PSCAD EMTDC Based Modeling and Analysis

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO.

2, JUNE 2007 421

PSCAD/EMTDC-Based Modeling and Analysis


of a Gearless Variable Speed Wind Turbine
Seul-Ki Kim and Eung-Sang Kim

Abstract—This paper presents dynamic modeling and simula-


tion of a grid connected variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) using
PSCAD/EMTDC, a widely used power system transient analysis
tool. The variable speed wind system with a direct-drive generator
and power electronics interface is modeled for dynamic analysis.
Component models and equations are addressed and their im-
plementations into PSCAD/EMTDC are described. Controllable
power inverter strategy is intended for capturing the maximum Fig. 1. Schematic representation of a gearless VSWT.
energy from varying wind speed and maintaining reactive power
generation at a pre-determined level for constant power factor Id , Iq d- and q-axis current at VSWT terminal [A]
or voltage regulation. The component models and entire control CPMAX Maximum power coefficient
scheme are constructed by user-defined function provided in the λOPT λ where CPMAX = CP (λOPT )
program. Simulation studies provide control performance and dy-
namic behavior of a gearless VSWT under varying wind speeds.
η Electrical efficiency of generator and inverter
In addition, the system responses to network fault conditions have Pref , Qref Real and reactive power targets [kW], [kVar]
been simulated. This modeling study can be employed to evaluate Vref Phase voltage magnitude target
the control scheme, output performance and impacts of a VSWT Vrms Phase voltage magnitude of VSWT (rms)
on power grid at planning or designing stage. PF Desired power factor
Index Terms—Gearless wind generator, grid connection, maxi- Qlimits Reactive power capability limits [kVar]
mum power capture, power electronics interface, reactive power Sinv Rating of inverter [kVA]
control, variable speed wind turbine (VSWT).
I. INTRODUCTION
LIST OF SYMBOLS
ARIABLE speed operation yields 20 to 30 percent more
λ
ωM
Tip speed ratio
Mechanical speed of wind turbine [rad/s] V energy than the fixed speed operation, reduces power
fluctuations and improves reactive power supply [1]. Falling
R Blade radius [m] prices of the power electronics have made the variable speed
VWIND wind speed [m/s] technology more economical and common. Such wind turbine
PM Mechanical power from wind turbine [kW] system, as with other types of distributed generation, is mostly
ρ Air density [kg/m3 ] connected to distribution feeders. The distributed generation
CP Power coefficient cannot connect easily to the electric power network without
TM Mechanical torque from wind turbine [N · m] conducting comprehensive evaluations on control performance
fB Electrical base frequency of generator [Hz] and grid impact. Stable grid interface requires a reliable tool
NP Number of poles for simulating and assessing the dynamics of a grid connected
RPMTUR Rated speed of wind turbine [rpm] variable speed wind turbine.
Hi Inertia constant of ith mass [s] PSCAD/EMTDC is an industry standard simulation tool
K Shaft spring constant [Nm/rad] for studying the transient behavior of electrical networks. Its
TE Electrical torque of generator [N · m] graphic-based user interface allows the user to graphically
θi Mass angle of ith mass (reference on generator) assemble the circuit, run the simulation, analyze the results,
ωM Mechanical speed of generator [rad/s] and manage the data in a completely integrated graphical
ωE Electrical speed of generator [rad/s] environment. Its comprehensive library of models supports
Ef Field voltage of exciter [V] most of power plant ac and dc components and controls. It
If Field current of exciter [A] provides the flexibility of building user-defined models either
Vdc DC link voltage [V] by assembling them visually using existing models or by
α IGBT switching signal utilizing an intuitively graphical design editor and writing
Pinv , Qinv Measured real and reactive power [kW], [kVar] codes in Fortran, PSCAD script, C and MATLAB. It provides
Vinv , Iinv Measured voltage and current of inverter [V], a powerful resource for assessing the impact of new power
[A] technologies in the power network [2], [3].
V d , Vq d- and q-axis voltage at VSWT terminal [V] The purpose of this paper is to provide simulation and
dynamic performance and grid impact analysis capability of
Manuscript received August 10, 2004; revised February 17, 2005. Paper no.
TEC-00235-2004. a gearless VSWT based on PSCAD/EMTDC. The schematic
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2005.858063 diagram of the wind generation model is shown in Fig. 1. The
0885-8969/$25.00 © 2005 IEEE
422 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO. 2, JUNE 2007

Fig. 2. Components of a proposed simulation model.

model system is composed of a fixed-pitch stall regulated wind TABLE I


PARAMETERS FOR WIND TURBINE MODEL
turbine, a gearless direct drive generator and a controllable
power electronics system, which consists of a simple diode
rectifier and a six-IGBT voltage source inverter (VSI) [4]. A
graphic-based model suitable for electromagnetic transient
studies has been proposed based on mathematical equations
and power electronics control scheme. The large base of
program’s built-in components and user-defined models, if a sembling built-in functions and logic circuits provided in the
particular model does not exist, have been used for modeling program.
the VSWT components and control scheme. Simulation results
demonstrate the modeling study provides a reliable and useful B. Wind Turbine
simulation tool for assessing the dynamic behavior of a gearless
Wind blade torque from wind speed is described by the fol-
VSWT integrated into power system.
lowing (2)–(4)
II. PSCAD/EMTDC BASED MODELING ωM R
λ= (2)
VWIND
Fig. 2 presents a schematic diagram of the proposed simula-
tion model, which consists of the following components: 1
PM = ρπR2 CP VWIND
3
(3)
2
• Wind model;
• Wind turbine; PM 1 ω2
TM = = ρπR5 CP M . (4)
• Direct drive generator; ωM 2 λ3
• Shaft dynamics; The mechanical torque obtained from (4) enters into the input
• Rectifier and voltage source inverter; and torque to the wind generator, and is driving the generator. CP
• Power electronics control. may be expressed as a function of the tip speed ratio (TSR) λ
given by (5), [7]
A. Wind Model π(λ − 2)
CP = (0.44 − 0.0167β) sin − 0.00184(λ − 2)β
A wind model selected for this study is a four-component 13 − 0.3β
model [5], and can be described by (5)
where β is the blade pitch angle. For a fixed pitch type, the value
VWIND = VBASE + VGUST + VRAMP + VNOISE (1) of β is set to a constant value. The Table I shows parameters
entered for the user-defined wind turbine model.
where
VBASE = base component [m/s]; C. Direct-Drive Generator
VGUST = gust wind component [m/s];
The cost, weight and maintenance needs of mechanical gear-
VRAMP = ramp wind component [m/s];
ing place a serious limitation on further increase of power
VNOISE = noise wind component [m/s].
ratings. Direct-coupled, low-speed generators are under devel-
The base component is a constant speed. The wind gust com- opment in response to these needs and some are already in
ponent may be expressed as a sine or cosine wave function [6] service [8]. Unlike common synchronous generators, the direct
and a combination of different cosine functions has been used. drive generators cover a much lower speed range at about 20 to
The ramp wind component can be represented by the built-in 60 rpm and have a much higher number of poles, e.g., 50 up to
ramp function of the program. The noise component of wind 300. They are not readily available and have to be custom made.
speed has been defined by a triangle wave function, of which A direct-coupled generator, excited using a rotor winding,
frequency and magnitude are adjustable. Based on the above may be described by a synchronous machine theory since it
four components, a wind speed model is constructed by as- is identical to a synchronous generator in basic structure and
KIM AND KIM: PSCAD/EMTDC BASED MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF A GEARLESS VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE 423

TABLE II TABLE III


BASIC DATA FOR THE DIRECT-DRIVE GENERATOR DATA FOR SHAFT SYSTEM MODEL

Fig. 3. Graphical model of shaft dynamics in PSCAD/EMTDC.


Fig. 4. Rectifier and VSI circuit for VSWT modeling.

operation except for its higher number of poles and low speed.
PSCAD/EMTDC provides a fully developed synchronous ma- Table III shows data used for the shaft dynamics model of the
chine model, based on the generalized machine theory [2]. With VSWT.
this model, both sub-transient and transient behavior can be ex-
amined. It is considered that the generator is equipped with an
exciter identical to IEEE type 1 model [9]. The exciter plays a E. Power Electronics Control
role of helping the dc link to meet the adequate level of inverter
output voltage as given in (6) below Several types of power electronics interfaces have been inves-
√ tigated for variable speed wind turbines [4], [12]. This section
2 2 · VAC RMS addresses a power conversion system composed of a six-diode
Vdc ≥ (6) rectifier and a six-IGBT voltage source inverter, which is sim-
DMAX
where VAC RMS is RMS line to neutral voltage of the inverter ple, cost-effective and widely used for industrial applications.
and DMAX is maximum duty cycle. The VSI includes a LC harmonic filter at its terminal to reduce
In gearless type variable-speed operation, electrical speed of harmonics it generates. Fig. 4 presents a rectifier and VSI model
the wind generator is not consistent with the synchronous speed of the studied VSWT. The rectifier converts ac power generated
of the electric network and generally much slower than the syn- by the wind generator into dc power in an uncontrollable way;
chronous speed. The electrical base frequency of the machine therefore, power control has to be implemented by the VSI. A
must be set equal to the rated speed of the wind turbine. The base current-controlled VSI can transfer the desired real and reac-
angular frequency ωB may be obtained from (7) and (8). Basic tive power by generating an ac current with a desired reference
parameters used for the direct-drive generator model are given waveform [12].
in Table II [10]. Many other input parameters regarding inherent The entire VSI control scheme is presented in Fig. 5. Main
characteristics of a machine, e.g., damping, leakage, saturation, control targets are the desired real and reactive power, Pref and
have been left to default values provided in PSCAD/EMTDC [2] Qref to be followed by actual real and reactive power, Pinv
and Qinv . The desired values are specified according to power
NP RPMTUR control strategy of the VSWT. The strategy is to capture the
fB = · (7)
2 60 maximum energy from varying wind speed while maintaining
RPMTUR reactive power generation for constant power factor or voltage
ωB = 2πfB = π · NP · . (8) regulation. Details on the real and reactive power targets specifi-
60
cation according to the strategy will be addressed in the follow-
D. Shaft Dynamics ing Section II-F and G. Once the target values are determined,
d–q transformation control is applied to enable real and reac-
While the wind turbine and the generator are rotating via
tive component of ac output power to be separately controlled.
the same shaft, torsional oscillation may result between two
The basic concept of d–q control are as follows: variables in
predominant masses mutually coupled with the shaft of finite
the a–b–c coordinate may be transformed into those in the d–q
stiffness. In order to see torsional characteristics of the turbine-
coordinate rotating at synchronous speed by the rotational d–q
generator, the shaft system dynamics must be considered. The
transformation matrix T (θ) [13].
shaft dynamics can be represented by the multi mass torsional
shaft model, which is based on the well-known shaft system  
model and equations [11]. Graphical model of multi mass shaft 1/2 1/2 1/2
dynamics is shown in Fig. 3. The multi mass model can be easily T (θ) = 2/3  cos θ cos(θ − 2π/3) cos(θ + 2π/3)  (9)
interfaced with the synchronous machine model in PSCAD. sin θ sin(θ − 2π/3) sin(θ + 2π/3)
424 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO. 2, JUNE 2007

Fig. 5. Current control scheme of VSI.

where
[υ0 υd υq ]T = T(θ)[υa υb υc ]T ;
υ0 , υd , υq = variables on the o-d-q frame;
υa , υb , υc = variables on the a-b-c frame;
θ= phase angle of υa in radian.
In a balanced three phase system, the instantaneous active
and reactive power, P and Q, are described by (10)

3 3
P = (Vd Id + Vq Iq ), Q= (Vd Iq − Vq Id ). (10)
2 2
Here, Vq is identical to the magnitude of the instantaneous
voltage at the VSWT terminal and Vd is zero in the rotating d–q
coordinate, so the (10) may be contracted into a simpler (11)
3 3
P = |VO |Iq , Q = − |VO |Id (11)
2 2
where |VO | is the instantaneous VSWT voltage magnitude.
Since the voltage magnitude remains almost as constant as Fig. 6. Current control scheme implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC.
grid ac voltage, the real and reactive power can be con-
trolled by regulating the q- and d-axis current, Iq and Id ,
respectively.
Through appropriate proportional-integral (PI) control gains, tor I err is compared with a triangle waveform vector to cre-
errors between Pref and Pinv and between Qref and Qinv (or ate switching signals for the six IGBTs of the VSI. The upper
between Vref and Vrms depending on reactive power control and lower limits of the q-axis reference current Iq upper and
mode) in Fig. 5 are processed into the q- and d-axis reference Iq lower are usually set at 1.1 to 1.5 times the VSI’s rated cur-
current Iq ref and Id ref , respectively, which are transformed rent to protect the system from excessive heating. The d-axis
into the a-, b- and c- axis reference current Ia ref , Ib ref and reference current limits Id upper and Id lower may be speci-
Ic ref by the dq to abc transformation block. The phase-lock- fied based on (11) and reactive power capability limits of the
loop (PLL) block generates a signal synchronized in phase to inverter, (15).
the inverter output voltage Va to provide the reference phase Fig. 6 shows the VSI control scheme implemented in
angle θref for the rotational inverse d–q transformation T (θ)−1 . PSCAD/EMTDC. The Pref & Qref generator block, a user-
When the desired currents on the a-b-c frame are set, a pulse defined component, specifies target values for the real and reac-
width modulation (PWM) technique is applied because of its tive power of the VSWT according to its control strategy.
simplicity and excellent performance. In the PWM generator The built-in interpolated firing pulses component returns the
block, the desired current vector I abc ref and the actual current firing pulse and the interpolation time required for an interpo-
vector I abc of the VSWT are compared. The error signal vec- lated turn-on and turn-off of six IGBTs (S1–S6) in the form of
KIM AND KIM: PSCAD/EMTDC BASED MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF A GEARLESS VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE 425

TABLE IV reactive power Qref may be specified by (14).


PARAMETERS USED IN PI CONTROL BLOCKS

1 − PF2
Qref = Pref · . (14)
PF

In voltage regulation mode, reactive power compensation is


controlled in such a manner that the voltage magnitude of the
VSWT terminal is kept constant at a specified level. Therefore,
the target for reactive control is the desired voltage magnitude
Vref . It must be set as the nominal voltage of the ac grid, where
possible addition of the VSWT is considered.
Whether the mode controls power factor or voltage, the reac-
tive power generation is limited by reactive power capability of
the VSWT. The limits of reactive capability are determined by
Fig. 7. Power versus turbine speed curve. rating of the inverter and may be represented by (15).

a two-element array. The output of the component, on-off status 2 − P2 .
Qlim its = ± Sinv (15)
inv
and time of the IGBTs, is based on a comparison of current er-
rors and triangle carrier signals which enter into the component
in the form of four six-element arrays (H ON, L ON, H OFF
and L OFF). Table IV presents parameters used in the PI control III. SIMULATION STUDY
blocks in Fig. 6. The q-axis reference current limits have been Using the proposed model, comprehensive simulation study
set at 1.2 times the maximum load current. was carried out to observe the dynamic behaviors of a VSWT
with varying wind conditions and its response to network fault
F. Variable Speed Control conditions. Fig. 8 presents the VSWT system implemented in
Below rated wind speeds, the real power of the VSWT is PSCAD/EMTDC. The wind turbine of 1 MW rating has been
regulated to capture the maximum wind energy from varying connected to distribution feeders through a 0.69/22.9 kV trans-
wind speed. The maximum power available can be described by former. The rating of the inverter is 1.2 MVA and its PWM
(12) and it may be depicted by Fig. 7. This simply means that the switching frequency is 3.6 kHz. The short circuit capacity of the
maximum power is obtained by varying the turbine speed with 22.9 kV bus is 68.4 MVA. The X/R ratio of the bus impedance is
wind speed such that it is on the track of the maximum power 52. Both types of reactive power compensation, constant power
curve PMMAX
[1], [14] at all times. One reliable way of capturing factor and voltage regulation, are simulated to compare their
the maximum power is to specify the desired real power Pref of impacts on the VSWT load voltage. The set value is unity in
the inverter as the available maximum power multiplied by the power factor mode, and the desired voltage is set to 1.005 pu in
system efficiency η as given in (13) voltage regulation.

MAX 1 C MAX 3
PM = πρR5 P3 ω (12) A. Performance Tests Under Varying Wind Speed
2 λOPT M
The VSWT is in unity power factor operation under the wind
MAX
Pref = ηPM . (13) speed condition presents in Fig. 9. Fig. 10 presents the turbine
angular speed variation in response to the varying wind speed.
Above rated wind speeds, the maximum power control is
The rotor speed has varied smoothly in response to changes in
overridden by stall regulation for constant power. In this study,
wind speed, owing to the inertia of the turbine and generator.
the wind blade is assumed to be ideally stall regulated at rated
The power coefficient in Fig. 11 was maintained at the max-
power so that rotor speed keeps constant at rated speed under
imum value of 0.44, which indicates that the turbine speed is
high wind speeds. The dynamic behavior of stall regulation,
well controlled to capture the maximum energy. Fig. 12(a) and
however, has not been considered in the work. More detailed
(b) presents the aerodynamic torque created by the wind tur-
study on actual stall control dynamics will proceed in a future
bine, the electrical torque produced by the generator and the
work.
mechanical torque exerted on the direct drive shaft. The tor-
sional oscillations of the shaft torque in Fig. 12(b) result from
G. Reactive Power Control
the interaction between the aerodynamic input torque and elec-
Various control modes can be used for determining the trical output torque. Fig. 13 presents the aerodynamic power of
amount of necessary reactive power generation. Possible con- the wind blade and the real and reactive power of the VSWT
trol modes include power factor, kvar, current and voltage. In at unity power factor. The aerodynamic power has fluctuated
the study, constant power factor and voltage regulation have directly with wind speed change, whereas the real power has
been implemented. In constant power factor mode, the desired varied smoothly. This is possible due to the inertia smoothing
426 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO. 2, JUNE 2007

Fig. 8. VSWT implemented in PSACD/EMTDC.

Fig. 9. Wind speed. Fig. 11. Power coefficient CP .

Fig. 10. Wind turbine speed.

effect and VSI interface control. The VSWT load voltage varia-
tion is given in Fig. 14 and the voltage magnitude fluctuated with
wind speed. Fig. 15 shows the dc link voltage and it was main-
tained at a level sufficient to meet the ac conversion requirement.
Fig. 16 shows the reference current and the actual current. The
voltage waveforms at the primary busbar (0.69 kV side) of the
VSWT transformer are presented in Fig. 17. The voltage wave-
forms and harmonic spectra at the inverter and VSWT terminal Fig. 12. Torques of VSWT. (a) Aerodynamic torque and electrical torque,
(b) Mechanical torque on direct drive shaft.
are shown in Fig. 18(a) and (b). The harmonic distortions were
reduced to a satisfactory level for grid connection through the
LC harmonic filter.
In order to see the system performance in different reactive cause the VSWT in unity power factor operation did not produce
control modes, about 600 kVar of reactive load was added at the reactive generation and the added load was served by the power
second busbar (22.9 kV side) of the transformer. Fig. 19 and 20 network, as shown in Fig. 19(b). However, the VSWT in constant
present the results of constant power factor and voltage regula- voltage operation shared the added reactive demand by supply-
tion operation, respectively. As additional load was added, the ing about 300 kVar to the power grid and maintained the load
terminal bus voltage made a sudden drop in Fig. 19(a). It is be- voltage at a specified level, as shown in Fig. 20(a) and (b).
KIM AND KIM: PSCAD/EMTDC BASED MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF A GEARLESS VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE 427

Fig. 13. Aerodynamic power of wind and real and reactive power of VSWT.

Fig. 18. Voltage harmonics. (a) Voltage waveforms at inverter and WT termi-
nal, (b) Harmonic spectra.

Fig. 14. Terminal bus voltage.

Fig. 15. DC link voltage.

Fig. 19. Case of power factor control operation. (a) Terminal voltage magni-
tude, (b) Reactive generation of VSWT and reactive injection into grid.

B. Dynamic Response to System Fault Conditions

Fig. 16. Reference current and actual current. Generally, the most common type of network fault is a single
line to ground fault and the most severe type is a three-phase
short circuit fault. Fault tests were carried out to examine the
VSWT’s response in power, torque and rotor speed under both
types of network fault conditions. Faults were applied on the
22.9 kV feeder (Fig. 21) during 0.16 [sec]. In case of network
faults, the distributed generation should cease to energize the
area electric power system within at least 0.16[sec] after the start
of the abnormal condition in accordance with IEEE P1547 [15].
It was assumed that the VSWT operates at full loading under
the rated wind speed.
1) Single Line to Ground Fault: Fig. 22(a), (b), and (c)
Fig. 17. Voltage waveforms at primary busbar of VSWT transformer. present the voltage and current of the faulted line and real and
428 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO. 2, JUNE 2007

Fig. 20. Case of voltage regulation operation. (a) Terminal voltage magnitude.
(b) Reactive generation of VSWT and reactive injection into grid.

Fig. 21. Fault on the 22.9 kV feeder with VSWT. Fig. 23. System response to a single phase fault in turbine speed and torques.
(a) Wind turbine speed. (b) Aerodynamic torque and electrical torque. (c) Me-
chanical torque.

reactive power of the VSWT. The fault current injection in Fig.


22(b) did not exceed the 1.2 times the maximum load current
value, i.e., 0.82 [kA], since the actual current of the inverter is
forced to follow the reference current waveform with its mag-
nitude limited by the q-axis reference current limits (refer to
Table I). Fig. 23 presents the system response in turbine speed
and torques. At the instant of fault, there were minor fluctua-
tions in the turbine speed and torques of the VSWT but they
died away after the clearance of fault.
2) Three Phase Short-Circuit Fault: The voltage and current
waveforms and the real and reactive power fluctuations of the
VSWT are given in Fig. 24. The fault current was limited to
the 1.2 times the rated current value by the reference limits of
the inverter. Fig. 25 shows the system response in the turbine
speed and torques. Due to great inertia of the multi-pole gener-
ator, the turbine speed returned to the normal speed (the level
before fault) several seconds, i.e., 6 seconds in this case, after
the clearance of the fault (Fig. 25(a)). As the fault occurred,
the turbine speed slowly rose and went off the optimal speed
for the maximum power capture, and the aerodynamic torque
decreased (Fig. 25(b)). After the fault was removed, the aerody-
namic torque started increasing with the decreasing rotor speed
in Fig. 25(a). Unlike the turbine torque, a drastic change can be
seen in the electrical torque. Response time difference between
Fig. 22. System response to a single phase fault in voltage, current and power. the rapid electrical response of the generator and slow aerody-
(a) Voltage waveform of the faulted phase. (b) Reference and actual current
waveforms of the faulted phase. (c) Real and reactive power fluctuations of the namic response of the turbine resulted in the mechanical torque
VSWT. variation as shown in Fig. 25(c).
KIM AND KIM: PSCAD/EMTDC BASED MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF A GEARLESS VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE 429

IV. CONCLUSION
A dynamic model of a gearless VSWT with power electronic
interface was proposed for computer simulation study and was
implemented in a reliable power system transient analysis pro-
gram, PSCAD/EMTDC. The VSWT component models and
control scheme were built by using user-defined and built-in
components provided in the software. Dynamic responses of
the wind turbine to varying wind speed and different reactive
control schemes were simulated and analyzed based on the mod-
eled system. Fault tests were carried out to study the dynamic
behaviors of power, torque and rotor speed of a VSWT under
abnormal conditions.
In electric utilities’ perspective, grid interface of intermittent
generation sources such as wind turbines has been a challenge
because such interface may lower power quality of power sys-
tems. Therefore, comprehensive impact studies are necessary
before adding wind turbines to real networks. In addition, users
or system designers who intend to install or design wind turbines
in networks must ensure that their systems have well performed
while meeting the requirements for grid interface. The work il-
lustrated in this study may provide a reliable tool for evaluating
the performance of a gearless VSWT and its impacts on power
networks in terms of dynamic behaviors; therefore, serve as a
preliminary analysis for actual applications.

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430 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO. 2, JUNE 2007

Seul-Ki Kim received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Eung-Sang Kim received the B.S. degree in elec-
electrical engineering from Korea University, Korea, trical engineering from Seoul National University
in 1998 and 2000, respectively. of Technology, Seoul, Korea, and the M.S. and
He has been a Senior Researcher in the power Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Soongsil
system research group of Korea Electrotechnology University, Seoul, Korea. Currently, he is a Princi-
Research Institute (KERI), Kyongnam, Korea. His pal Researcher in the power system research group
area of interest is modeling and analysis of distributed of the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute,
generations for grid interface analysis. Kyongnam, Korea. His area of interest is power qual-
ity, integration and grid-connection of distributed
generation.

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