MATH TOOLBOX

The Case of the

TIPPING FORKLIFT
By Mitch Ricketts
Math Toolbox is designed to help readers apply STEM principles to everyday safety issues. Many readers may
feel apprehensive about math and science. This series employs various communication strategies to make the
learning process easier and more accessible.

This Math Toolbox article will be sometimes specified as kilogram-meters Note: When force is not applied per-
the first of two installments on the role (kg-m), equivalent to 9.8067 N-m.] The pendicularly to the lever arm, a more
of levers in occupational safety. Because direction of torque may be denoted with general formula is used to account for
levers can amplify force, they provide the a positive sign for clockwise motion and the angle of applied force: τ = f ∙ d ∙ sin θ,
basis for many helpful devices, including a negative sign for counterclockwise ro- where θ is the angle of the applied force.
pry bars, wrenches, pliers and wheelbar- tation. We will simplify here by using the For simplicity, we will consider only
rows. When we lose control of levers, on directionless, absolute value of torque, those cases in which force is applied per-
the other hand, their unchecked actions designated as |τ|. The formula for torque pendicularly.
may cause injuries. (absolute value) is defined as follows (illus-
Figure 1 illustrates the tragic conse- trated in Figure 2): Calculating Torque
quence of an out-of-control lever in the To illustrate the method for calculating
|𝜏𝜏| = 𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑑 torque, imagine you are using a wrench
form of an overloaded forklift. In this
case, the weight of two bundles of lumber where: to loosen a bolt, as illustrated in Figure 3
caused an undersized forklift to tip for- |τ| = torque (absolute value), also (p. 46). Further imagine that with your
ward. The top bundle struck and killed known as moment (M); a turning or hand, you apply a force of 18 lb perpen-
the truck driver, who was between the twisting force dicularly to the wrench. We will consider
load and the trailer. f = force applied perpendicularly (at a this force to be applied at a point that
We will begin our exploration of le- right angle) to the lever arm represents the average location where
vers with an introduction to some basic d = distance at which the force is ap- your hand presses on the wrench. In our
terminology and calculations. The next plied; the distance from the fulcrum to example, your hand presses on the wrench
article will delve deeper and investigate the line of applied force (measured per- at an average distance of 0.75 ft from the
concepts such as mechanical advantage pendicularly to the line of applied force) center of the bolt (the fulcrum). Assuming
and distinctions among the various
FIGURE 1
classes of levers.
FORKLIFT TIP, INDIANA, 2006
Fundamentals of Levers
Before applying leverage concepts to
forklifts, let’s begin with a more basic A forklift The oper-
operator was ator lifted
example of a lever: a box-end wrench, as unloading two bundles
shown in Figure 2 (p. 46). A lever can be lumber. of lumber
defined as a rigid device that pivots on a at once,
fulcrum. The fulcrum is the pivot point, The truck
exceeding
driver stood
or the point about which the lever rotates. nearby.
the forklift’s
In Figure 2, the wrench pivots on a ful- capacity.
crum consisting of a bolt. The worker’s
hand exerts force, which is a push or pull
in a particular direction with a particular
magnitude. The magnitude of force is
often specified in units of weight, such as As the forklift was
ounces, pounds or newtons. [Magnitude is backing away . . .
occasionally expressed as kilogram-force
(not to be confused with kilogram-mass).
One kilogram-force is equal to 9.8067
newtons or 2.2046 pound-force.] . . . it tipped forward.
When a lever pivots on a fulcrum, we
The top bundle of
MITCH RICKETTS

quantify the rotational force as torque (τ),

also known as moment (M). Torque is a lumber struck and
killed the truck
force that tends to cause an object to ro- driver.
tate or twist about an axis. Torque is stat-
ed in units of distance-times-weight, such Note. Adapted from “Inspection: 309717197—Hehr International,” by OSHA, 2006. www.osha.gov/
as inch-ounces (in-oz), foot-pounds (ft-lb) pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=309717197
and newton-meters (N-m). [Moment is

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MATH TOOLBOX FIGURE 3
EXAMPLE: WRENCH AS A LEVER

FIGURE 2 Example problem. When a force of 18 lb is applied perpendicularly to a

wrench at an average distance of 0.75 ft from the center of the bolt, the
WRENCH AS A LEVER torque is 13.5 ft-lb.

A box-end wrench is used as a lever to apply rotational force (torque)

to a bolt. Torque is calculated as the product of the force (f, applied
perpendicularly to the wrench) times the distance (d) from the fulcrum.
Distance in this case is measured from the center of the fulcrum to a
point representing the average location of the hand on the wrench.

FIGURE 5
TWO SIDES OF A LEVER
Opposing torques may be created in the effort and load arms of a lever,
designated |τeffort| and |τload|, respectively.
FIGURE 4
YOU DO THE MATH, PROBLEM 1

the weight of the wrench is negligible, how Alternate example: This time, we will •A force of 80.07 N is applied perpen-
many foot-pounds of torque are you ap- calculate torque in international units of dicularly to the wrench. This is the value
plying to loosen the bolt? The data can be newton-meters. Once again, you apply of f in the formula.
summarized as follows: a force of 18 lb perpendicularly to the •The force is applied at an average dis-
•A force of 18 lb is applied perpendic- wrench at an average distance of 0.75 ft tance of 0.23 m from the fulcrum. This is
ularly to the wrench. This is the value of f from the center of the bolt. the value of d in the formula.
in the formula. The international unit of force is new- To calculate the new value for torque
•The force is applied at an average dis- tons (N). One pound is equivalent to about in international units of N-m, use the
tance of 0.75 ft from the fulcrum. This is 4.4482 N. Thus, we multiply 18 lb by 4.4482 original equation to solve for |τ|:
the value of d in the formula. to convert the force to newtons, as follows:
|𝜏𝜏| = 𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑑
Based on these data, we can calculate
𝑓𝑓 = 18 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ∙ 4.4482 = 80.07 𝑁𝑁
the torque (|τ|) in ft-lb as follows: Next, insert the values of force (f =
(rounded two places
Step 1: Start with the equation for beyond the decimal)
80.07 N) and distance (d = 0.23 m) to
torque: obtain the following result:
Step 2: Insert the known values for Knowing that our 18 lb of applied force is |𝜏𝜏| = 𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑑 = 80.07 ∙ 0.23 = 18.42 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
applied force (f = 18 lb) and distance (d = equivalent to about 80.07 N, we next convert
0.75 ft). Then solve for |τ| in ft-lb: the distance of 0.75 ft to meters. One foot is The calculation indicates that a
equivalent to about 0.3048 m. Multiplying torque of 18.42 N-m is being applied
|𝜏𝜏| = 𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑑 = 18 ∙ 0.75 = 13.5 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
0.75 ft by 0.3048, we find the distance in to turn the bolt (which, based on our
Step 3: We interpret our calculation to international units is about 0.23 m: earlier figures, is equivalent to about
indicate that you are applying a torque of 13.5 ft-lb).
13.5 ft-lb in your effort to turn the bolt. 𝑑𝑑 = 0.75 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∙ 0.3048 = 0.23 𝑚𝑚
(rounded)
If 13.5 ft-lb of torque is sufficient to over- You Do the Math
come friction, the bolt will move. Other- We can now summarize our data as Apply your knowledge to the following
wise, it will not budge. follows: question. The answer is on p. 63.

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FIGURE 6
BALANCED & UNBALANCED TORQUES
A lever is balanced when torque created through the effort arm equals torque created by the load arm. An unbalanced condition may raise the load (as
when torque created by the effort arm exceeds the torque created by the load arm), or lower the load (as when torque created by the effort arm is less
than torque created by the load arm).

1. Imagine you are using a wrench to the bolt, while the lever in Figure 5 must roadway is level, friction is negligible,
loosen a bolt. As shown in Figure 4, you overcome torque created in the load arm and the load’s center of gravity is at the
apply a force of 30 lb perpendicularly to the (assuming friction is negligible). same height as that of the forklift.
wrench at an average distance of 0.6 ft from As illustrated in Figure 5, we must
the center of the bolt. Assuming the weight consider the opposing torques on both Forklift Body: An Effort Arm
of the wrench is negligible, how many foot- sides of a lever to determine whether we to Resist Forward Tipping
pounds of torque are you applying to the can move a load. To calculate opposing Figure 7 (p. 48) depicts a loaded forklift.
bolt? Use the equation for torque (|τ|) and torques, we apply our previous formula When a forklift tips forward due to leverage,
solve in units of foot-pounds (ft-lb). separately to each side of the lever. By the front axle serves as the fulcrum. The
convention, the force and distance values portion of the forklift located behind the
Two Sides to Every Lever for the effort arm are often designated f1 front axle (highlighted in yellow) serves as
Let’s now expand our understanding of and d1, respectively. On the other hand, the effort arm to resist forward tipping.
levers beyond the specific case of wrench- the force and distance values for the load As always, the effort arm develops torque
es. As noted, a fulcrum may consist of any arm are normally designated f2 and d2 . (|τeffort|) from force (f1) multiplied by distance
point about which a lever rotates, such as Figure 6 illustrates how opposing torques (d1). The force (f1) includes all weight located
the bolt in the case of a wrench. Other ex- affect the motion of a lever. When torque behind the front axle (including the weight
amples of fulcrums (or fulcra) include the created by the effort arm equals torque cre- of the driver). The distance (d1) is measured
hinge as the fulcrum of a door; the heel ated by the load arm, a lever will be balanced from the center of the front axle to the
as the fulcrum of a pry bar; and the front (i.e., the system will be in a state of equilibri- weight’s center of gravity (CG, the average
axle, which may become the fulcrum of a um). On the other hand, when torque from location of the weight behind the front axle).
forward-tipping forklift. the effort arm exceeds torque from the load Example: Imagine you are operating a
Every lever also has “arms” that are arm, a lever will be unbalanced, and the forklift, as shown in Figure 8 (p. 48). The
free to rotate. The effort arm (or arm of load will rise. Finally, the load will descend weight of all forklift components behind
applied force) is the portion of the lever when the effort arm produces less torque, the front axle equals 5,000 lb (this includes
to which we apply the effort, or input compared with the load arm. your weight, as the operator). The center
force. For example, the effort arm of a of gravity for this 5,000-lb weight lies
wrench consists of the handle gripped Opposing Torques in a Tipping Forklift 2.5 ft behind the center of the front axle.
by the worker. The effort arm of the lever We are now ready to examine leverage Considering all components behind the
in Figure 5 also consists of the portion concepts in the case of a tipping fork- front axle as an effort arm, how many foot-
grasped by the worker. The load arm (or lift. Note that the capacities depicted on pounds of torque (|τeffort|) are available to
output arm) is the portion of the lever forklift data plates include many consid- resist forward tipping? The data for this
directly connected to the load. In the erations not explored in this article (e.g., example can be summarized as follows:
case of a box-end wrench, the load arm forklift movement, height of the load, •A force of 5,000 lb is applied perpen-
consists of the box end (the part in direct strength of materials, sideways tipping). dicularly to the effort arm. This is the
contact with the bolt). For the lever in Furthermore, forklift data plates are sim- value of f1 in the formula.
Figure 5, the load arm is the portion on plified to allow measurement of distance •The force is applied at an average dis-
which the anvil rests. from the forklift carriage, rather than the tance of 2.5 ft from the fulcrum. This is
When we push on the effort arm of front axle. The purpose here is to examine the value of d1 in the formula.
a lever, our effort meets resistance. The the most basic leverage concepts involved Based on these data, calculate the
lever will move the load only if the torque in forward tipping. The interpretation of torque (|τeffort|) in ft-lb as follows:
created through the effort arm over- data plates is considered later. Step 1: Start with the equation for
comes friction and any torque created To keep forward-tipping calculations torque generated by the effort arm:
through the load arm. For example, a simple, we will assume the forklift and
wrench must overcome friction to turn load are stationary (not moving), the !𝜏𝜏!""#$% ! = 𝑓𝑓& ∙ 𝑑𝑑&

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MATH TOOLBOX FIGURE 8
EXAMPLE:
FORKLIFT EFFORT ARM
FIGURE 7
FORKLIFT BODY: Sample problem: Torque developed by the
rearward components of the forklift to
Step 2: Insert the known values for EFFORT ARM TO RESIST resist forward tipping.
applied force (f1 = 5,000 lb) and distance FORWARD TIPPING
(d1 = 2.5 ft). Then solve for |τeffort| in ft-lb:

!𝜏𝜏!""#$% ! = 𝑓𝑓& ∙ 𝑑𝑑& = 5,000 ∙ 2.5 = 12,500 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 The forklift components located behind the
front axle serve as an effort arm to resist for-
ward tipping. The forklift may tip if torque
Step 3: Our calculation indicates the developed by the rearward components
effort arm of the forklift can generate a (yellow) does not exceed the torque devel-
torque of 12,500 ft-lb to resist forward oped by the forward components (gray).
tipping. If 12,500 ft-lb is sufficient to over-
come forward tipping forces, the forklift
will remain upright. Otherwise, it may tip.
Alternate example: This time, we will
calculate torque in international units of
newton-meters. Once again, the weight of
all forklift components behind the front
axle equals 5,000 lb, with a center of grav-
ity located 2.5 ft behind the center of the
front axle. Considering all components
behind the front axle as an effort arm, how FIGURE 10
many newton-meters of torque (|τeffort|) are
available to resist forward tipping?
LOAD ARM THAT MAY
Since one pound is equal to about CAUSE FORWARD TIPPING
4.4482 N, multiply 5,000 lb by 4.4482 to
convert the force to newtons: FIGURE 9 All components located ahead the front
YOU DO THE MATH, axle serve as a load arm that may cause the
𝑓𝑓! = 5,000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ∙ 4.4482 = 22,241 𝑁𝑁 PROBLEM 2 forklift to tip forward. The forklift may tip if
the torque developed by the forward com-
Next, convert the distance to meters by ponents (gray) exceeds the torque devel-
oped by the rearward components (yellow).
multiplying 2.5 ft by 0.3048:
𝑑𝑑! = 2.5 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∙ 0.3048 = 0.76 𝑚𝑚
(rounded)
Following is a summary of the data:
•A force of 22,241 N is applied perpen-
dicularly to the effort arm of the forklift.
This is the value of f1 in the formula.
•The force is applied at an average dis-
tance of 0.76 m from the fulcrum. This is
the value of d1 in the formula.
We calculate torque in international
units of N-m by inserting the values of
force (f1 = 22,241 N) and distance (d1 =
0.76 m) as follows: front axle. Considering all components the center of the front axle to the forward
behind the front axle as an effort arm, how weight’s center of gravity).
!𝜏𝜏!""#$% ! = 𝑓𝑓& ∙ 𝑑𝑑& = 22,241 ∙ 0.76 = 16,903.16 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 many foot-pounds of torque (|τeffort|) are Example: Imagine you are operating a
available to resist forward tipping? forklift, as shown in Figure 11. The weight
Our calculation indicates the effort of the load and all forklift components
arm of the forklift can generate a torque Load Arm That May ahead of the front axle equals 1,000 lb. The
of 16,903.16 N-m to resist forward tip- Cause Forward Tipping center of gravity for this 1,000-lb weight
ping (which, based on our earlier result, Remembering there are two sides to lies 3 ft ahead of the center of the front
is equal to 12,500 ft-lb). every lever, we will now calculate the axle. Considering all components ahead
torque created through the forklift’s load of the front axle as a load arm, how many
You Do the Math arm, the torque that may trigger forward foot-pounds of torque (|τload|) are created to
Apply your knowledge to the following tipping. Figure 10 depicts a loaded fork- induce forward tipping? The data for this
question. The answer is on p. 63. lift. The load arm that induces forward example can be summarized as follows:
2. Imagine you are operating a forklift, as tipping is represented by all components •A force of 1,000 lb is applied perpen-
shown in Figure 9. The weight of all forklift located ahead of the front axle (in gray). dicularly to the load arm. This is the val-
components behind the front axle equals Torque in the load arm (|τ load|) develops ue of f2 in the formula.
7,100 lb (including your weight, as the oper- from force, f2 (all weight located ahead •The force is located an average dis-
ator). The center of gravity for this 7,100-lb the front axle, including the load), mul- tance of 3 ft from the fulcrum. This is the
weight lies 3.1 ft behind the center of the tiplied by distance, d2 (measured from value of d2 in the formula.

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 FIGURE 11
EXAMPLE:
FORKLIFT LOAD ARM
Based on these data, calculate the all components ahead of the front axle as a
torque (|τ load|) in ft-lb as follows: load arm, how many foot-pounds of torque Sample problem: Torque developed by the
Step 1: Start with the equation for (|τload|) are created to induce forward tipping? forward components of the forklift and load
torque in the load arm: that may cause forward tipping.
Opposing Torques: Will the
|𝜏𝜏#$%& | = 𝑓𝑓) ∙ 𝑑𝑑) Forklift Tip Forward?
Figure 13 depicts a loaded forklift.
Step 2: Insert the known values for Based on the principles of leverage we
force (f2 = 1,000 lb) and distance (d2 = have explored, the forklift will remain
3 ft). Then solve for |τ load| in ft-lb: upright if the torque developed by the
forklift body behind the front axle ex-
|𝜏𝜏#$%& | = 𝑓𝑓) ∙ 𝑑𝑑) = 1,000 ∙ 3 = 3,000 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ceeds the torque created by the load and
forklift components ahead of the front
Step 3: Our calculation indicates the axle. This condition can be stated math-
load arm of the forklift creates a torque of ematically as |τeffort| > |τ load| or as f1 ∙ d1 >
3,000 ft-lb to induce forward tipping. If f2 ∙ d2 . Alternatively, the forklift will tip
3,000 ft-lb of torque is sufficient to over- forward if |τeffort| < |τ load|, which means
come the torque developed by the effort f1 ∙ d1 < f2 ∙ d2 . These statements assume
arm, the forklift may tip. Otherwise, the the forklift and load are stationary, the
forklift will remain upright. roadway is level, friction is negligible,
Alternate example: This time, we will the load’s center of gravity is at the same FIGURE 12
height as that of the forklift, and no addi-
calculate torque in international units of
newton-meters. Once again, the weight of tional forces are introduced.
YOU DO THE MATH,
the load and all forklift components ahead Example: We do not know the torques PROBLEM 3
of the front axle equals 1,000 lb, with a cen- or relevant operating conditions from
ter of gravity located 3 ft ahead the center the incident that caused the death of the
of the front axle. Considering all compo- truck driver in Figure 1 (p. 45). To fully
nents ahead of the front axle as a load arm, illustrate how these formulas may predict
how many newton-meters of torque (|τload|) forklift tipping, imagine you are operating
are created to induce forward tipping? the forklift shown in Figure 14 (p. 50).
We convert force to newtons by multi- The weight of all forklift components
plying 1,000 lb by 4.4482: behind the front axle equals 4,500 lb (in-
cluding your weight, as the operator). The
𝑓𝑓" = 1,000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ∙ 4.4482 = 4,448.20 𝑁𝑁 center of gravity for this 4,500-lb weight
lies 3.3 ft behind the center of the front
Next, we convert the distance from feet axle. The weight of the load and all fork-
to meters by multiplying 3 ft by 0.3048: lift components ahead of the front axle
equals 3,500 lb, with a center of gravity
𝑑𝑑" = 3 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∙ 0.3048 = 0.91 𝑚𝑚 3.7 ft ahead of the center of the front axle.
(rounded) Considering the opposing torques on both FIGURE 13
We calculate the value for torque in sides of the front axle, will the load cause TO PREVENT TIPPING,
international units of N-m by inserting the forklift to tip forward? We solve this |τeffort| MUST EXCEED |τload|
the values of force (f2 = 4,448.20 N) and problem in three separate parts, as follows:
distance (d2 = 0.91 m) as follows: Part 1: Calculate the antitipping
torque generated by the portion of the Two sides of the forklift lever. If torque
|𝜏𝜏#$%& | = 𝑓𝑓) ∙ 𝑑𝑑) = 4,448.20 ∙ 0.91 = 4,047.86 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 developed by the forklift effort arm exceeds
forklift located behind the front axle. As the torque developed by the load arm, the
(rounded)
before, we insert the values for applied forklift will remain upright. Otherwise, the
Our calculation indicates the load force (f1 = 4,500 lb) and distance (d1 = forklift will tip.
arm of the forklift applies a torque of 3.3 ft) to solve for |τeffort| in ft-lb:
4,047.86 N-m to induce forward tipping
(which, based on our earlier result, is !𝜏𝜏#$$%&' ! = 𝑓𝑓* ∙ 𝑑𝑑* = 4,500 ∙ 3.3 = 14,850 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
equal to 3,000 ft-lb).
Part 2: Calculate the tipping torque
You Do the Math generated by the portion of the forklift
Apply your knowledge to the following located ahead of the front axle. Insert the
question. The answer is on p. 63. values for force (f2 = 3,500 lb) and distance
3. Imagine you are operating a forklift, as (d2 = 3.7 ft) to solve for |τload| in ft-lb:
shown in Figure 12. The weight of the load
and all forklift components ahead of the |𝜏𝜏#$%& | = 𝑓𝑓) ∙ 𝑑𝑑) = 3,500 ∙ 3.7 = 12,950 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
front axle equals 1,600 lb. The center of grav-
ity for this 1,600-lb weight lies 3.4 ft ahead Part 3: Compare the antitipping torque
of the center of the front axle. Considering (|τeffort|) with the tipping torque (|τload|). The

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MATH TOOLBOX
FIGURE 16
SAMPLE FORKLIFT CAPACITY CHART
FIGURE 14
EXAMPLE: OPPOSING TORQUES In the workplace, we determine forklift capacities by referring to
charts located on manufacturers’ data plates, as illustrated here.
Example problem: The load does not cause the forklift to tip forward Although we may certainly handle lesser loads, we cannot use our
because |τeffort| (14,850 ft-lb) > |τload| (12,950 ft-lb). formulas to justify greater weights or distances for many reasons as
discussed in the text.

FIGURE 15 FIGURE 17 Part 3: Comparing the antitipping torque

(|τeffort|) of 7,250 ft-lb with the tipping torque
YOU DO THE MATH, HOW MUCH HAVE I (|τload|) of 7,800 ft-lb, we expect the forklift to
PROBLEM 4 LEARNED, PROBLEM 5 tip forward because |τeffort| < |τload|.

You Do the Math

Apply your knowledge to the following
question. The answer is on p. 63.
4. Imagine you are operating a forklift,
as shown in Figure 15. The weight of all
forklift components behind the front axle
equals 6,150 lb (including your weight, as
operator). The center of gravity for this
6,150-lb weight lies 3 ft behind the center
of the front axle. The weight of the load
and all forklift components ahead of the
front axle equals 4,685 lb, with a center
of gravity 4.2 ft ahead of the center of the
front axle. Answer the following questions:
a. Considering all components behind
the front axle as an effort arm, how many
foot-pounds of torque (|τeffort|) are avail-
able to resist forward tipping?
forklift will remain upright if |τeffort| > |τload|. forward? Again, we solve the problem in b. Considering all components ahead
Alternatively, the forklift will tip forward if three separate parts: of the front axle as a load arm, how many
|τeffort| < |τload|. Our calculated result for |τeffort| Part 1: Calculate the antitipping foot-pounds of torque (|τ load|) are created
is 14,850 ft-lb, which is greater than the cal- torque generated by the portion of the to induce forward tipping?
culated result of 12,950 ft-lb for |τload|. Thus, forklift located behind the front axle by c. Considering the opposing torques
we expect the forklift to remain upright. inserting the values for applied force (f1 on both sides of the front axle, will the
Alternate example: Let’s calculate a = 2,500 lb) and distance (d1 = 2.9 ft) to load cause the forklift to tip forward?
different example in which the weight solve for |τeffort| in ft-lb:
of all forklift components behind the Interpreting Rated Capacity
front axle equals 2,500 lb (including !𝜏𝜏#$$%&' ! = 𝑓𝑓* ∙ 𝑑𝑑* = 2,500 ∙ 2.9 = 7,250 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 as Listed on a Forklift Data Plate
your weight, as operator) and the center As we have seen, the potential for for-
of gravity lies 2.9 ft behind the center Part 2: Calculate the tipping torque gen- ward-tipping in forklifts can be examined
of the front axle. The weight of the load in the context of leverage. Additional fac-
erated by the portion of the forklift located
and all forklift components ahead of the tors will affect tipping in the workplace,
ahead of the front axle by inserting the
front axle equals 2,000 lb, with a center including the relative heights of the cen-
values for force (f2 = 2,000 lb) and distance
of gravity 3.9 ft ahead of the center of ters of gravity, movement of the forklift or
the front axle. Considering the opposing (d2 = 3.9 ft) to solve for |τload| in ft-lb: load, the angle of the roadway and other
torques on both sides of the front axle, factors. For these and other reasons, man-
will the load cause the forklift to tip |𝜏𝜏#$%& | = 𝑓𝑓) ∙ 𝑑𝑑) = 2,000 ∙ 3.9 = 7,800 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ufacturers list rated capacities of forklifts

50 PSJ PROFESSIONAL SAFETY SEPTEMBER 2020 assp.org

on data plates for each model such as the in charts are measured (A) horizontally a. Considering all components behind
one illustrated in Figure 16. from the forklift carriage to the load’s cen- the front axle as an effort arm, how many
Figure 16 indicates that, when measured ter of gravity, and (B) vertically from the foot-pounds of torque (|τeffort|) are avail-
according to the data plate and when op- roadway to the load’s center of gravity. able to resist forward tipping?
erated according to the manufacturer’s in- b. Considering all components ahead
structions, this particular forklift can safely How Much Have I Learned? of the front axle as a load arm, how many
lift a load up to 4,500 lb to a height up to Try this problem on your own. The foot-pounds of torque (|τ load|) are created
213 in., providing the load’s center of gravity answer is on p. 63. to induce forward tipping?
is located no further than 24 in. from the 5. Imagine you are operating a forklift, c. Considering the opposing torques
carriage. The chart also indicates the allow- as shown in Figure 17. The weight of all on both sides of the front axle, will the
able load may be less when conditions differ. forklift components behind the front axle load cause the forklift to tip forward?
For example, the rated capacity declines to equals 3,650 lb (including your weight, For Further Study
3,950 lb at a height of 219 in., with center of as operator). The center of gravity for Learn more from the following source:
gravity 30 in. from the carriage. this 3,650-lb weight lies 3.2 ft behind the ASSP’s ASP Examination Prep: Program
Although we may handle loads involving center of the front axle. The weight of the Review and Exam Preparation, edited by
lesser weight or distance, we cannot extrap- load and all forklift components ahead Joel M. Haight, 2016. PSJ
olate to justify greater weights or distances of the front axle equals 2,230 lb, with a
from those listed in the charts. Besides the center of gravity 3.6 ft ahead of the center References
OSHA. (2006). Inspection: 309717197—
lack of information about material strength of the front axle. Answer the following
Hehr International. www.osha.gov/pls/imis/
and design factors, forklift capacity charts questions: establishment.inspection_detail?id=309717197
do not provide the data needed to calculate
torques. For example, capacity charts do Mitch Ricketts, Ph.D., CSP, is an associate professor of safety management at Northeastern State
not include the weight of forklift compo- University (NSU) in Tahlequah, OK. He has worked in OSH since 1992, with experience in diverse settings
such as agriculture, manufacturing, chemical/biological laboratories and school safety. Ricketts holds
nents located behind and ahead of the front a Ph.D. in Cognitive and Human Factors Psychology from Kansas State University, an M.S. in Occupa-
axle. Furthermore, these charts do not tional Safety Management from University of Central Missouri, and a B.S. in Education from Pittsburg
specify horizontal distances from the cen- State University. He is a professional member and officer of ASSP’s Tulsa Chapter, and faculty advisor
ter of the front axle. Instead, the distances for the Society’s NSU Broken Arrow Student Section.

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assp.org SEPTEMBER 2020 PROFESSIONAL SAFETY PSJ 51

emergency department, our right to in- how there can be potential repercussions help at work. The available information
formation ceased. There is an assumption on relationships at home. is limited, but alarming. Stay vigilant,
in the finding of the investigation that Readers can use this information as start a conversation and you might be
the kratom found in the worker’s belong- they choose, but the takeaways for those surprised what you hear. Personally, I
ings caused the overdose. Also, because involved were the following: told my mother (who works at a rehabili-
it was an overdose, local police were on •Engage with workers. Do not pry for tation hospital) that I performed CPR on
scene and the police report stated that no personal information, but create an envi- someone at work because he overdosed
drugs were found on the patient’s person. ronment in which workers feel comfort- on “this new substance called kratom.”
We felt that the evidence was enough to able approaching you with work-related She replied that she had taken it herself
make an educated determination. or personal concerns. for a couple of weeks to treat pain at the
Kratom is marketed as an alternative to •Stay up to date on CPR training. suggestion of a coworker at her hospital.
opioids and a natural treatment for opioid •Include overdose recognition with She had no idea there was risk of lethal
withdrawal, but, like other substances, is CPR training. There are similarities be- overdose. Spread the word and share
often used recreationally for a legal high. tween cardiac arrest and overdose, but what you hear. PSJ
It can be purchased over the counter at they have very important differences and
dispensaries, online or even at gas sta- require different emergency treatment. References
tions in some states. A few states have •According to Harm Reduction Co- Babu, K.M., McCurdy, C.R. & Boyer, E.W.
passed legislation making kratom illegal, alition [n.d.(a)], CPR for an overdose (2008). Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia
but a group of vendors sued the govern- victim focuses on rescue breaths, not divinorum and kratom. Clinical Toxicology,
compressions. The intent is to provide 46(2), 146-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/1556365
ment to prevent U.S. Drug Enforcement 0701241795
Administration from federally classifying oxygen to the brain as quickly as pos- Harm Reduction Coalition. [n.d.(a)]. Per-
it as a Schedule I substance (Silverman, sible. Compressions will help, as they form rescue breathing or chest compressions.
2016). These advocates argue that kra- did in this event, but breaths are pre- https://harmreduction.org/issues/overdose
tom provides a viable method of coping ferred. For anyone who has recent CPR -prevention/overview/overdose-basics/re
with opioid withdrawal, which could training, rescue breaths are generally sponding-to-opioid-overdose/perform
help thousands of people per year. U.S. discouraged, making this difference -rescue-breathing
Drug Enforcement Administration held critical to understand. Harm Reduction Coalition. [n.d.(b)]. Recog-
a public comment period and is currently •Have naxolone nasal spray available nizing opioid overdose. https://harmreduction
and include how to administer it with the .org/issues/overdose-prevention/overview/
gathering more information for a future overdose-basics/recognizing-opioid-overdose
determination. This article is not intend- training.
Overbeek, D.L., Abraham, J. & Munzer,
ed to discredit advocates, or to argue •Communicate the dangers of kratom B.W. (2019). Kratom (mitragynine) ingestion
either way on the benefits or risks of the and similar legal substances on the mar- requiring naloxone reversal. Clinical Practice
drug, but rather aims to raise awareness ket. Many people use kratom without and Cases in Emergency Medicine, 3(1), 24-26.
among OSH professionals that employees realizing that overdose is possible. https://doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2018.11.40588
may be using kratom. Silverman, L. (2016, Oct. 17). Kratom gets
For me as a safety professional, the Conclusion reprieve from DEA’s Schedule I drug list. CNN.
entire experience was eye opening. Don’t Kratom is easily accessible, inexpen- www.cnn.com/2016/10/17/health/kratom-dea
sive and offers benefits attractive to -schedule-i-comments/index.html
get me wrong, legal highs are nothing
new. Salvia, prescription medication, Sean Ryan, CSP, CHSP, is a project safety manager at Turner Construction Co., owner of
even caffeine pills can all cause varying Sebago Safety Consulting and serves as a volunteer firefighter. He holds a B.S. in Occupational
degrees of overdose or adverse health and Environmental Safety and Health from Keene State College. He has 10 years’ OSH experience
effects if abused. Prescription drugs have in industries such as construction, healthcare and manufacturing. Ryan is a professional mem-
certainly been on everyone’s radar for ber of ASSP’s Maine Chapter.
many years. It is worth adding kratom
to everyone’s knowledge base about what
may be in a workplace. Math Toolbox, continued from pp. 45-51
Construction employees often work
long, physically demanding hours. It is 4c. Comparing the antitipping torque
Answers: The Case of
not unreasonable to think that workers (|τeffort|) of 18,450 ft-lb with the tipping
the Tipping Forklift
may turn to a substance that is natural and torque (|τload|) of 19,677 ft-lb, we expect the
You Do the Math
legal to help them get through the day. The forklift to tip forward because |τeffort| < |τload|.
Your answers may vary slightly due to
employee in the event described was re- rounding.
garded as a hard worker who always treat- How Much Have I Learned?
ed everyone with respect, did the overtime 1. |𝜏𝜏| = 𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑑 = 30 ∙ 0.6 = 18 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 5a. !𝜏𝜏#$$%&' ! = 𝑓𝑓* ∙ 𝑑𝑑* = 3,650 ∙ 3.2 = 11,680 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
and put the job first. He was going through
a tough time at home in the weeks leading 2. !𝜏𝜏#$$%&' ! = 𝑓𝑓* ∙ 𝑑𝑑* = 7,100 ∙ 3.1 = 22,010 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
5b. |𝜏𝜏#$%& | = 𝑓𝑓) ∙ 𝑑𝑑) = 2,230 ∙ 3.6 = 8,028 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
up to the event, and the night before had
been particularly difficult, which may have 3. |𝜏𝜏#$%& | = 𝑓𝑓) ∙ 𝑑𝑑) = 1,600 ∙ 3.4 = 5,440 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
5c. Comparing the antitipping torque
led to an increase in kratom use. It is im- (|τeffort|) of 11,680 ft-lb with the tipping
portant not to take employees for granted 4a. !𝜏𝜏#$$%&' ! = 𝑓𝑓* ∙ 𝑑𝑑* = 6,150 ∙ 3 = 18,450 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 torque (|τ load|) of 8,026 ft-lb, we expect
and consider how truly hard the work the forklift to remain upright because
hours are on the body and the mind, and 4b. |𝜏𝜏#$%& | = 𝑓𝑓) ∙ 𝑑𝑑) = 4,685 ∙ 4.2 = 19,677 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 |τeffort| > |τ load|.

assp.org SEPTEMBER 2020 PROFESSIONAL SAFETY PSJ 63