Balancing of Rotating masses

What is balancing of
rotating members?

Balancing means a process of restoring a

rotor which has unbalance to a balanced
state by adjusting the mass distribution of
the rotor about its axis of rotation
Balancing
"is the process of attempting to
improve the mass distribution
of a body so that it rotates in its
bearings without unbalanced
centrifugal forces”
Balancing is the process of eliminating or at least
reducing the ground forces and/or moments.

It is achieved by changing the location of the mass

centers of links. Balancing of rotating parts is a well
known problem. A rotating body with fixed rotation
axis can be fully balanced i.e. all the inertia forces
and moments. For mechanism containing links
rotating about axis which are not fixed, force
balancing is possible, moment balancing by itself may
be possible, but both not possible. We generally try to
do force balancing. A fully force balance is possible,
but any action in force balancing severe the moment
balancing.
Mass balancing is routine for rotating

machines,some reciprocating machines,

and vehicles

 Mass balancing is necessary for quiet operation,

high speeds , long bearing life, operator comfort,

controls free of malfunctioning, or a "quality" feel

 Rotating components for balancing

• Pulley & gear • Starter armatures • Airspace

shaft assemblies components

• High speed
machine • flywheels • Impellers
tool spindles

• Centrifuge rotors • Electric motor • Fan and blowers

rotors

• Compressor • Turbochargers • Precision shafts

rotors

• crank shafts • Grinding wheels • Steam &

GasTurbine
rotors
 Shaft with
rotors

Bearing 1 Bearing 2

Unbalanced force on the bearing –rotor system

Cut away section of centrifugal compressor
Unbalance is caused by the displacement of the
mass centerline from the axis of rotation.
Centrifugal force of "heavy" point of a rotor
exceeds the centrifugal force exerted by the light
side of the rotor and pulls the entire rotor in the
direction of the heavy point.
 Balancing is the correction of this phenomena
by the removal or addition of mass
 Benefits of balancing
 Increase quality of operation.

 Minimize vibration.

 Minimize audible and signal noises.

 Minimize structural fatigue stresses.

 Minimize operator annoyance and fatigue.

 Increase bearing life.

 Minimize power loss.

NEED FOR BALANCING
Rotating a rotor which has unbalance
causes the following problems.

 The whole machine vibrates.

 Noise occurs due to vibration of

the whole machine.

 Abrasion of bearings may shorten

the life of the machine.
 Rotating Unbalance occurs due to the following
reasons.

● The shape of the rotor is unsymmetrical.

● Un symmetrical exists due to a

machining error.
● The material is not uniform, especially in
Castings.
● A deformation exists due to a distortion.
 Unbalance due to
unequal distribution
of masses

 Unbalance due to
unequal distance of masses
. Types of Unbalance

Static Unbalance

Dynamic Unbalance
 Balancing machines:
static balancing machines
dynamic balancing machines

Measurement static unbalance:

Hard knife edge rails

Thin disc

Chalk mark
 STATIC BALANCING
(SINGLE PLANE BALANCING)
 Static Unbalance
Rotating axis

Shaft axis.

Shaft axis and rotating axis are parallel , not coincident.

 Single plane balancing

Adequate for rotors which are short in length,

such as pulleys and fans
Simple Experiment
A simple experiment can be conducted as;
We place the rotating body on frictionles bearings or kinife edge bars as shown in
the Figure, and by turning it a bit and then waiting until it comes to rest. So,
bottommost point is marked.
F=mr 2

m
 Magnitude of
r unbalance
O2
Vibration
Elasticity of the bearing
occurs
 Balancing of several masses
revolving in the same plane using a
Single balancing mass

m3r3 2 y
m3  2
m2r2 
m2
2
1
3 m1 x
bearing m1r1 2

m4 mb
m4r4 2
Graphical method of determination
magnitude and
Angular position of the balancing mass

m4r4 2

m3r3 2
b

m b r b 2
O m2r2 2
m1r1 2

Force vector polygon

 Determination of magnitude and
Angular position of the balancing mass
m1r1 2 cos 1+ m2r2 2 cos  2
+ m3r3 2cos  3+ m4r4 2 cos  4
= mb cos b
m1r1 2 sin 1+ m2r2 2 sin  2
+ m3r3 2sin  3+ m4r4 2 sin  4
= mb sin b
magnitude ‘m b’ and position ‘b’ can be determined
by solving the above two equations.
 Dynamic or "Dual-Plane" balancing

Dynamic balancing is required for components

such as shafts and multi-rotor assemblies.
Balancing is required at least two planes.
Dynamic or "Dual-Plane" balancing

Statically balanced
mr 2
but dynamically unbalanced

r
r
Brg A Brg B
l
m r 2
Load on each support Brg
due to unbalance = (m r  l)/ L
2
Several masses revolving in different planes
Apply dynamic couple on the rotating shaft

Dynamic unbalance
The fist step in balancing to chose two
correction planes (usually refered to Right
(R) and Left (L) correction planes). The
purpose of the balancing is to eliminate the
bearing forces by placing correction masses
to the planes R and L. Then by addition of
the correction masses mR and mL, the
inertia forces should keep the system in
equilibrium, that is the equations

and

are satisfied.
Balancing of several masses rotating in different planes

A B C D

Fc
End view Fb


Fd
Fa

L R
 A B C D
FR la
Fc
lb
lc
Fb
ld
Fa

Fl d
Fd
L, R
End view
Ref plane side view of the planes
 Fc
FR =?
Cc
Fd
Fb
Fc
Fa Cb Fm
Cd Ca
Fl=Ml rl Fb

F l =? Cm=MRrRd Fa

Fd Couple polygon force polygon

From couple polygon, by measurement, CR = MR X r R X d

From force polygon, by measurement, Fl = Ml X rl
Example: The Figure represens a rotation system. Calculate amount
and angular oriantation of the balanced masses to be placed at radial
distances of 100 mm.
Unbalanced force on the bearing –rotor system

O- Geometric center
G- centre of gravity
O’ - center of rotation
Fi=m(r+x)w2 kx=mxw2+mrw2

w 2 / w 2n mrw 2 w2 k
x x
k  mw 2
r
k wn 
1  w 2 / w 2n  w2 m
m
When w<wn , x is positive, That is, point O is between O’ and G. When w>wn , x is
negative That is, point G is between O’ and G. If w>>wn , x approaches to -r, which
means that G coincides with O.
Deflection of Cantilever Beam
with Concentrated LoadF
3 L
FL
 max   max
3EI
Where: max is the maximum deflection
F is the applied load
L is the length
E is the elastic modulus
I is the cross section moment of inertia
 δmax:Maxsimum Deflection of beam

k
wcr 
m
3EI
wcr 
mL3

F 3EI
k  3 N cr 
3EI / ML3
 max L 2 3
FL
 max 
3EI
Winter 2012 UCSD: Physics 121; 2012 49
Winter 2012 UCSD: Physics 121; 2012 50
simply supported at the ends

FL3
 max 
48EI

48EI
k 3
L

48EI
wcr 
mL3
 Example

A power transmission shaft has diameter of 30 mm and

900mm long, and simply supported. The shaft carries a
rotor of 4 kg at its mid-span. The rotor has an eccentricity
of 0.5 mm. Calculate the critical speed of shaft and
deflection of the shaft at the mid-span at 1000 rpm.
Neglect mass of the shaft, take E=2x105 MPa
D =30 mm
L =900 mm
m =4 kg
r =0.5 mm
E =2x105 MPa
= 2x1011 Pa
N =1000 rpm Find Ncr the critical speed
And deflection of shaft x
To Find Ncr the critical speed, it is required to find natural
frequency of the system

k
ωn  To Find stiffness, k of the shaft
m

48EI
k The stiffness of the shaft
L3
π 4
I D Substitute D in meters
64
π
I (0.03) 4 =39.76x10-9 m4
64

k =523598.75 N/m
 k 523598.75
ωn   =361.80 rad/s
m 4

The critical speed cr=n

2πNcr
ω cr   ωn Ncr= 3455 rpm
60
Deflection of the shaft at 1000 rpm
2πN = 104.72 rad/s
ω
60

ω 104.72
e  = 0.289
ωn 361.80

re2
x = 0.0455 mm
1 e 2
Example: Stroke=2r =130 mm; m4=0.15 kg; m3=0.25 kg; m2=0.18 kg;
n=2500 rpm; Dimensions are given in the Figure.
a) Only rotation link 2 is balanced. Find the unbalanced forces.
b) If counterweight of (mA + mB )/2 is added at point C. Find the
unbalanced forces.
BALANCING OF MULTICYLINDER ENGINES

In the multicylinder engine, the phase angle between the

motor krankshaf is 1800. We assume that rotating mass
(mA) is balanced for each cylinder. So, first and second
shaking forces are
 i 1 1
r 2
G = G + G = m rw cos 2 wt
Total I II
l B

The firt harmonic forces are balanced but the second shaking force is
increased twice. Since two shaking forces are on the same plane, first
harmonic force constitutues a shaking moment about y axis as

2
M = hm rw cos wt
B
 i 1
r 1 2
G = G + G = m rw cos 2 wt
Total I
l II B

The shaking force for an N cylinder engine is

n r n

G i
= m rw ∑ cos( wt + φ ) + m rw ∑ cos( 2 wt + 2φ )
2 2
T otal B k =1 k
l B k =1 k
This Equation

G i
Toplam B
[ k =1
n

= m rw cos wt ∑ cos φ + sin wt ∑ sin φ

2
k
n

k =1 k
]
r n n

+ cos 2wt ∑ cos 2φ + sin 2wt ∑ sin 2φ

l k =1 k k =1 k

In order to the shaking force is zero, the coefficinets of the terms

coswt, sinwt, cos2wt, sin2wt must be zero.
n

∑ cos φ k
k =1
n (First harmonic)
∑ sin φ k
k =1

∑ cos 2φ k
k =1
n

∑ sin 2φ k
(Second harmonic)
k =1

Shaking Force for an N cylinder Engine

r n n
M Toplam  m B rw  z k cos(wt  k )  m B rw  z k cos(2wt  2k )
i 2 2

k 1 l k 1
M i
T oplam B
[
= m rw cos wt ∑ z cos φ + sin wt ∑ z sin φ
2
n

k =1 k k
n

k =1 k k
]
r n n

+ cos 2 wt ∑ z cos 2φ + sin 2 wt ∑ z sin 2φ

l k =1 k k k =1 k k

In order to the shaking force and shaking moment are to be zero,

the coefficinets of the terms coswt, sinwt, cos2wt, sin2wt must be
zero.
n

∑ z cos φ k k
k =1
(First harmonic)
n

∑ z sin φ k k
k =1

∑ z cos 2φ
k =1 k k
(Second harmonic)
n

∑ z sin 2φ k k
k =1
 Örnek: Eample: An angine has four cylinder and phase angles are
0, 90, 180 and 270. Find the shaking moment and force.

S
Cylinder k cosk sink cos2k sin2k zk  zkicosk  zkisink  zkcos2k  zksin2k

Total
S
Cylinder k cosk sink cos2k sin2k zk  zkicosk  zkisink  zkcos2k  zksin2k

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 90 0 1 -1 0 h 0 h -h 0

3 180 -1 0 1 0 2h -2h 0 2h 0

4 270 0 -1 -1 0 3h 0 -3h -3h 0

Total
0 0 0 0 -2h -2h -2h 0
cosk= 0 cos2k= 0  zkicosk=-2h  zk zkcos2k=-2h
sink= 0 sin2k= 0  zkisink= -2h  zksin2k=0

i
GTotal o

 r 
i
M Total  mB rw2  2h(cos wt  sin wt )  2h cos 2wt 
 l 
 Örnek: An angine has four cylinder and phase angles are 0, 180,
0, 180. Find the shaking moment and force.
S
Cylinder k cosk sink cos2k sin2k zk  zkicosk  zkisink  zkcos2k  zksin2k

Total
S
Silindir k  cosk sink cos2k sin2k zk  zkicosk  zkisink  zkcos2k  zksin2k

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 180 -1 0 1 0 h -h 0 h 0

3 0 1 0 1 0 2h 2h 0 2h 0

4 180 -1 0 1 0 3h -3h 0 3h 0

Total
0 0 4 0 -2h 0 6h 0