By: ENGR. LORETO G.

CATALAN, PME
 DISCLAIMER

DISCLAIMER: The opinions and comments of

the presenter does not reflect the opinions,
comments, and views of the organization, the
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),
and other affiliated industry organizations
mentioned therein.
 TECHNICAL SPEAKER’S
BACKGROUND
➢ More than 30 years of experience in MEPF D & C
➢ PRESIDENT AND CEO OF ACE-MTECH GROUP INC.
➢ Professional Mechanical Engineer (PME)
➢ ASEAN Engineer
➢ Master Plumber
➢ Real Estate Broker
➢ Real Estate Appraiser
➢ B.S. Mech. Eng’g. – TIP, Manila
➢ Master in Business Administration (MBA)– Phil.
Christian University
➢ PSME National President 2023
➢ Past President Y2014-2015 – PSME Mandaluyong
Chapter
➢ Chapter Adviser – PSME Taguig Chapter 3
 GOAL & LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 Goal: ”Understanding of smoke control system (smoke
containment & management system)”
 Learning Objectives:
✓ At the end of the course, participants must be able to
✓ Distinguish the different types of smoke control system
✓ Identify and describe the purpose and function of each component of a type of
smoke control system
✓ Analyze and prescribe the appropriate type of smoke control system for a given fire
safety design situation
✓ Perform the basic calculations required to justify that applicable design criteria
prescribed for the particular system are met
COURSE OUTLINE
 CODES & STANDARD, DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
 INTRODUCTION
 SMOKE MOVEMENT FACTORS
 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
 DESIGN OBJECTIVES
 DESIGN APPROACH
 SMOKE CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
 SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 CONCLUSION/SUMMARY
 REFERENCES
CODES AND STANDARDS, DEFINITION OF TERMS
CODES CODES

➢ Defines the requirements for Fire and Life

features such as: Safety
❑ Fire Detection, Alarm and
Communication
❑ Automatic Sprinklers and other Fire

CODES
Extinguishing Equipment
❑ Means of Egress/Evacuation
❑Smoke Control
❑ Structural Safety - LEVEL of SAFET
❑ Firefighting

DIVISION 8 TO 20
Building Occupancy
 STANDARDS

SYSTEM PRODUCT
STANDARDS STANDARDS
- LEVEL of EFFECTIVENESS - LEVEL of RELIABILITY
Success in producing the desired result. Production of consistent and
replicable outcomes.
 SYSTEM STANDARDS

INTERNATIONAL
LOCAL STANDARDS STANDARDS
➢ Details the application, installation, location,
performance, and maintenance of what is
required by the Codes.
 PRODUCT STANDARDS

RA 9514 RIRR

NFPA 13-2019

NFPA 72-2019

Product standards
Process standards
 PRODUCT-LISTING STANDARDS
➢ Listing agency standard ensuring product safety,
reliability and certain performance levels.

Founded in 1835, the US-based FM Global (Factory Mutual Insurance

Company) is an international insurance company that provides title
insurance and risk management solutions. FM Approvals is a
department of FM Global that certifies industrial, commercial
products and services for companies. FM Approvals is an
international leader in third-party testing and certification services.
 PRODUCT-LISTING AGENCY
➢ Listing agency standard ensuring product safety,
reliability and certain performance levels.

EN = Product-based
standards
ISO = Process-based
Standards
 VENTILATION/SMOKE CONTROL REQUIREMENT IN THE CODES

International Building
NFPA 101 and 5000 Fire Code of the Philippines (RA 9514)
Code (IBC)
Smokeproof enclosures (stairs, Smokeproof enclosures (high rise
High rise buildings
elevators) buildings)
Atrium over certain height Detention and correctional Smoke refuge areas
Smoke Protected Assembly Atrium of covered malls >2 levels
Covered malls (over 2 levels)
Seating Atrium of other occupancies >3 levels
Underground or windowless
Atrium (>2 levels) Underground structures
buildings
Proscenium openings Smoke Protected Assembly Seating Windowless facilities
Fire Service elevators >120 ft Underground or windowless Means of egress serving smoke-
(36.3 m) buildings protected assembly seating
Stages (≥93 m²) All movie houses

Other buildings with at least 1115 m²

Every stage or enclosed platform ≥46.5 m²

Public Assembly building/structures/facilities
with >14 seats ?????
Smoke Control Requirements in High Rise Building as per FCP (RA 9514)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
APPROVED- Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. (3.2.1., NFPA 92 &,
RA 9514, RIRR, Rule 3).

AUTHORITY HAVING JUSIDICTION (AHJ) – An organization, office, or

individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard,
or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.
(3.2.2., NFPA 96).

CODE –Rule or law used to enforce requirements for fire protection, life
safety, or building construction.

STANDARD – Document containing requirements and specifications, outlining

minimum levels of performance, protection, or construction. (Design of
specific components [how-to-do-it]). (3.2.7., NFPA 96)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

LISTED- Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an

organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and
concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic
inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation
of services, and whose listing states that either the equipment, material, or
service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found
suitable for a specified purpose.(3.2.4., NFPA 92)

LABELED -Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol,

or other identifying mark of an organization that is acceptable to the authority
having jurisdiction and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains
periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by
whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
SHALL - Indicates a mandatory requirement. (3.2.5., NFPA 92)

SHOULD -Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not

required. (3.2.6., NFPA 92)

ATRIUM - A large-volume space created by a floor opening or series of floor

openings connecting two or more stories that is covered at the top of the
series of openings and is used for purposes other than an enclosed stairway;
an elevator hoistway; an escalator opening; or as a utility shaft used for
plumbing, electrical, air-conditioning, or communications facilities. [101,
2018] (3.3.1., NFPA 96)
GROWTH TIME (tg) – The time interval from the tie of effective ignition
until the heat release rate of the fire is 1000 Btu/sec (1055 kW) (3.3.7., NFPA
92)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

CEILING JET - A flow of smoke under the ceiling, extending radially from
the point of fire plume impingement on the ceiling. (3.3.2*., NFPA 92)
A.3.3.2 CEILING JET - Normally, the temperature of the ceiling jet is
greater than the adjacent smoke layer.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

HEAT RELEASE RATE (HRR) – Is the rate at which fire release energy - this
is also known as power. HRR is measured in units of Watt (W), which is an
International System unit equal to one Joule per second.

The general equation is as follows:

q = at²
where :
q = rate of heat release (normally in Btu/sec)
a = constant governing the speed of growth
t = time (normally in sec)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

T-Square (t2) FIRE – A fire that has a heat release rated that grows
proportionally to the square of time from ignition.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

TEMPERATURE vs. HEAT RELEASE RATE

One candle vs. ten candles – same flame temperature but 10 time the heat
release rate

HRR; - 80 W Temperature HRR:- 800 W

500 C – 1400 C
(930 F – 2500 F)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEADY FIRE – A fire that has a constant heat release rate that is controlled
by the material burning. (3.3.5.2., NFPA 92)

UNSTEADY FIRE – A fire that has a heat release rate that varies with respect
to time. (3.3.5.4., NFPA 92)

Unsteady Fire
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
TENABLE ENVIRONMENT - An environment in which smoke and heat are limited or
otherwise restricted to maintain the impact on occupants to a level that is not life
threatening. (3.3.24*., NFPA 92, & PMEC, 2012, Chapter 9)

A.3.3.24 Tenable Environment. It is not expected that a tenable environment will be

completely free of smoke.

SMOKE CONTROL ZONE - A space within a building enclosed by smoke barriers, including
the top and bottom, that is part of a zoned smoke control system. (3.3.25.1., NFPA 92)

SMOKE ZONE - The smoke control zone in which the fire is located. (3.3.25.2., NFPA 92)

ZONED SMOKE CONTROL – A smoke control system that includes smoke exhaust for the
smoke zone and pressurization for all contiguous smoke control zones. The remaining
smoke control zones in the building also may be pressurized. (PMEC, 2012, Chapter 9)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
VENT - A device or construction that, when activated, is an opening
directly to the exterior at or near the roof level of a building that relies on
the buoyant forces created by a fire to exhaust smoke and heat. (3.3.20.,
NFPA 204)

VENT SYSTEM - A system used for the removal of smoke and heat from a
fire that utilizes manually or automatically operated heat and smoke vents
at roof level and that exhausts smoke from a reservoir bounded by exterior
walls, interior walls, or draft curtains to achieve the design rate of smoke
mass flow through the vents, and that includes a provision for makeup air.
(3.3.21., NFPA 204)

SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING - Seating served by means of

egress that is not subject to smoke accumulation within or under the
structure. (3.3.248.4., NFPA 101)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

HIGH RISE BUILDING - A building where the floor of an occupiable storey is

greater than 75 ft (23 m) above the lowest of fire department vehicle
access. (3.3.37.7., NFPA 101)

HIGH RISE BUIDING- A building where the floor of an occupiable storey is

greater than 28 m above the lowest of fire department vehicle access.
(Qatar Civil Defence)

HIGH RISE BUIDING- A building, structures or facility in which the distance

between the floor of the topmost storey and the ground level is fifteen
meters (15 m) or more. Building height shall be measured from the lowest
level of fire department vehicle access to the floor of the highest
occupiable storey. (RA 9514, RIRR, Fire Code of the Phils)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

VENTILATION LIMITED FIRE – A fire where every object in the fire

compartment is fully involved in fire and the heat release rate depends on
the air flow through the openings to the fire compartment
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
DESIGN PRESSURE DIFFERENCE - The desired pressure difference
between the protected space and an adjacent space measured at the
boundary of the protected space under a specified set of conditions with
the smoke control system operating. (3.3.3*., NFPA 92)

A.3.3.3 Design Pressure Difference. Protected spaces include the non-

smoke zones in a zoned smoke control system, the stairwells in a
stairwell pressurization system, a smoke refuge area, and the elevator
shaft in an elevator hoist-way system.

FIRE FIGHTER’S SMOKE CONTROL STATION (FSCS) - Fire fighter’s smoke

control station includes monitoring and overriding capability over smoke
control systems and equipment provided at designated location(s) within
the building for the use of the fire department. (PMEC, 2012, Chapter 9)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

PLUGHOLING - The condition where air from below the

smoke layer is pulled through the smoke layer into the
smoke exhaust due to a high exhaust rate. (3.3.8., NFPA 92)

PLUME -A column of smoke that rises above a fire. (3.3.9*,

NFPA 92)
Typical Units
English – inches water gauge or column (in.
w.g.)
Metric – Pascals
• 0.1 in. w.g. = 25 Pa.
• 0.1 in. w.g. = 0.00361 psi
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

AXISYMMETRIC PLUME - A plume that rises above

a fire, does not come into contact with walls or
other obstacles, and is not disrupted or deflected
by airflow. (3.3.9.1*., NFPA 92)
A.3.3.9.1 Axisymmetric Plume. Strictly speaking,
an axisymmetric plume applies only to round fires,
but it is a useful idealization for fires of many
other shapes. When the largest dimension of a fire
is much less than the height of the plume, the
plume mass flow and temperature can be
approximated by those characteristics of an
axisymmetric plume.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
BALCONY SPILL PLUME - A smoke plume that End of Plume
originates from a compartment fire, flows out
the doorway, flows under a balcony and flows
upward after passing the balcony edge. (3.3.9.2*.,
NFPA 92)

A.3.3.9.2 Balcony Spill Plume.

A balcony spill plume is one that flows
under and around a balcony before
rising, giving the impression of spilling
from the balcony, from an inverted
perspective.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

WINDOW PLUME - A plume that

flows out of an opening to a
room or other compartment
that is involved in a ventilation
limited fire. (3.3.9.3*., NFPA 92)
A.3.3.9.3 Window Plume.
Plumes issuing from wall
openings, such as doors and
windows of an adjacent
compartment, into a large-
volume open space are referred
to as window plumes.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

PRESSSURIZED STAIRWELLS - A type of containment smoke control system in

which stair shafts are mechanically pressurized, with respect to the fire
area, with outdoor air to keep smoke from contaminating them during a fire
incident. (3.3.10., NFPA 92)

DAMPER - A device used in heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC)

ducts to prevent the spread of fire or smoke inside the ductwork. It
automatically closes upon detection of heat and smoke. They can be opened
or closed from a remote fire command station if required. (RA 9514, RIRR, Rule
3)

SMOKE REFUGE AREA - An area of the building separated from other spaces
by fire resistance–rated smoke barriers in which a tenable environment is
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

SMOKE BARRIER- A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such

as a wall, floor, or ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to
restrict the movement of smoke in conjunction with a smoke control system.

FIXED SMOKE BARRIER AUTOMATIC SMOKE

BARRIER
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

STACK EFFECT - The vertical airflow within

buildings caused by the temperature-
created density differences between the
building interior and exterior or between
two interior spaces. (3.3.22., NFPA 92, & PMEC,
2012, Chapter 9)
➢ upward flow of air in shafts caused by
the buoyancy of air is called
“stack effect”

➢ downward flow of air in shafts due to a

cooler air inside the shaft than outside
is called “reverse stack effect””
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
SMOKE LAYER - The accumulated
thickness of smoke below a physical
or thermal barrier. (3.3.17*.,NFPA 92)

SMOKE LAYER INTERFACE - The

theoretical boundary between a
smoke layer and the smoke-free air.
(3.3.18*, NFPA 92)

TRANSITION ZONE - The layer

between the smoke layer interface
and the first indication of smoke in
which the smoke layer temperature
decreases to ambient. (3.3.25.*, NFPA
FIRST INDICATION OF
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

In practice, the smoke layer

interface is an effective
boundary within a transition
buffer zone, which can be
several feet (meters) thick.
Below this effective boundary,
the smoke density in the
transition zone decreases to
zero.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
TALL BUILDING – A building where the fire protection water demand
exceeds the pumping capability of the fire department. (NFPA 20)

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)- is an international

body in the field of tall buildings and sustainable urban design. A non-
profit organization based at Chicago, Illinois, USA, and is considered to be
an authority on the official height of tall buildings.

The general terms “SKYCRAPERS” refers to tall, continuously habitable

buildings and is taller than150 m (492 ft) and has floors or more.

SUPERTALL building is a habitable that is more than 300 m (984 ft) in

height.
SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
 FIRE INCIDENT

Ever Gotesco Grand Central in

Caloocan City, was burned to the
ground on March 17, 2012 and after a
fire that burned for 20 hours. The
firefighters were initially thwarted by
the thick, acrid smoke burning coming
from the building.
 FIRE INCIDENT

FIRE INCIDENT

New City Commercial (NCC) shopping

mall in Davao City was gutted by fire on
December 23, 2017 for about 32 hours
and at least 38 people trapped and died
inside the mall. Toxic smoke was
migrated in the staircases,
unprotected openings, and other
similar areas of the building.
FIRE INCIDENT

FIRE INCIDENT
Flames broke out in the hotel at around
9:30 am on Saturday, March 18, 2018,
generating clouds of thick smoke at the
Ermita District in Manila. After 25 hours
of facing flames and smoke at the
Waterfront Manila Pavilion Hotel &
Casino. The blaze erupted from the
ground floor and spread to the rest of the
22-storey hotel. A heavy thick smoke
inside the building was preventing the
firefighter from immediately entering and
killed 5 persons and injured 24.
FIRE INCIDENT

FIRE INCIDENT
On 2 June 2017, 40 people at the
Resort World Manila entertainment
complex in Pasay, Metro Manila were
killed when a gunman caused a
stampede and set fire to casino tables
and slot machine chairs around
midnight. All of the attack’s deaths
and injuries resulted from the initial
stampede and smoke inhalation from
the fire.
The main hazard from a
fire is

SMOKE
 INTRODUCTION
SMOKE - The airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when a
material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion, together with the quantity of air
that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. (3.3.12., NFPA 92, & PMEC, 2012,
Chapter 9)

PRODUCTION
OF SMOKE IN A
FIRE
 HAZARDS OF SMOKE

FACTS!!!! INTRODUCTION
• Smoke is a serious hazard to the building occupants.
• Smoke contains toxic and irritant gases
• Smoke is commonly recognized as the major killer in
building fires.
• ¾ of all fire deaths are caused by smoke inhalation
• Approximately 57% of fire deaths occur outside the room
of the origin
• 48% of fire survivors could not see more than 12 feet.
(visually impaired)
• Smoke travels 120 to 240 ft/min
• Extreme Heat Convection and Radiation affects
evacuation response.
 SMOKE MOVEMENT FACTORS
1. Differences in temperature
between outdoor and indoor air
(stack effect)
2. Natural convection
3. Thermal expansion
4. Wind forces
5. Buoyancy of combustion gases
6. HVAC operation
7. Elevator Piston Effect
 STACK EFFECT

SMOKE MOVEMENT FACTORS - STACK

Stack effect is a result of different air
densities inside and out of a building
that cause the pressure distribution of
air in a building to be different from that
outdoors.

If the airflow is from bottom to upwards,

it is normal stack effect. (winter)

The reverse happens in summers when

the cooler air inside the building sinks
and draws warmer outside air in through
the top of the building. (Reverse Effect)
 SMOKE MOVEMENT
STACK EFFECT
Impact of Building Height on Stack Pressure
Differentials
Building Height m Outside Temp °C Inside Temp °C ɅP Pa (in. w. c)
(ft.) (°F) (°F)
23 m ( 75 ft.) 0 21 °C (70 °F) 20 Pa (0.08 in. w. c.)
91 m (300 ft.) 0 21 °C (70 °F) 85 Pa (0.33 in. w. c.)
300 m (984 ft.) 0 21 °C (70 °F) 134 Pa (0.54 in. w.
c.)
650 m (2,133 ft.) 0 21 °C (70 °F) 179 Pa (0.72 in. w.
c.)
 SMOKE MOVEMENT FACTORS
NATURAL CONVECTION
Natural or free convection results from
temperature differences within a fluid. As
a fluid is heated, it expands while mass
remains the same. Decreased density
(mass/unit volume) makes the heated
fluid more buoyant, causing it to rise. As
the heated fluid rises, cooler fluid flows in
to replace it.
Natural convection is one of the major
mechanisms of heat transfer in a
compartment fire, heated air and smoke
rise, and cooler air moves in to replace it.
 THERMAL SMOKE MOVEMENT FACTORS
EXPANSION
• In fire with smoke temperature of
700°C, air that is flowing in can
expand up to 3 times of its original
volume.
• Pressure build-up is negligible if
you have large openings or flow
areas
• But in a tightly sealed buildings,
pressure built up due to expansion
may be important.
 WIND FORCES SMOKE MOVEMENT FACTORS

The effect of wind on air

movement within tightly
constructed buildings with all
doors and windows closed is
slight.
Effects of wind can become
important for loosely constructed
buildings or when windows break
WIND: (wind direction, wind speed,
during fire. obstruction near the building, height above
surface)
 WIND FOBOUYANCY OF
SMOKE MOVEMENT FACTORS
COMBUSTION GASES
RCES
• When a fire occurs in building in
which there are openings to the
atmosphere, the pressure near the
floor will be slightly below
atmospheric and the pressure near
the ceiling will be slightly above
atmospheric.

• The magnitude of pressure

differential will depend on the
length of the column of hot gases.
 HVAC OPERATION SMOKE MOVEMENT FACTORS

HVAC system frequently transport smoke

during building fires. It will transport
smoke to every area that it serves thus
endangering life in all those spaces.

These are the reasons why HVAC systems

traditionally have to be shut down during
fire.

NFPA 90A - Standard for the Installation of Airconditioning and Ventilating Systems
 ELEVATOR PISTON EFFECT SMOKE MOVEMENT FACTORS
The motion of an elevator car causes transient
pressures that are called elevator piston effect.
SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM
 FUNDAMENTAL
Smoke Control System.
An engineered system that includes all SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS
methods that can be used singly or in
combination to modify smoke movement.
(3.3.23.5., NFPA 92)

SMOKE CONTAINMENT SMOKE MANAGEMEN T

SYSTEMS SYSTEMS
Smoke Containment. A Smoke Management. A smoke control method
smoke control method that that utilizes natural or mechanical systems to
uses mechanical equipment maintain a tenable environment in the means of
to produce pressure egress from a large-volume space or to control and
differences across smoke reduce the migration of smoke between the fire
barriers. (3.3.14*., NFPA 92) area and communicating spaces. (3.3.19., NFPA 92)
 FUNDAMENTAL

SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

DESIGN OBJECTIVES : PRIMARY (4.1.2., NFPA 92)

1.Contain smoke to zone of the origin.

2.Maintain tenability in exit stairs long enough to
allow occupants to exit the building.
3.Maintain tenability in exit access and refuge area.
4.Maintain smoke layer at a predetermined height in
a large volume space.
 FUNDAMENTAL

SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

DESIGN OBJECTIVES : PRIMARY (4.1.2., NFPA 92)

5. Provide increased visibility for fire department to aid in

fire fighting efforts.
6. Limit the spread of toxic gases that can affect building
occupants.
7. Limit the spread of combustion products to protect
building contents.
 FLEXIBILITY AND RESILIENCY
 Flexibility and resiliency should be employed in the design to assure smoke control
system performance.

 Flexibility – applying design features that allow for easy adjustment of a smoke control
system in order to achieve acceptable performance (e.g. use of fans with sheaves to
allow several flow rates, a variable flow fan for the same purpose, dampers that can
be manually adjusted to obtain desired pressure differences).

 Resiliency – applying design features that could resists serious adverse effects due to
pressure fluctuations (e.g. automatic control in supply fan by-pass system to reduce
the effect of opening and closing of stairwell doors).
Smoke Control System Interaction
Design must consider interaction of smoke control system
with other systems (e.g. HVAC, multiple or other smoke
control systems )
Duration of Operation
Smoke control systems shall be capable of operating for 20
minutes OR 1.5 times calculated/required safe egress time
(RSET), whichever is greater (IBC 2015, 909.4.7, FCP ).
 FUNDAMENTAL
SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS: APPROACHES
METHODS STAIRWELL PRESSUIRZATION
SMOKE ZONED PRESSURIZATION
ELEVATOR PRESSURIZATION
CONTAINMENT VESTIBULEPRESSURIZATION
GOAL SYSTEM SMOKE REFUGE AREA
PRESSURIZATION
SMOKE CONTROL
SYSTEMS ▪ MAINTAIN A TENABLE
ENVIRONMENT IN THE MEANS OF
EGRESS
SMOKE ▪ CONTROL & MAINTAIN MIGRATION
MANAGEMENT OF SMOKE BETWEEN FIRE AREA &
SYSTEM COMMUNICATING SPACES (SMOKE
FILLING, SHEVS, OPPOSED
AIRFLOW)
 SMOKE CONTAINMENT SYSTEM

“A system that uses pressure differentials across a barrier using

mechanical means.”
Design Objectives:
Establishment and maintenance of pressure difference across smoke zone
boundaries to achieve one or more of the following:

1. Containing smoke to the zone of fire origin

2. Maintaining a tenable environment within exit staircases for the
time necessary to allow occupants to exit the building
3. Maintaining a tenable environment within all exit access and
smoke refuge area access paths for the time necessary to allow
occupants to reach an exit or smoke refuge area
4. Other performance-based design objectives acceptable to the
authority having jurisdiction
 DESIGN APPROACHES
SMOKE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS: (4.3.1., NFPA 92)
➢Stairwell Pressurization

➢Zoned Pressurization

➢Elevator Pressurization

➢Vestibule Pressurization

➢Smoke Refuge Area

Pressurization
 DESIGN APPROACHES
SMOKE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
STAIRWELL PRESSSURIZATION - SYSTEM TYPES (4.6.,
NFPA 92)

INJECTION COMPENSATION TYPE

TYPE
1. Non-compensated
1. Single Point 2. Compensated –
Modulated Supply
Airflow
2. Multiple 3. Compensated –
Point Overpressure Relief
 DESIGN APPROACHES

SMOKE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS

STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM
 DESIGN APPROACHES
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION – SINGLE POINT INJECTION (4.6.3., NFPA 92)
Fan Type Permitted
1. Roof or Exterior Wall
Mounted Propeller Fans
with wind shields
2. Centrifugal Fans
3. In-line Axial Fans
NOTES:
• Up to 7 Stories only or 80 feet high
(25 meters)[908.1., PMEC, 2012]

• Not not more than more than 5

floor levels or 18 m in height
including basement. (QCD)
 DESIGN APPROACHES
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM
COMPARISON TABLE OF TOP AND BOTTOM INJECTION PRESSURIZATION

Top Injection Bottom Injection

Fan at top of stair Fan at bottom of stair
Security of air is concern Security less issue
Smoke recirculation No smoke re-circulation
Minimal footprint Takes up valuable real‐estate
Higher pressure at top of stair Lower pressure at top of stair
Lower pressure at bottom Higher pressure at bottom
 DESIGN APPROACHES
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION – MULTIPLE POINT INJECTION (4.6.4.2., NFPA 92)
•Pressurization air
Fan Types Permitted
Supply intakes shall
1. Centrifugal Fans be located of at
2. In-line Axial Fans least 3 meters away
from building
➢ Injection points and fans can be located exhausts. (IMC,
at any level Chapter 5)
➢ The more vertical space between • Not less than 5
injection points, the harder it is to meters (QCD)
balance
➢ Injection points shall be not more than
every three (3) stories, not exceed 11 m.
➢ Duct can be located in stair instead of
separate shaft
 DESIGN APPROACHES
SMOKE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION – MULTIPLE POINT INJECTION (4.6.4.2., NFPA 92)
System Design and Components
A pressurization system consists of two main components:
1. Supply air (where air is injected into the area that is to be protected)
2. Relief air (to avoid overpressure when doors are closed)

The System comprises:

1. Supply fans for introducing air.
2. Distribution systems comprising ducting, terminal diffusers and venting
arrangements.
3. Automatic air release vents/dampers to release excess air and avoid over
pressurization when doors are closed.
4. Automatic control system comprising fire alarms, smoke detectors, safety
switches and devices at locations to suit fire service.
 DESIGN APPROACHES
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION – MULTIPLE POINT INJECTION (4.6.4.2., NFPA 92)
The System comprises:
 DESIGN APPROACHES
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION – MULTIPLE POINT INJECTION (4.6.4.2., NFPA 92)

Supply Air Fans CENTRIFUGAL

FAN
Supply air fans for pressurization are
either the centrifugal or axial type.
Centrifugal fans generate airflow in a
radial direction to the impeller. Axial
fans on the other hand, generate
airflows parallel to the impeller. Both
centrifugal and axial fans can provide AXIAL FAN
adequate capacity and static pressure
to overcome the resistance.
 DESIGN APPROACHES

STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION – NON-COMPENSATED SYSTEMS (F1., NFPA 92)

➢ Does not compensate for changes in pressure differentials or door status.

➢ Single speed fan(s).

➢ Constant volumetric flow rate.

➢ Pressurization level based on how many doors are open or closed.

➢ Work best in buildings where doors are not opened very often or for very long.

Example: Low occupant load buildings such as luxury apartment buildings.

 DESIGN APPROACHES

STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION –COMPENSATED SYSTEMS (F2., NFPA 92)

➢Compensated for varying pressure differentials

and door status and maintains constant
pressure differences across openings

➢Two Options

1. Modulate Supply Airflow

2. Overpressure Relief
 DESIGN APPROACHES
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION –COMPENSATED SYSTEMS (F3., NFPA 92)
MODULATED SUPPLY AIRFLOW
➢ Single-speed fan(s) – supply
modulated by bypass dampers for
interior fans or relief dampers for
exterior fans

➢ Supply can also be modulated by

varying:
1. Fan speed (multi-speed/variable
frequency drive fan(s))
2. Number of fans operating
3. Fan blade pitch
4. Inlet vanes
 DESIGN APPROACHES

STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION –COMPENSATED SYSTEMS (F4., NFPA 92)

OVERPRESSURE RELIEF

1. Barometric dampers
2. Motor operated dampers
3. Automatic opening door or vent
to exterior
4. Exhaust fan
 DESIGN APPROACHES
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION –COMPENSATED SYSTEMS (F4., NFPA 92)
OVERPRESSURE RELIEF – BAROMETRIC DAMPERS
➢ Simplest, least expensive method

➢ Use adjustable counterweights

➢ Prone to “chatter”

➢ Should not be placed close to

supply

Rectangular Barometric Pressure Relief

Damper
 DESIGN APPROACHES

BAROMETRIC DAMPERS
Barometric dampers use
adjustable counterweights which
are adjusted so that the damper
opens when a particular
(excessive) pressure is reached.
The location of dampers needs to
be carefully chosen since
dampers located too close to the
supply openings can operate too
quickly
 DESIGN APPROACHES
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION –COMPENSATED
SYSTEMS (F4., NFPA 92)
OVERPRESSURE RELIEF – MOTOR OPERATED
DAMPER
➢ More complicated and expensive
than barometric dampers

➢ Provided more control than

barometric dampers

➢ Controlled by differential Motor Operated

pressure sensors Pressure Relief Damper
MOTOR OPERATED DAMPER
➢ More complicated and expensive
than barometric dampers

➢ Provided more control than

barometric dampers

➢ Controlled by differential
pressure sensors
 DESIGN APPROACHES
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION –COMPENSATED SYSTEMS (F4., NFPA 92)
OVERPRESSURE RELIEF – OPEN DOOR OR VENT

➢ Automatic-opening door at ground

level or vent to outside.
➢ Ensure door not locked.
➢ Wind can be an issue.
➢ Temperature can be an issue.
➢ Vents more effective at ground
level for cooler temperatures

Vent
 DESIGN APPROACHES
STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION –COMPENSATED SYSTEMS (F4., NFPA 92)
OVERPRESSURE RELIEF – EXHAUST FAN
➢ Can be used when all doors closed
➢ Controlled by differential
pressure sensors
➢ Should be set to shut off when
pressure drops below a certain
point so smoke is not sucked into
stair through open doors when
pressure drops due to doors being
open.
➢ Multi-speed (variable frequency
drive) fan recommended
➢ Windshields recommended
 DESIGN APPROACHES
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE FAN
The variable frequency drive
(VFD) is becoming increasingly
popular in modern pressurization
systems. VFD allows the fan
speed (RPM) to be altered
thereby modulating the airflow.
The control signal is obtained
from a pressure sensor controller
that senses the static differential
pressure between the stairwell
and the occupied zone and gives
feedback for corrective action
 DESIGN APPROACHES
SMOKE PROOF ENCLOSURES
Life Safety Code (NFPA 101) enforced by the
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ),
recognizes three specific means for
providing smoke proof enclosures:

1. Naturally ventilated stair balconies

2. Mechanical ventilation incorporating a
Vestibule
3. Stair Pressurization

Smokeproof is an enclosure designed to

limit the movement of products of
combustion produced by a fire.
 DESIGN APPROACHES
SMOKEPROOF ENCLOSURES: NATURAL VENTILATION

Note: Min. 1.5 m² opening in

an exterior wall facing an
exterior court, yard or public
space ≤ 6 Ft. in width.
 SMOKE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
SMOKEPROOF ENCLOSURES:
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
DESIGN APPROACHES

Exhaust
2-hr. wall

Supply

* Vestibule shall be provided with not less than 1 air change per minute, & exhaust shall be 150%
of the supply.
* Stair shall be provided with a dampered relief opening with sufficient air to discharge at least
70.8 m3/min (2500 ft³/min) while maintaining a positive pressure of not less than 25 N/m2 (0.10
in. water column) in the stair.
 DESIGN APPROACHES
SMOKEPROOF ENCLOSURES: STAIR PRESSURIZATION

• Design pressure difference across the barrier ≤ 12.5 N/m² (0.05 in. water
column) in sprinklered buildings, or ≤ 25 N/m² (0.10 in. water colunm) in
nonsprinklered buildings. The smokeproof door force to open ≥ 133 N (30
lbf). (NFPA 101)
 DESIGN APPROACHES

SMOKEPROOF ENCLOSURES: STAIR PRESSURIZATION

2-hr rated barrier can be

reduced to 1-hr. where
the building, including
the stairway enclosure, is
protected throughout by
an approved supervised
automatic sprinkler
system.
 DESIGN APPROACHES
PRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS
• The method employs a pressure difference across a barrier to
control smoke movement.

• The high-pressure side of the barrier is either the refuge area

or an exit route.

• The low-pressure side is exposed to smoke.

• Airflow from the high-pressure side to the low-pressure side

(through construction cracks and gaps around the doors) to
prevents smoke infiltration.

• Top- vented shaft or a fan-powered exhaust can provide the

path.
 DESIGN APPROACHES
PRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS
Pressurization systems use
mechanical fans to produce a
positive pressure on the stairwells.
The two key pressurization
principles are maintaining:

1. A pressure difference across a

barrier. (NFPA 92, Table 4.4.2.1.1)

2. Average velocity of sufficient

magnitude (200 fps/1.02 m/s, NFPA
92, Sect 4.4.4.1.4)
 DESIGN APPROACHES
Table 4.4.2.1.1. Minimum Design Pressure Differences Across Smoke Barriers
Building Type Ceiling Height Design Pressure Design Pressure
ft(m) Difference* Difference*
(in. w.g) (Pa)

Sprinklered Any 0.05 12.5

Non-sprinklered 9 (2.7) 0.10 25
Non-sprinklered 15 (4.6) 0.14 34.8
Non-sprinklered 21 (6.4) 0.18 44.8
For SI units, 1 ft = 0.305 m; 0.1 in. w.g. = 25 Pa.
1. Minimum = Table 4.4.2.1.1
2. Minimum = determined by designer based on stack effect, buoyancy, etc.
3. Maximum = door opening force, 133N (NFPA 101)
*For zoned control systems, the pressure difference is required to be measured between
the smoke zone & adjacent spaces while the affected areas are in the smoke control mode.
 Reference
Design Approach Section (NFPA 92) Notes

Stair Pressurization 4.6.1 1. All doors closed

2. Design number of doors open
Elevator Pressurization 4.7 Elevator at recall floor with all
elevator doors and hoist way vents
open
Zoned Pressurization 4.8.1.2
Vestibule Pressurization Not Specified

Refuge Area Pressurization Not Specified

 SMOKE CONTAINMENT
ZONED SMOKE CONTROL , CONFIGURATIONS
(A 4.8.1.1.1., NFPA 92)
 DESIGN APPROACHES
ZONED SMOKE CONTROL , CONFIGURATIONS
(A 4.8.1.1.1., NFPA 92)

Zone Smoke Control using HVAC System Normal Operation (a) and Smoke
Control Operation (b)
 SMOKE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
ELEVATOR PRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS
Where elevator pressurization is provided, elevator
hoistways shall be pressurized to maintain a
minimum positive pressure in accordance with
4.4.2. The minimum pressure shall be maintained
with the elevator car at the recall floor and
elevator doors and the hoistway vents open. (4.7.*,
NFPA 92)
A.4.7 If elevators are intended to be used for
evacuation during a fire, the elevator
pressurization system should be protected against
heat, flame, smoke, loss of electrical power, loss
of elevator machine room cooling, water intrusion,
and inadvertent activation of controls.
ELEVATOR
PRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS CODE REQUIREMENT
 SMOKE CONTAINMENT: VESTIBULE

• Vestibules shall not be required but shall be permitted as part of the building smoke
control system. (4.10.1.*, NFPA 92)
• Where vestibules are provided, either pressurized or nonpressurized vestibules shall
be permitted. (4.10.2.*, NFPA 92)
• Doors located in smoke barriers shall be self-closing or shall be arranged to close
automatically upon activation of the smoke control system. (4.11.*, NFPA 92)
Methods (A 4.10.2) Vestibule Stair Pressurization
Pressurization
Nonpressurized Vestibules Indirectly Directly
Pressurized Vestibules Directly Indirectly
Pressurized Vestibules and Directly Directly
Stairwells
Purged or Vented None None or Directly
 SMOKE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS

SMOKE REFUGE AREA PRESSURIZATION (4.8.3.*, NFPA

92)
• A non–smoke zone of a zoned smoke control system shall
be permitted to be used as an area intended to protect
occupants for the period of time needed for evacuation or
to provide a smoke refuge area. (4.8.3.1., NFPA 92)

• For areas of refuge adjacent to stairwells or elevators,

provisions shall be made to prevent the loss of pressure or
excessive pressures due to the interaction between the
smoke refuge area smoke control and the shaft smoke
control. (4.8.3.2., NFPA 92)
 SMOKE CONTAINMENT
SMOKE REFUGE AREA PRESSURIZATION (4.8.3.*, NFPA 92)

AREA OF
REFUGE
 VENTILATION DUCT LAYOUT: SMOKE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
PROVISION OF FIRE DAMPERS
5.3.1., NFPA 90A,-Standard
for the Installation of Air-
Conditioning and Ventilating - fire rated walls and
- air transfer openings in
Systems. partitions required to have
partitions required to have
fire resistance rating of 2-hr
• Penetrations – Protection of fire resistance rating
Openings
or more

Type of Penetration (5.4.1., NFPA 90A) Minimum Damper Raring (hour)

Less than 3-hour fire resistance rated 1½
assemblies
3-hour or greater fire resistance rated 3
assemblies
➢ Fusible Links
- temperature rating: 28°C above maximum temperature
normally encountered
- minimum temperature rating : 71°C
 VENTILATION DUCT LAYOUT: SMOKE CONTAINMENT
PROVISION OF FIRE DAMPERS

➢ Types: Listed UL 555 & UL 555S

- fusible link actuated
- motorized (combination fire-smoke damper)
- smoke damper

➢ Fire dampers not required in:

- air pressurization supply ducts/shafts
- exhaust ducts/shafts designed purposely for
smoke-heat extract
VENTILATION DUCT LAYOUT:
PROVISION OF FIRE DAMPERS
 PART 2
SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Smoke Management - method of smoke
control that utilizes natural or mechanical systems
to maintain a tenable environment in the means
of egress from a large volume space or to control
and reduce the migration of smoke between the
fire area and communicating spaces.
 DESIGN APPROACHES
SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (4.3.2., NFPA 92)
Smoke Management with large-volume space
and communicating spaces shall be one of or
combination of the following:
1. Natural Smoke Filling
2. Mechanical Smoke Exhaust or Gravity (Natural)
Venting to Maintain Smoke Layer at a
Predetermined Height
3. Mechanical Smoke Exhaust or Gravity (Natural)
Venting to Control Rate of Smoke Descent
4. Opposed Airflow
 DESIGN APPROACHES

Objectives:

❑ Maintain a tenable environment in the means of egress from large-

volume building spaces during the time required for evacuation .
❑ Control and reduce the migration of smoke between the fire area
and adjacent spaces.
❑ Provide conditions within and outside the fire zone to assist
emergency response personnel in conducting search and rescue
operations and in locating and controlling the fire.
❑ Contribute to the protection of life and reduction of property loss.
❑ Aid in post-fire smoke removal.
 DESIGN APPROACHES
Smoke Management Design Approaches:
1. Natural smoke filling of an unoccupied volume or smoke reservoir and modeling smoke layer
descent to determine whether the smoke layer interface will reach a height at which occupants
will be exposed to smoke before they are able to egress from the space

2. Mechanical smoke exhaust capacity to remove smoke from a space to maintain the smoke layer
interface at a predefined height in the space for an indefinite period of time

3. Mechanical smoke exhaust capacity to remove smoke from a space to slow the rate of smoke
layer descent for a period that allows occupants to safely egress from the space

4. Natural smoke venting to maintain the smoke layer interface at a predetermined height in the
space for an indefinite period of time

5. Natural smoke venting to slow the rate of smoke layer descent for a period that allows
occupants to egress from the space
 DESIGN APPROACHES

Managing Smoke Spread to Communicating Space

Shall be accomplished by one of the following methods:
1. Maintaining the smoke layer interface at a level higher than that of the
highest opening to the communicating space

smoke layer interface

Smoke layer interface at level

higher than the highest opening to
the communicating space

top of opening to the

communicating space
 DESIGN APPROACHES
Minimum Design for Smoke Layer
▪ Depth equivalent to twenty percent (20 %) of the floor-to-ceiling height
▪ 6 ft (1.83 m) above the highest walking surface (spaces open to atrium)
▪ Based on an engineering analysis

smoke layer
interface
Z

d = depth of smoke layer Z = distance above the base of the fire to the smoke layer interface
Zl = limiting elevation (also called as flame height) H = ceiling height
 Managing Smoke Spread to Communicating Space
2. Providing a barrier to transform a communicating space into a separated
space
 Managing Smoke Spread to Communicating Space

3. Providing an opposed airflow through the opening to prohibit smoke spread into the
communicating space.

Fire safety on, accidents gone . . .

Smoke Clearance – uses amount of ventilation to assist fire fighting
operations, allowing fire fighters to clear smoke from the relevant building or
part of the building often after the fire has been controlled or extinguished.
- Not a form of smoke management.
- Offers limited benefit during evacuation
- Much simplified design basis

Smoke Control Ventilation – designed to control or restrict the movement of

smoke within the building.
- Requires the determination or estimate of the amount
of smoke produced by a fire and the heat energy within it.
- barriers are also used to control horizontal smoke movement
 DESIGN APPROACHES – SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1. Natural Smoke Filling
 DESIGN APPROACHES – SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
2. Mechanical Smoke Exhaust
 DESIGN APPROACHES – SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

3. Gravity or (Natural) Venting

DESIGN APPROACHES – SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Unvented and Vented

 DESIGN APPROACHES – SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

4. Opposed Airflow

* Not recommended in building room fires

Applications: tunnels; may be

used with caution in smoke
management in atrium and
large spaces
 DESIGN APPROACHES – SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Tenability VS Egress
▪ Design objectives are generally evaluated by comparing the calculated ASET
available safe egress time (ASET) to the required safe egress time (RSET)
▪ Tenability criteria and egress calculations are outside the scope of NFPA 92
at present

▪ Tenability criteria are determined by the designer

RSET
▪ Visibility criteria is usually met first

▪ Some codes contain specific requirements regarding design objectives

- IBC requires the smoke layer height be maintained 6 ft (1.8m) above
highest walking surface
- NFPA 92 permits exposure to smoke as long as tenability is
maintained (4.5.1.1)
 DESIGN FIRE & FIRE GROWTH
The design fire shall be determined by considering the following:
▪Type of fuel
▪ Fuel spacing
▪ Fuel configuration
Fire growth and development are limited by factors such as

▪ quantity of fuel
▪ arrangement of fuel
▪ quantity of oxygen
▪ effect of manual and automatic suppression
 DESIGN FIRE & FIRE GROWTH

The fire growth rate of flaming fires is determined by variety

of factors, including the following:

▪ type of fuel and ease of ignition

▪ fuel configuration and orientation
▪ location of secondary fuel packages
▪ proximity of fire to walls and corners
▪ ceiling height
▪ ventilation
 HEAT RELEASE RATE
Heat Release Rate (HRR) – the rate at which fire releases energy or the
rate of heat generation by fire. HRR is measured and expressed in joules
per second or KW.

Research have shown that most fires grow exponentially; i.e. the rate of
heat release increases exponentially with time.

Convective Portion of HRR, Qc

– the amount of heat release rate from the fire transferred through
convection (direct contact to plume and layer of hot smoke gas), Qc =
0.7 QHRR.

Radiative Portion of HRR, QR – the amount of

heat release rate from the fire transferred
through radiation, QR = 0.3 QHRR.
 HEAT RELEASE & FIRE GROWTH RATE
HRR per Unit Area (Heat Release Density)

Typical Heat Release Rates

▪ Mercantile - 500 KW/m² (44 Btu/s-ft²), Morgan (1979)
▪ Residential - 500 KW/m² (44 Btu/s-ft²), Fang & Breese (1980)
▪ Office Buildings - 225 KW/m² (20 Btu/s-ft²), Morgan & Hansell (1987),
Law (1982)

For smoke management applications:

▪ Restricted fuel spaces - 225 KW/m² (20 Btu/s-ft²)
▪ Spaces with furniture, wood, or other combustible materials – 500
KW/m² (44 Btu/s-ft²)
HEAT RELEASE RATE- WAREHOUSE
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEADY FIRE – A fire that has a constant heat release rate that is controlled
by the material burning. (3.3.5.2., NFPA 92)

UNSTEADY FIRE – A fire that has a heat release rate that varies with respect
to time. (3.3.5.4., NFPA 92)

Unsteady Fire
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

T-Square (t2) FIRE – A fire that has a heat release rated that grows
proportionally to the square of time from ignition.
 SMOKE MANAGEMENT IN LARGE AREA

Points of Interests
❑ Height of First Indication of Smoke with No Smoke Exhaust Operating.
❑ The smoke temperature at any layer interface.
❑ The total mass consumption required to sustain the steady heat release rate
for steady fires.
❑ The total mass consumed over the time period of interest for unsteady fires.
❑ Rate of Smoke Mass Production according to the smoke plume type.
❑ Plume Width.
❑ Average Plume Temperature.
❑ Centerline Plume Temperature.
❑ Number of Exhaust Inlets.
❑ Minimum edge-to-edge separation between inlets.
❑ Maximum Air Supply Velocity.
❑ Opposed Airflow Requirements.
SMOKE MANAGEMENT IN LARGE AREA
 SMOKE MANAGEMENT IN LARGE AREA

❖ Natural Smoke Filling Notes:

1. If Evacuation time < Atrium
smoke filling time, Atrium
filling time is appropriate
2. Evacuation Time = (modeled
evacuation time x Evacuation
Eff.) + Time delay in initiating
evacuation
3. Atrium Filling Time = Time the
smoke layer descends to the
critical level above the highest
occupied floor.
 SMOKE MANAGEMENT IN LARGE AREA

Height of First Indication of Smoke with No Smoke Exhaust Operating

• Illustration of the different smoke layer zones:

 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
1. Difference & Importance of Codes & Standard
 NFPA 101 & RA 9514
 NFPA 92, British Standard, etch.
2. SMOKE – is the main hazard in a fire. It is the major killer in building fire.
3. 7 Smoke Movement Factors

4. Smoke Control System - An

engineered system that includes all
methods that can be used singly or in combination to modify
smoke movement. (3.3.23.5., NFPA 92)
 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
5. Two Methods in Smoke Control System ---- Smoke Containment & Smoke Management System.

6. Smoke Containment. A smoke control method that uses mechanical equipment to produce pressure
differences across smoke barriers. (3.3.14*., NFPA 92)

7. Approaches in Smoke Containment System includes the following:

 Stairwell Pressurization (NFPA 92, BS 5588 Part 4/ min. differential pressure(12.5 Pa & 25 Pa), Door Opening
Force -133N per NFPA 101.
 Zoned Pressurization
 Elevator Pressurization
 Vestibule Pressurization
 Smoke Refuge System
 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

8. Smoke Management - method of smoke control that utilizes natural or

mechanical systems to maintain a tenable environment in the means of egress
from a large volume space or to control and reduce the migration of smoke
between the fire area and communicating spaces.

 Natural Smoke Filling

 Mechanical Smoke Exhaust or Gravity (Natural) Venting to Maintain Smoke Layer

at a Predetermined Height /Smoke Descent

 Opposed Airflow
 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
8. Finally, the study of Smoke Control System and its methods (Smoke
Containment & Management) have the following main objectives:

 Contain smoke to zone of the origin.

 Maintain tenability in exit stairs long enough to allow occupants to exit the
building.

 Maintain tenability in exit access and refuge area.

 Maintain smoke layer at a predetermined height in a large volume space.

 REFERENCES

➢ RA 9514, RIRR, 2019 – Fire Code of the Philippines

➢ NFPA 92, 2018 – Standard for Smoke Control Systems

➢ NFPA 204, 2018 – Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting

➢ PMEC, 2012 – Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code

➢ IMC, 2018 – International Mechanical Code

➢ ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and

Air-conditioning Engineers
(THANK YOU!!!)