t

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Statistics and
Probability
Fourth Quarter
Module 4: The Rejection
Region in Testing Hypothesis

1
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 11

Statistics and
Probability
Fourth Quarter
Module 4: The Rejection
Region in Testing Hypothesis

3
 INTRODUCTION

This module is written in support of the K to 12 Basic Education

Program to ensure attainment of standards expected of you as a learner.

This aims to equip you with essential knowledge on The Rejection

Region in Testing Hypothesis.

This includes the following activities/tasks:

■ Expected Learning Outcome — This lays out the learning outcome that
you are expected to have accomplished at the end of the module.

■ Pre-test — This determines your prior learning on the particular lesson

you are about to take.

■ Discussion of the Lesson —This provides you with the important

knowledge, principles and attitude that will help you meet the expected
learning outcome.

■ Learning Activities — These provide you with the application of the

knowledge and principles you have gained from the lesson and enable you
to further enhance your skills as you carry out prescribed tasks.

■ Post-test/Assessment— This evaluates your overall understanding about

the module.

With the different activities provided in this module, may you find this
material engaging and challenging as it develops your critical thinking
skills.

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 What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

➢ identify the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance

when, the population variance is assumed to be either known or
unknown, or the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.

What I Know
Directions: To find out what you already know about the topic in this
module, answer the following. Write your answer in your notebook. Write
the letter of the correct answer.
For Items 1-4, refer to the problem below:

A manufacturer of a certain brand of wristwatch claims that the mean

life expectancy of the battery of the watch is 48 months. A researcher wants
to validate this claim so he chose a sample of 64 watches and noted that
their mean life expectancy is 45 months with a standard deviation of 2
months. At 𝛼 =0.05, can you conclude that the mean life expectancy is less
than 48 months?

1. What type of test is described in the situation?

a. left-tailed test b. right tailed test c. two-tailed test

2. What appropriate test is applicable in the situation?

a. z-test b. t-test c. f-test

3. What is the critical value of the given situation?

a. ±1.65 b. ±1.96 c. ±2.58

4. What is the rejection region as described in the given situation?

a. b. c.

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For items 5-8, refer below:

A sociologist wants to study about the average time children play

outdoors nowadays. Tentatively, he guesses a mean that is less than 3 hrs.
The population variance is assumed to be 0.64 hr. To prove his claim, he
selected a sample of 16 children from a normally distributed population and
found a sample mean of 2.5 hrs. of outdoor playtime. At 𝛼 =0.05, will the
sociologist prove his claim?

5. What type of test is described in the situation?

a. left-tailed test b. right tailed test c. two-tailed test

6. What appropriate test is applicable in the situation?

a. z-test b. t-test c. f-test

7. What is the critical value of the given situation?

a. +2.58 b. -2.58 c. ±2.58

8. What is the rejection region as described in the given situation?

a. b. c.

For items 9-12, refer below:

Benjamin collects a sample with size 16 from a normally distributed

population. The sample gives a mean of 30.4 and a standard deviation of
6.2. At 𝛼=0.01, can Benjamin conclude that the mean of the population is
greater than 28.5.

9. What type of test is described in the situation?

a. left-tailed test b. right tailed test c. two-tailed test

10. What appropriate test is applicable in the situation?

a. z-test b. t-test c. f-test

11. What is the critical value of the given situation?

a. 1.75 b. 2.58 c. 2.60

12. What is the rejection region as described in the given situation?

a. b. c.

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For items 13-16, refer below:

According to the school librarian, the average number of pages of

books in the reference section is 240. To test her claim, she collected a
sample of 15 books and after noting the number of pages of each book, she
determined that the mean number of pages is 224.6 with a standard
deviation of 4.1. At 𝛼=0.01, will the librarian be able to prove her claim.

13. What type of test is described in the situation?

a. left-tailed test b. right tailed test c. two-tailed test

14. What appropriate test is applicable in the situation?

a. z-test b. t-test c. f-test

15. What is the critical value of the given situation?

a. ±1.76 b. ±2.13 c. ±2.98

16. What is the rejection region as described in the given situation?

a. b. c.

What’s In

We had discussed in the previous modules the different type of test

and their rejection region in the normal distribution. Can you still remember
them? Let’s find out!

Directions: Match the type of test to their respective rejection region.

A B
1. Right-tailed test a.

2. Left-tailed test b.

3. Two-tailed test c.

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 What’s New

Last time, you have identified what test statistic will you use when
you are testing hypothesis. You also learned that the rejection region is very
important in making a decision to reject or accept the null hypothesis. This
module will give you a deeper understanding about the critical value and
critical region whether the population variance is known or unknown or if
the central limit theorem will be used.

What Is It

Identifying the critical value and the rejection region is essential in

hypothesis testing. The critical value is also called the tabular value since
we will be using the table of value that was discussed in our previous
modules. This value will then be compared to our computed value using the
formula for z-test or t-test and the result will be our basis whether to reject
or accept the null hypothesis.

To get the critical value, we should do the following:

1. Identify what type of test is given. Is it one-tailed or two-tailed test?

2. Identify what is our level of significance (𝛼). The most common level of
significance researcher used is 1% or 0.01 and 5% or 0.05.
3. Identify what test statistic we will be using. Is it z-test or t-test.Again
z-test is used if the population variance is known or the sample size is
greater than or equal to 30, and t-test is used if the population
variance is not known.
4. Identify the tabular value or critical value using the table of values for
z-distribution and t-distribution.
5. Draw the rejection region in a normal distribution.

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The Critical Value of z

The table shows the critical value s of z for the given type of test and
the level of significance.

Level of Significance
Type of Test
𝛼=0.01 𝛼=0.05
One-tailed ±2.33 ±1.65
Two-tailed ±2.58 ±1.96
Note that these values were taken from the normal distribution table
which was discussed in the earlier topics.

Example 1:

Given: Ho: 𝜇 =20.5

Ha: 𝜇>20.5

𝜎= 2.3

𝑥̅ = 21.4

n = 35

𝛼 = 5%

Solution:

Type of test: one-tailed test (since we use > symbol)

Level of significance: 0.05 or 5%

Test statistic: z-test (since the population standard deviation is

known)

The critical value is 1.65 (since it is right-tailed at 0.05

significance level).

The rejection region is:

1.65

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Example 2. Weight Reduction Drugs

A new drug on the market is claimed by its manufacturers to reduce

overweight women by 4.55 kg per month with standard deviation of 0.91 kg.
Ten women chosen at random have reported losing an average of 4.05 kg
within a month. Does this data support the claim of the manufacturer at
0.05 level of significance?

Given :Ho: 𝜇 = 4.55

Ha:𝜇 ≠ 4.55

Type of test: two-tailed or non-directional (since Ha uses ≠)

Level of significance: 0.05 (given)

Test statistic: z-test (since the population standard deviation is

known)

Critical value: ±1.96 (two-tailed at 𝛼 = 0.05)

Rejection region:

1.96 1.96

Example 3. The Cost of Raising a Child

A sociologist believes that it costs more than Php 90 000 to raise a

child from birth to age one. A random sample of 49 families, each with a
child is selected to see if the figure is correct. The average expenses for these
families reveal a mean of Php 92 000 with a standard deviation of Php 4
500. Based on these sample data, can it be concluded that the sociologist is
correct in his claim? Use 0.05 level of significance.

Given: Ho: 𝜇 = 90 000

Ha:𝜇 > 90 000

Type of Test: one-tailed (right tailed)

Level of significance: 0.05

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Test statistic: z-test (Since the population standard deviation is unknown
but the sample size is more than 30)

Critical Value: +1.65 (right tailed at 𝛼=0.05)

Rejection region:

1.65
The Critical Value of t

When the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard
deviation is unknown, we test using the t-test. The critical value of t is found
in the table for t-distribution at a specified level of significance, type of test,
and the degree of freedom.

The degree of freedom (df)is the number of values that are free to
vary without changing the mean. The degree of freedom is not required in
z-distribution. For t-distribution, d.f.=n-1 for single population. We will
be using the table for t-distribution attached in this module.

For one-tailed test, the critical value is 𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓)

For two tailed test, the critical value is 𝑡(𝛼/2,𝑑𝑓)

The critical value of t is the intersection of significance level and the

degree of freedom. In the case of two-tailed test, we divide 𝛼 with 2 since we
split the rejection region in both end of the distribution.

Example 4:

If n=9, and the test is left tailed test at 𝛼=0.05, what is the
critical value?

First, find the degree of freedom.

d.f.=n-1

= 9-1

=8

So using df 8 on the left side and level of significance 0.05 on

the top row of the table, the critical value 𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓) = -1.860. It is negative
since it is a left-tailed test.

The rejection region is

-1.860

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Example 5:

If n=14, and the test is two-tailed test at 𝛼=0.05, what is the

critical value?
Since the test is a two-tailed test, we divide alpha into two to
split the rejection region.
0.05/2 = 0.025

For the degree of freedom.

d.f.=n-1

= 14-1

= 13

The critical value is 𝑡(𝛼/2,𝑑𝑓) =2.160 (two-tailed at 0.05 level of

significance)

The rejection region is

-2.16 2.16

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Example 6.

Typing Job

The director of a secretarial school believes that its graduates can type
more than 75 words per minute. A random sample of 12 graduates has been
found to have an average of 77.2 words per minute with a standard
deviation of 7.9 words per minute in a typing test. Using 0.05 level of
significance, test the claim of the director.

Given:Ho: 𝜇 = 75

Ha: 𝜇 > 75

n=12 ; df=12-1 = 11

Type of test: right-tailed test

Level of significance: 0.05

Test statistic: t-test

Critical value 𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓) : +1.796 (right tailed at 𝛼=0.05)

Rejection Region:

1.796

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Example 7:

The Making of a Movie

It is hypothesized that the cost of making a movie is Php 24.6 million.

This year, a random sample of 15 movies has shown an average production
cost of Php 28.3 million with a standard deviation of Php 9.5 million. At 0.01
level of significance, is the hypothesized cost true?

Given :Ho: 𝜇 = 24.6

Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 24.6

n = 15,

df = 15-1 =14

Type of Test: Two-tailed test

Significance level: 0.01

Test statistic: t-test

Critical Value 𝑡(𝛼/2,𝑑𝑓) : ±2.977

The Rejection Region:

-2.977 2.977

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 What’s More

Directions: Do the following.

I. Find the critical value or values for the t-test of each of the following.

Critical
N 𝜶 Type of Test Rejection Region
Value of t

1.) 10 0.05 Right-tailed

2.) 18 0.05 Two-tailed

3.) 6 0.01 Left-tailed

II. Give the critical value and the rejection region of the following.

1. In a certain city, a researcher wishes to determine whether the

average income of the residents is Php 13 000. Using a sample of 19
residents, he found a mean income of Php 13 561.25 with standard
deviation Php 2 500. At 𝛼=0.01, can the researcher conclude the
average income of the population is indeed Php 13 000?

Critical Value: ________________________________________

Rejection Region:

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2. A workout program states that there is an average weight loss of 12
pounds (lb) for those who enroll in the program for two months.
Another workout program advertises greater weight loss and was
tested with a group of 30 volunteers who averaged 13 lb weight loss
after two months, with standard deviation 2.5 lb. Does the second
workout program offer a high average weight loss effect?

Critical Value: ________________________________________

Rejection Region:

What I Have Learned

I learned that:

To get the critical or tabular value and rejection region, the

following should be considered:

1. The type of test that will be used;

2. The level of significance; and

3. The test statistic

The critical value for z-distribution is,

Level of Significance
Type of Test
𝛼=0.01 𝛼=0.05
One-tailed ±2.33 ±1.65
Two-tailed ±2.58 ±1.96

The critical value for t-distribution is the intersection of 𝛼 and

degree of freedom in the t-distribution table.

For one-tailed: 𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓)

For two-tailed: 𝑡(𝛼/2,𝑑𝑓)

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 What I Can Do
According to the norms established for a history test, grade eight
students should have an average 81.7 with standard deviation of 8.5. If 100
randomly selected students are chosen from your school average 79.6 in
this test, can we conclude at the 5% level of significance that grade 8
students from your school can be expected to average less than the norm of
81.7?

Give the following:

Type of Test:_____________________

Level of significance: _______________________

Critical value and rejection region: ____________________,

Assessment
Direction:Give the following:

a. type of test

b. level of significance

c. critical value

d. rejection region

1. An anthropologist believes that the diameter of the skull of a promitive

man is more than 7 inches. After many years of search, 6 skulls of
this type are found. The mean diameter of these is found to be 6.8
inches with standard deviation of 1.2 inches. Can it be concluded that
the anthropologist is correct at 0.05 level of significance?

a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
c. __________________________________
d.

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2. Prince Hypermart larena boast that checkout times for costumers are
never more than 15 minutes. A random sample of 36 customers
reveals a mean checkout time of 17 minutes with a standard deviation
of 3 minutes. What can you conclude about the supermarket’s boast
at the 0.05 level?

a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
c. __________________________________
d.

3. A light bulb manufacturer regularly advertises that his bulbs last 900
hours with a standard deviation of 75 hours. A random sample is
chosen before each campaign to make sure that the claim is correct. If
one such sample of 20 bulbs shows a mean of 925 hours, can the
advertising claim be considered an underestimate at the 0.05 level of
significance?

a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
c. __________________________________
d.

4. The average amount of rainfall during the summer months is 11.52

inches. A researcher in PAG-ASA selects a random sample of 10
provinces and finds that the average amount of rainfall last year was
7.42 inches with a standard deviation of 1.3 inches. At 0.01 level of
significance, can it be concluded that the mean raonfall last year was
below 11.52 inches?

a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
c. __________________________________
d.

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References:
Calaca, Ninia I., Chin Uy, et. al. Statistics and Probability. Manila,
Philippines: Vibal Group Inc., 2016

Canlapan, Raymond B., Statistics and Probability. Makati City, Philippines:

DIWA Learning Sytems Inc., 2016

Ocampo, Jose M. and Wilmer G. Marquez. Senior High Conceptual Math and
Beyond, Statistics and Probability. Novaliches, Quezon City: Brilliant
Creation Publishing, Inc., 2016

https://www.stat.tamu.edu/~lzhou/stat302/T-Table.pdf

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