Practical No.

2
Aim: Operations on Signals

Name- Aditya Pramod Nagane

Batch- A4

UID- 2023201001

Software Used- Matlab

Table of Contents
Aim: Operations on Signals ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Part A........................................................................................................................................................................1
Signal Generation..................................................................................................................................................... 1
Amplitude Scaling..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Amplitude Up Scaling........................................................................................................................................... 3
Amplitude Down Scaling.......................................................................................................................................4
Time Scaling ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Time Scaling (Expansion) ....................................................................................................................................6
Time Scaling (Compression) ............................................................................................................................... 7
Time Reversal/Folding.............................................................................................................................................. 8
Time Shifting...........................................................................................................................................................10
Time Shifting (Delay).......................................................................................................................................... 11
Time shifting (Advancing)................................................................................................................................... 12
Part B......................................................................................................................................................................13
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................................. 17

Part A

Signal Generation
a= 0:1 %UID mentioned 001

a = 1×2
0 1

b= 2:12

b = 1×11
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

c= 13:18

c = 1×6
13 14 15 16 17 18

t= 0:30

1
t = 1×31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

a1= a

a1 = 1×2
0 1

b1= square(b)

b1 = 1×11
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

c1= cos(c)

c1 = 1×6
0.9074 0.1367 -0.7597 -0.9577 -0.2752 0.6603

c2= exp(c1)

c2 = 1×6
2.4780 1.1465 0.4678 0.3838 0.7594 1.9354

d1 = [a1, b1, c2, c1];

title("Custom Signal")
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude")

2
Amplitude Scaling
Theory:

The process of rescaling the amplitude of a signal, i.e., the amplitude of the signal is either amplified or

attenuated, is known as amplitude scaling. In the amplitude scaling operation on signals, the shape of the

resulting signal remains the as that of the original signal but the amplitude is altered (i.e., increased or

decreased).

The amplitude scaling of a continuous time signal x(t) is defined as,

y(�) = � �(�)

Where, A is a constant. If the value of A is greater than 1 (i.e., A > 1), the signal amplitude scaling is called the

amplification of the signal while if A < 1, then the scaling is called the attenuation of the signal.

Amplitude Up Scaling

a1_a_up= a

a1_a_up = 1×2
0 1

b1_a_up= square(b)

b1_a_up = 1×11
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

c1_a_up= cos(c)

c1_a_up = 1×6
0.9074 0.1367 -0.7597 -0.9577 -0.2752 0.6603

c2_a_up= exp(c1)

c2_a_up = 1×6
2.4780 1.1465 0.4678 0.3838 0.7594 1.9354

d1_a_up= [a1_a_up, b1_a_up, c2_a_up, c1_a_up]

3
 d1_a_up = 1×25
0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 1.0000

plot(t(1:length(d1_a_up)),5*d1_a_up,'red')
hold on;
plot(t(1:length(d1)), d1,'blue')
hold off;
title("Amplitude Up Scaling")
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude")
legend('Up Scaled','Orignal')

Amplitude Down Scaling

a1_a_dw = 1×2
0 1

b1_a_dw= square(b)

b1_a_dw = 1×11
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

c1_a_dw= cos(c)

c1_a_dw = 1×6
0.9074 0.1367 -0.7597 -0.9577 -0.2752 0.6603

c2_a_dw= exp(c1)

4
 c2_a_dw = 1×6
2.4780 1.1465 0.4678 0.3838 0.7594 1.9354

d1_a_dw= [a1_a_dw b1_a_dw c2_a_dw c1_a_dw]

d1_a_dw = 1×25
0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 1.0000

plot(t(1:length(d1)),0.5*d1_a_dw,'red')
hold on;
plot(t(1:length(d1)),d1,'blue')
hold off;
title("Amplitude Down Scaling")
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude")
legend('Down Scaled','Orignal')

Time Scaling
Theory:

The time scaling of a continuous time signal x(t) can be accomplished by replacing ‘t’ by ‘�t’ in the function.
Mathematically, it is given by,

�(�) → �(�) = �(�)

Where, α is a constant, called the scaling factor.

5
If α > 1, then the signal is compressed in time by a factor α and the time scaling
of the signal is called the time compression. Whereas, if α < 1, then the signal is
expanded in time by the factor α and the time scaling is said to be time expansion.

Time Scaling (Expansion)

a1_t_ex = 1×2
0 1

b1_t_ex= square(b)

b1_t_ex = 1×11
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

c1_t_ex= cos(c)

c1_t_ex = 1×6
0.9074 0.1367 -0.7597 -0.9577 -0.2752 0.6603

6
 c2_t_ex= exp(c1)

c2_t_ex = 1×6
2.4780 1.1465 0.4678 0.3838 0.7594 1.9354

d1_t_ex= [a1_t_ex b1_t_ex c2_t_ex c1_t_ex]

d1_t_ex = 1×25
0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 1.0000

plot(2*t(1:length(d1_t_ex)),d1_t_ex,'red')
hold on;
plot(t(1:length(d1)),d1,'blue')
hold off;
title("Time Expansion")
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude")
legend('Expanded','Orignal')

Time Scaling (Compression)

a1_t_co = 1×2
0 1

b1_t_co= square(b)

b1_t_co = 1×11
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

7
 c1_t_co= cos(c)

c1_t_co = 1×6
0.9074 0.1367 -0.7597 -0.9577 -0.2752 0.6603

c2_t_co= exp(c1)

c2_t_co = 1×6
2.4780 1.1465 0.4678 0.3838 0.7594 1.9354

d1_t_co= [a1_t_co b1_t_co c2_t_co c1_t_co]

d1_t_co = 1×25
0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 1.0000

plot(0.5*t(1:length(d1_t_co)),d1_t_co,'red')
hold on;
plot(t(1:length(d1)),d1,'blue')
hold off;
title("Time Compression")
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude")
legend('Compressed','Orignal')

Time Reversal/Folding
Theory:

The time reversal of a continuous time signal x(t) is the rotation of the signal by 180° about the vertical axis.
Mathematically, for the continuous time signal x(t), the time reversal is given as,

8
 y(�) = �(−�)

An arbitrary continuous-time signal x(t) and its time reversal x(-t) are shown in Figure.

a1_t_co= a

a1_t_co = 1×2
0 1

b1_t_co= square(b)

b1_t_co = 1×11
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

c1_t_co= cos(c)

c1_t_co = 1×6
0.9074 0.1367 -0.7597 -0.9577 -0.2752 0.6603

c2_t_co= exp(c1)

c2_t_co = 1×6
2.4780 1.1465 0.4678 0.3838 0.7594 1.9354

d1_t_co= [a1_t_co b1_t_co c2_t_co c1_t_co]

d1_t_co = 1×25
0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 1.0000

plot(-t(1:length(d1_t_co)),d1_t_co,'red')
hold on;
plot(t(1:length(d1_t_co)),d1,'blue')
hold off;
title("Time Folding/Reversal")
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude")
legend('Folded','Orignal')

9
Time Shifting
Theory:

The time shifting of a continuous time signal x(t) is represented as,

y(�) = �(� − �0)

The time-shifting of a signal results in the time delay or time advancement. The above expression shows that
the signal y(t) can be obtained by time shifting the signal x(t) by t0 units. If t0 is positive in the above expression,
then the shift of the signal is to the right and hence the time shifting delays the signal. On the other hand, if t0 is
negative, then the shift of the signal is to the left and hence the shifting advances the signal in the time axis.

The time shifting of a continuous-time signal x(t) is shown in Figure.

10
Time Shifting (Delay)
a1_t_sd= a

a1_t_sd = 1×2
0 1

b1_t_sd= square(b)

b1_t_sd = 1×11
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

c1_t_sd= cos(c)

c1_t_sd = 1×6
0.9074 0.1367 -0.7597 -0.9577 -0.2752 0.6603

c2_t_sd= exp(c1)

c2_t_sd = 1×6
2.4780 1.1465 0.4678 0.3838 0.7594 1.9354

d1_t_sd= [a1_t_sd b1_t_sd c2_t_sd c1_t_sd]

d1_t_sd = 1×25
0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 1.0000

plot(t(1:length(d1_t_sd))+5,d1_t_sd,'red')
hold on;
plot(t(1:length(d1_t_sd)),d1,'blue')
hold off;
title("Time Delaying")
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude")

11
 legend('Delayed','Orignal')

Time shifting (Advancing)

a1_t_sa = 1×2
0 1

b1_t_sa= square(b)

b1_t_sa = 1×11
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

c1_t_sa= cos(c)

c1_t_sa = 1×6
0.9074 0.1367 -0.7597 -0.9577 -0.2752 0.6603

c2_t_sa= exp(c1)

c2_t_sa = 1×6
2.4780 1.1465 0.4678 0.3838 0.7594 1.9354

d1_t_sa= [a1_t_sa b1_t_sa c2_t_sa c1_t_sa]

d1_t_sa = 1×25
0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 1.0000

plot(t(1:length(d1_t_sa))-5,d1_t_sa,'red')
hold on;
plot(t(1:length(d1_t_sa)),d1,'blue')

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 title("Time Advancing")
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude")
legend('Advanced','Orignal')

Part B

13
14
15
16
Conclusion

17