2. x and y are the sides of two squares such that y = x – x2 . Find the rate of change of
the area of the second square with respect to the first square.

3. A man 1.5 m tall walks away from a lamp post 4.5 m high at a rate of 4 km/hr.
(i) How fast is his shadow lengthening?
(ii) How fast is the farther end of shadow moving on the pavement?

4. Find the approximate change in volume V of a cube of side 5m caused by increasing

its side length by 2%.

Section (B) : Rate of change and approximation

1. Water is poured into an inverted conical vessel of which the radius of the base is 2 m
and height 4 m, at the rate of 77 litre/minute. The rate at which the water level is rising
at the instant when the depth is 70 cm is (use  = 22/7)
(A) 10 cm/min (B) 20 cm/min (C) 40 cm/min (D)
30 cm/min

2 On the curve x3 = 12y. The interval in which abscissa changes at a faster rate then its
ordinate
(A) (–3, 0) (B) (–, –2)  (2, ) (C) (–2, 2) (D) (–3, 3)

3. A kite is 300 m high and there are 500 m of cord out. If the wind moves the kite
horizontally at the rate of 5 km/hr. directly away from the person who is flying it, find the
rate at which the cord is being paid?
(A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 3 (D) cannot be determined
= 2x   0  ]

d  dx dy
[ Hint: 2 = x2 + y2  2
dt dt  dt 

4. The approximate value of tan 46° is (take  = 22/7) :

(A) 3 (B) 1.035 (C) 1.033 (D) 1.135

5. A spherical iron ball 10 cm in radius is coated with a layer of ice of uniform thickness
that melts at a rate of 50 cm3/min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm, then the rate at
which the thickness of ice decreases, is-
5 1 1 1
(A) cm/min (B) cm/min (C) cm/min (D) cm/min
6 54 18 36

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 Answer Key
Section (A) : Rate of change and approximation
1. (i) – 2 cm/min (ii) 2 cm2/min 2. 2x2 – 3x + 1
3. (i) 2 km/hr (ii) 6 km/h 4. 7.5 m 3

Section (B) : Rate of change and approximation

1. (B) 2 (C) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (C)

Solution
Section (A) : Rate of change and approximation
1. (i) Let P be perimeter
P = 2x + 2y
dP dx dy
= 2 2
dt dt dt
dA dx dy
= y x –6+4=–2
dt dt dt
(ii) Let A be area
A = xy
dA dx dy
= y x
dt dt dt
= – 18 + 20 = 2

dy
2y
d(y 2 ) dx y dy
2. We have to obtain = = .
d(x 2 ) 2x x dx
y = x – x2
dy
 = 1 – 2x
dx
d(y 2 ) y (x  x 2 )(1  2x)
= (1 – 2x) = = 2x2 – 3x + 1
d(x 2 ) x x

3. Let AC be pole, DE be man and B be farther end of shadow as shown in figure

From triangles ABC and DBE

4.5 1.5

xy y
3y = 1.5 x
dy d dx dy
= 2, (x + y) = 
dt dt dt dt

dV
4. V = a3  V = a
da
2a 6  53
= 3a2a = 3a2 × = = 7.5 m3
100 100

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Section (B) : Rate of change and approximation
1 2  r 2 1
1. V= r h   
3  h 4 2 

1 h3  3
V=  = h
3 4 12

22 1 dh
77 × 103 =  × 70 × 70 × ( 1 litre = 103 c.c.)
7 4 dt

dh
 = 20 cm/min.
dt

2 x3 = 12y
dx dy dx dy
3x2 = 12  >
dt dt dt dt
dy 1 dy
 12 . >
dt 3x 2 dt
 x2 < 4  x  (–2, 2)

3.
From figure z2 = x2 + y2
dz dx
z = x
dt dt
dz dz
If z = 500 then x = 400  500 = 400(5)  =4
dt dt

4. Let y = tan x
dy
y = tan (x + x) – tan x  x = tan (x + x) – tan x
dx
 (sec2 x)x = tan (x + x) – tan x
2 
put x = 45°, x = 1°  = tan46° – 1  tan46°= 1 +
180 90


5. V = 4 (10  r)3 , 0  r  15
3
dV
 = – 50.
dt
dr dr –1
4 (10 + r)2 = – 50  = (where r = 5)
dt dt 18 

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