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    CHEM 1252 Exam Information Sheet Fall 2021

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    This document provides information for a CHEM 1252 exam including physical constants, unit conversions, equations, water properties, acid-base strength comparisons, and solubility rules. Key physical constants include the Avogadro constant, Boltzmann constant, molar gas constant, and Faraday constant. Equations cover gas laws, kinetics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and acid-base chemistry. Solubility rules outline which salt compounds are generally soluble or insoluble.

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    CHEM 1252 Exam Information Sheet Fall 2021

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    Joe joe
    26 views2 pages
    This document provides information for a CHEM 1252 exam including physical constants, unit conversions, equations, water properties, acid-base strength comparisons, and solubility rules. Key physical constants include the Avogadro constant, Boltzmann constant, molar gas constant, and Faraday constant. Equations cover gas laws, kinetics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and acid-base chemistry. Solubility rules outline which salt compounds are generally soluble or insoluble.

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    This document provides information for a CHEM 1252 exam including physical constants, unit conversions, equations, water properties, acid-base strength comparisons, and solubility rules. Key physical constants include the Avogadro constant, Boltzmann constant, molar gas constant, and Faraday constant. Equations cover gas laws, kinetics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and acid-base chemistry. Solubility rules outline which salt compounds are generally soluble or insoluble.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views2 pages

    CHEM 1252 Exam Information Sheet Fall 2021

    Uploaded by

    Joe joe
    This document provides information for a CHEM 1252 exam including physical constants, unit conversions, equations, water properties, acid-base strength comparisons, and solubility rules. Key physical constants include the Avogadro constant, Boltzmann constant, molar gas constant, and Faraday constant. Equations cover gas laws, kinetics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and acid-base chemistry. Solubility rules outline which salt compounds are generally soluble or insoluble.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    CHEM 1252 Exam Information Sheet Fall 2021

    Physical constants:
    Avogadro constant NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1 Boltzmann constant k = 1.381 × 10−23 J·K−1
    Molar gas constant R = 8.314 J·mol−1·K−1 Elementary charge e = 1.602 × 10−19 C
    R = 0.08206 L·atm·mol−1·K−1 Faraday constant F = 96,485 C·mol−

    Conversions and definitions:


    T [K] = T [°C] + 273.15 1 cal ≡ 4.184 J 1 amp = 1 C/s
    1 atm ≡ 760 mmHg ≡ 760 Torr ≡ 101,325 Pa ≡ 1.01325 bar [all exact] 1 N ≡ 1 kg·m·s−2
    1 Pa ≡ 1 N·m−2 ≡ 1 kg·m−1·s−2 1 J ≡ 1 N·m ≡ 1 kg·m2·s−2 1 V ≡ 1 J·C−1
    kilo- (k) = 103
    mega- (M) = 10 6
    giga- (G) = 109
    deci- (d) = 10−1 centi- (c) = 10−2 milli- (m) = 10−3
    micro- (μ) = 10−6 nano- (n) = 10−9 pico- (p) = 10−12 femto- (f) = 10−15

    𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
    Equations: 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃tot = (𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑃𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑃3 + ⋯ ) = (𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛2 + 𝑛𝑛3 + ⋯ )
    𝑉𝑉

    𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 3𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑟𝑟2 𝑀𝑀1


    𝑑𝑑 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃tot 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 = 𝑢𝑢 = � =�
    𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑛𝑛tot 𝑀𝑀 𝑟𝑟1 𝑀𝑀2

    𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠solute 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0


    𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 % = × 100 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑋𝑋𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
    𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠solution 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

    𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑘𝑘[𝐴𝐴]𝑚𝑚 [𝐵𝐵]𝑛𝑛 𝛥𝛥𝑇𝑇b/f = 𝑖𝑖 ⋅ 𝐾𝐾b/f 𝑚𝑚


    [𝐴𝐴]0
    rate = k: [𝐴𝐴]𝑡𝑡 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + [𝐴𝐴]0 𝑡𝑡½ =
    2𝑘𝑘

    𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 2
    𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑘𝑘[𝐴𝐴]: [𝐴𝐴]𝑡𝑡 = [𝐴𝐴]0 𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙[ 𝐴𝐴]𝑡𝑡 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙[ 𝐴𝐴]0 𝑡𝑡½ =
    𝑘𝑘

    1 1 1
    𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑘𝑘[𝐴𝐴]2 : = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑡𝑡½ =
    [𝐴𝐴]𝑡𝑡 [𝐴𝐴]0 𝑘𝑘[𝐴𝐴]𝑜𝑜

    𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 k  E  1 1
    𝑘𝑘 = Ae−Ea/RT 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑘𝑘 = − + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝐴 ln  1  = a  − 
    RT
     k 2  R  T2 T1 
    𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 [𝐶𝐶]𝑐𝑐 [𝐷𝐷]𝑑𝑑
    𝑄𝑄 = = = 𝐾𝐾 (at equilibrium) Kp = Kc(RT)Δn
    𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 [𝐴𝐴]𝑎𝑎 [𝐵𝐵]𝑏𝑏

    −𝑏𝑏±√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
    𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0: 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐾𝐾𝑎𝑎 𝐾𝐾𝑏𝑏 = 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 = [𝐻𝐻3 𝑂𝑂+ ][OH− ]
    2𝑎𝑎

    [𝐴𝐴− ]
    𝑝𝑝 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑝𝑝 𝐾𝐾𝑎𝑎 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑝𝐾𝐾𝑎𝑎 + 𝑝𝑝𝐾𝐾𝑏𝑏 = 𝑝𝑝𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 = pH + pOH
    [HA]

    𝑜𝑜
    𝛥𝛥𝐻𝐻rxn = ∑pdts 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 − ∑reacts 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜
    𝛥𝛥𝑆𝑆rxn = ∑pdts 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛° − ∑reacts 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚°
    𝑜𝑜
    𝛥𝛥𝐺𝐺rxn = ∑pdts 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝐺𝐺𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 − ∑reacts 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐺𝐺𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝛥𝛥𝐺𝐺 (o) = 𝛥𝛥𝐻𝐻 (o) − 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆 (o) ΔG = ΔGo + RT ln Q
    °
    𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥° = −𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝐾𝐾 𝐾𝐾 = 𝑒𝑒 −∆𝐺𝐺 /𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 E° = E°red, cathode − E°red, anode OR E° = E°red + E°ox
    ° 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 0 0.05916𝑉𝑉 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
    𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − ln 𝑄𝑄 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 − log 𝑄𝑄 𝐸𝐸° = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
    𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

    𝛥𝛥𝐺𝐺 (𝑜𝑜) = −𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝐸𝐸 (𝑜𝑜)


    2

    Properties of water:
    Specific heat of H2O(s) s = 2.09 J·g−1·K−1 Specific heat of H2O(g) s = 1.84 J·g−1·K−1
    Heat of fusion ΔHfus = 6.01 kJ·mol−1 Molal b.p. elevation Kb = 0.51 °C·m−1
    Specific heat of H2O(l) s = 4.184 J·g−1·K−1 Molal f.p. depression Kf = 1.86 °C·m−1
    Heat of vaporization ΔHvap = 40.67 kJ·mol−1 Ion product (at 25 °C) Kw ≈ 1.00 × 10−14

    Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs in Water


    Acid Conjugate Base
    “HX” “X−”
    H2SO4 HSO4−
    H3O+ H2O
    HSO4− SO42−
    H3PO4 H2PO4−
    HNO2 NO2−
    HF F−

    ← increasing base strength


    increasing acid strength →

    HCO2H (formic acid) HCO2− (formate)


    CH3CO2H (HC2H3O2) CH3CO2− (C2H3O2−)
    H2CO3 HCO3−
    H2S HS−
    H2PO4− HPO42−
    HCN CN−
    NH4+ NH3
    HCO3− CO32−
    HPO42− PO43−
    H2O OH−
    CH3CH2OH (ethanol) CH3CH2O− (ethoxide)
    NH3 NH2− (amide)

    Solubility Rules:
    1. Virtually all salts of alkali metal and ammonium cations are soluble.
    2. Virtually all nitrate and acetate salts are soluble.
    3. Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble.
    Exceptions: halide salts of Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+ are insoluble.
    4. Most sulfate salts are soluble.
    Exceptions: sulfate salts of Ca2+, Ba2+, Pb2+ and Hg22+ are insoluble.
    5. Most hydroxides are insoluble.
    Exceptions: hydroxides of rule 1 cations (see above) and Ba2+, Sr2+, and Ca2+ are soluble.
    6. Most sulfide, carbonate, chromate, and phosphate salts are insoluble.
    Exceptions: salts of rule 1 cations (see above) are soluble.

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