*

*
Example on Strap or Cantilever
Given: Column 1 size 30x 40, Reinf. 420

Column 2 size 30x 40cm, Reinf. 420

Ultimate soil bearing pressure, qult = 100kPa

Material properties:

• fyk = 300MPa fyd = 300/1.15 = 260.87 MPa

• C25 fck= 20MPafctk = 1.5 MPa,

Required:- Design a strap foundation for the given loads shown in Fig. below.

SOLUTION

Step-1: Proportioning of footing

Trial - 1

Assume a1 = 3.00m

Then e = (3.00/2)- 0.15 = 1.35m

XR = 6.00-e = 6.00- 1.35 = 4.65m

Page 1 of 11
 Neglecting the weight of the strap, the soil reaction R1 will be determined by taking moment
about R2.

4.65*R1 = 6.00*900  R1 = 1161.30kN

b1 = R1/(a1ult) = 1161.30 /( 3*100) =3.87, use b1 = 3.90m

Hence dimension of footing 1 3.00 x 3.90m

• Now for the second footing

R2 = P1 +P2 –R1 = 900+1080 -1161.30=818.70kN

Area of footing = R2/ ult= 818.70/ 100 = 8.19m2

Take a1 =a2 =3.00m

b2 = 8.19/3 =2.73, use b2 = 2.75m

Dimension of footing 2 3.00 X2.75m

q1 = R1/a1 = 1161.30/3.00 = 387.1kN/m

q2= R2/a2 = 818.7 /3.00 = 272.90kN/m

Since the distribution per meter run under the pad is different for each pad, a second trial
should be made

• Trial 2

Take a1 = 2.50m

Then e = (2.50/2)- 0.15 = 1.10m

XR = 6.00-e = 6.00- 1.1. = 4.90m

4.90*R1 = 6.00*900  R1 = 1102.04kN

b1 = R1/(a1ult) = 1102.04 /( 2.50*100) =4.41, use b1 = 4.45m

Dimension of footing 1 2.50 x 4.45m

R2 = P1 +P2 –R1 = 900+1080 -1102.04=877.96kN

Area of footing = R2/ ult= 877.96/ 100 = 8.78m2

Take a2 =2.00m ( or use R1/a1 = R2/a2 to determine a2)

b2 = 8.78/2.00 =4.39, use b2 = 4.40m

Dimension of footing 2 2.00 X4.40m

q1 = R1/a1 = 1102.04/2.50 = 440.82kN/m

q2= R2/a2 = 877.96 /2.00 = 438.98kN/m

Page 2 of 11
The difference between stress distributions is a small amount. Hence the final proportions of
the footings as shown below would be acceptable.

Page 3 of 11
Step-2: Calculate thickness of the footing concrete

• Footing 1

• Punching shear criteria

Take d= 0.40m and  = min = 0.50/fyk= 0.50 /300 = 0.0017

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085, k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.4 = 1.20

Page 4 of 11
 u1 = Pr1 =0.90+0.90+1.60 =3.40m

• Net shear force developed under column 1

Vd= 900 -*(0.90*1.60),  =R1/a1*b1= 99.06kPa

Vd= 900 -99.06*(0.90*1.60) =757.35kN

• Punching shear resistance under column 1

Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)

Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.20*3.40*0.40 =442.68kN <Vd .. Not OK!

• Since the developed shear force is greater than the punching shear resistance, one may
increase the depth

Take d= 0.55m and  = min = 0.50/fyk= 0.50 /300 = 0.0017

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085, k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.55 = 1.05

u1 = Pr1 =1.125+1.125+2.05=4.30m

• Net shear force developed under column 1

Vd= 900 - 99.06 *(1.125*2.05) =671.54kN

• Punching shear resistance under column 1

Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.05*4.3*0.55 = 673.58kN >Vd … OK!

• Wide beam shear criteria

• X- direction

The magnitude of the wide beam shear is read from the shear force diagram at a distance of
d from the face of column 1.

Vd = 440.82 (0.30 +d) -900 = 440.82 (0.30 +0.55) -900=525.30kN

Wide beam shear resistance

Vud = 0.25fctd k1k2bwd (MN)

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085, k2 = 1.60 – d =1.60 -0.55 = 1.05

bw = 4.45m

Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085*1.05*4.45*0.55 = 697.08kN > Vd ..OK!

• Y- direction

Page 5 of 11
 The developed shear force in direction Y may be estimated as for the case of an isolated
footing

Developed shear

Vd = 99.06(1.475* 2.50)=365.28kN

Wide beam shear resistance

Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085*1.05*2.50*0.53= 377.38kN >Vd .............OK!

• Footing 2

• Punching shear

Take d= 0.40m and  = min = 0.50/fyk= 0.50 /300 = 0.0017

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085, k2 = 1.60 – d =1.60 -0.40 = 1.20

u2 = Pr2 =1.50+1.50+1.60 +1.60 =6.20m

Net shear force developed under column 2

Vd= 1080 -*(1.50*1.60),  =R2/a2*b2= 99.77kPa

Vd= 1080 -99.77*(1.50*1.60) =840.55kN

Punching shear resistance under column 2

Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)

Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.20*6.20*0.40 = 807.24 kN<Vd .. Not OK! , increase the depth.

Take d= 0.45m and  = min = 0.50/fyk= 0.50 /300 = 0.0017

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085, k2 = 1.60 – d =1.60 -0.45 = 1.15

u2 = Pr2 =1.65+1.65+1.75+1.75=6.80m

• Net shear force developed under column 2

Vd= 1080 - 99.77 *(1.65*1.75) =791.91kN

• Punching shear resistance under column 2

Page 6 of 11
Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.15*6.80*0.45 =954.53kN >Vd … OK!

• Wide beam shear

• X- direction

The wide beam shear is read from the shear force diagram at a distance of d from the face of
column 2.

Vd = 438.98 (1.00+0.20+0.45) -1080 = 355.68kN

Wide beam shear resistance

Vud = 0.25fctd k1k2bwd (MN)

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085 , k2 = 1.60 – d =1.60 -0.45 = 1.15

bw = 4.40m

Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085*1.15*4.40*0.45 = 617.64> Vd ....OK!

• Y- direction

Developed shear

Vd = 99.77(1.55* 2.00)=309.29kN

Wide beam shear resistance

Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085*1.15*2.00*0.43= 268.27kN <Vd .............NOT OK!

Increase the effective depth d to 0.55m

Developed shear

Page 7 of 11
Vd = 99.77(1.45* 2.00)=289.33kN

Wide beam shear resistance,

Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085*1.05*2.00*0.53 = 301.90kN >Vd ............ OK!

Step-3- Determine the reiforcement for moment requirment

Moment capacity of concrete

• Footing 1

• X – direction

• Capacity of concrete

M  0.32  f cd  bd 2
 0.32 11.33 103  4.45  0.55
2

 4880.51kN  m  M max  783.74kN  m....Ok!

• Y- direction

• Developed moment

(2.025) 2
M d  99.06 * * 2.5  507.76kN  m
2
• Capacity of concrete

M  0.32  f cd  bd 2
 0.32 11.33  103  2.50  0.53
2

 2546.08kN  m  M d ....Ok!

• Footing 2

• X – direction

• Capacity of concrete

M  0.32  f cd  bd 2
 0.32 11.33 103  4.40  0.55
2

 4825.67kN  m  M max  219.49kN  m....Ok!

Page 8 of 11
 • Y-direction
• Developed moment

(2.00) 2
M d  99.77 * * 2.0  399.08kN  m
2

– Capacity of concrete

M  0.32 *11.33x103 * 2.0 * (0.53) 2

 2036.86kN  m  M d...........OK!

• Calculation of Reinforcements

• Footing 1

• X-direction

From BMD , M = 783.74kN-m

f cd  2M 
 1  1  
f yd  f cd bd 2 

11.33  2 * 783.74 
 1  1  2 
 0.0023   min ....ok!
260.87  11.33 103  4.45  0.55 
As  bd  0.0023  445  55  56.29cm2

– Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm2

No. of bars , n= 56.29/3.14 =17.9 , use 18 bars
Spacing = (445-2*5)/ (n-1) =25.6cm

Use 18  20 c/c 255mm (The reinforcement should be placed at the top)

• Provide also minimum bottom reinforcement in the X-direction

• Asmin = minbd = 0.0017 *445 *55 =41.61cm2

• Use  = 14, as = 1.54cm2

No. of bars , n= 41.61/1.54 =27
Spacing = (445-2*5)/ (n-1) =16.73cm

• Use 27  14 c/c 165mm

• Y-direction
Page 9 of 11
 • Md =507.76kN-m

11.33  2 * 507.76 
 1  1  2 
 0.0029   min ....ok!
260.87  11.33 10  2.50  0.53 
3

As  bd  0.0029  250  53  38.425cm2

Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm2
No. of bars , n= 38.425/3.14 =12.2, use 13 bars
Spacing = (250-2*5)/ (n-1) =20cm

Use 13  20 c/c 200mm ( bottom reinforcement)

• Provide also minimum top reinforcement in the Y-direction

Asmin = minbd = 0.0017 *250 *53 =22.53cm2

Use  = 14, as = 1.54cm2

No. of bars , n= 22.53/1.54 =14.6 , use 15 bars
Spacing = (250-2*5)/ (n-1) =17.1cm

Use 15 14 c/c 170mm

 Footing 2
 X-direction

– From BMD , M = 219.49 kN-m

11.33  2 * 219.49 
 1  1    0.0006   min
11.33 103  4.40  0.55 
2
260.87 
As   min bd  0.0017  440  55  41.14cm2

Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm2

No. of bars , n= 41.14/3.14 =13.20, use 14 bars
Spacing = (440-2*5)/ (n-1) =33.08cm

Use 14  20 c/c 330mm (The reinforcement should be placed at the bottom)

• Y-direction

• Md =399.08kN-m

11.33  2 * 399.08 
 1  1  2 
 0.0028   min ....ok!
260.87  11.33 103  2.00  0.53 
As  bd  0.0028  200  53  29.68cm2
Page 10 of 11
 Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm2
No. of bars , n= 29.68/3.14 =9.5 , use 10 bars
Spacing = (250-2*5)/ (n-1) =26.67cm

Use 10  20 c/c 265mm (bottom reinforcement)

• Development length

• Footing 1

• X-direction

 f yd 2  260.87
ld    130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1

Available development length, la =220-5=215cm >ld……….. OK!

• Y-direction

 f yd 2  260.87
ld    130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1
Available development length, la =202.5-5=197.5cm >ld…… OK!

• Footing 2

• X-direction

 f yd 2  260.87
ld    130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1

Available development length, la =80-5=75cm <ld…… NOT OK!

Bend the bars upward with a minimum length of 10 cm

• Y-direction

 f yd 2  260.87
ld    130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1

Available development length, la =200-5=195cm >ld…… OK!

Page 11 of 11
Design of Mat/Raft Foundation
• Mat or raft foundation is a large concrete slab supporting
several columns in two or more rows.
• It is used where the supporting soil has low bearing capacity.
• The bearing capacity is increased by combining all individual
footings in to one mat –since bearing capacity is proportional
to width and depth of foundations.
• In addition to increasing the bearing capacity, mat foundations
tend to bridge over irregularities of the soil and the average
settlement does not approach the extreme values of isolated
footings.
• Thus mat foundations are often used for supporting structures
that are sensitive to differential settlement.
• Design of uniform mat
• Design Assumptions
– mat is infinitely rigid
– planner soil pressure distribution under mat
• Design Procedure
I. Determine the line of action of the resultant of all the loads
acting on the mat
II. Determine the contact pressure distribution as under
– If the resultant passes through the center of gravity of the
mat, the contact pressure is given by:

Q

A
 – If the resultant has an eccentricity of ex and ey in the x and y
direction

Q Qex Qe y
 max/ min   x y
A Iyy Ixx
The maximum contact pressure should be less than the
allowable soil pressure
– Divide the slab mat into strips in x and y directions. Each
strip is assumed to act as independent beam subjected to
the contact pressure and the columns loads.
– Determine the modified column loads
– Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
each strip.
– Select depth of mat for shear requirement
– Select steel reinforcement for moment requirement
 Y

ex

ey
X X

Y
 • Example
• A mat foundation is to be designed by the conventional
method (rigid method) for the loadings shown in Fig. below.
• All columns are 40X40cm
• Ultimate soil bearing pressure , qult = 100kPa
• fyk = 300MPa fyd = 300/1.15 = 260.87 Mpa
• C25 fck= 20MPafctk = 1.5 MPa,
 600kN 750kN 600kN
6m

1800kN 1800kN 1320kN

6m

1800kN 1800kN 1320kN

6m

600kN 750kN 600kN

5m 5m
Location of c.g. of loads
• P = (600 +750+ 600)*2 +(1800+1800+1320)*2 =13740kN
• 13740 X = (750 +1800+1800+750)*5 + (600 +1320+1320+600)* 10
X = 4.65m
ex = 5-4.65 = 0.35
X’ = 5 +0.35 = 5.35m
• B min = 2*( 5.35 +0.20+0.15 ) =11.40m
• 13740 Y = (600 +750+600)*18 + (1800 +1800+1320)* 12 + (1800
+1800+1320)* 6
Y = 9m
ey = 6+ 6/2 -9 = 0
• Lmin = 2* (9+0.20+0.15) = 18.70m
• Dimension of Mat 11.40 X 18.70m
•
• Actual contact pressure
 = P/(BL) = 13740/(11.40*18.70) =64.45kPa < ult = 100kPa

• Thickness of the mat

• Punching shear
• Punching shear under 1800kN load
Take d= 0.70m and  = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085

0.4+3d
40
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.70 = 0.90 , Take K2 =1
40
Pr =(0.85+0.4+1.105)2+(0.4+3(0.70)
=7.21m
• Net shear force developed 1.5d=1.105>0.85 1.5d
• Vd= 1800 -*(2.355* 2.50) ,  =64.45kP
• Vd= 1800 -64.45*(2.355* 2.50)=1420.55kN
• Punching shear resistance
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.00*7.21*0.70
=1369.00kN < Vd .. NOT OK! Increase the depth

Take d= 0.75m and  = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.75 = 0.85 , Take K2 =1
Pr =(0.85+0.4+1.125)2+(0.4+3(0.75)
=7.40m
• Net shear force developed
• Vd= 1800 -*(2.375* 2.65) ,  =64.45kP
• Vd= 1800 -64.45*(2.375* 2.65)=1394.37kN
• Punching shear resistance
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.00*7.40*0.75
=1505.44kN >Vd .. OK!

• Check punching shear under 1320kN

Pr =(1.125 +0.15+0.4)2+(0.4+3(0.75)) =6.00m
• Net shear force developed

0.4+3d
• Vd= 1320 -64.45*(1.675*2.65)=1033.92kN 40
40
• Punching shear resistance
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.00*6.00*0.75 1.5d=1.125 0.15
=1220.63kN > Vd .. OK!
Check punching shear under 600kN
Pr =(1.125+0.15+0.4) +(1.125+0.15+0.4)

1.5d=1.125
=3.35m
• Net shear force developed
• Vd= 600 -64.45*(1.675*1.675)=419.18kN 40
40

0.15
• Punching shear resistance
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN) 1.5d=1.125 0.15

Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.00*3.35*0.75

=681.52kN > Vd .. OK!
• Soil reaction analysis:- Divide the slab mat into strips in x and y
directions 3.55m 5.00m 2.85m
3.35m

Strip 4

Strip 3
6.00m

Strip 2
6.00m
3.35m

Strip 1

Strip A Strip C
Strip B
• Strip A, (64.45)*3.55 = 228.80kN/m
• Strip B , (64.45)*5.00 = 322.25kN/m
• Strip C, (64.45)*2.85 = 183.68kN/m
• Strip 1 &Strip 4, (64.45)*3.35 = 215.91kN/m
• Strip 2 & Strip 3 (64.45)*6.00 = 386.70kN/m

• Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for each strip

• Strip A
600kN 1800kN 600kN
1800kN

228.80kN/m
0.35 6.00 6.00 6.00 0.35
 4

 P  600  1800  1800  600  4800kN

i 1
i

• R = 228.80* 18.70 =4278.56kN

• V = P- R = 4800-4278.56 =521.44  0

• Hence take average of P and R

• I.e., (4800 +4278.56 )/2 =4539.28kN

• avg = (4539.28)/18.70 =242.74kN/m

• P1avg = P4avg = (4539.28/4800) *600 =567.41kN
• P2avg = P3avg = (4539.28/4800) *1800 =1702.23kN
 567.41kN 1702.23kN 567.41kN
1702.23kN

242.74kN/m
0.35 6.00 6.00 6.00 0.35
973.99kN
1.99m 728.24N
3.00m 482.45kN
84.96kN 4.01m

SFD
482.45kN 84.96kN
464.57kN-m 464.57kN-m
728.24kN 397.09kN-m
973.99kN
BMD
14.87kN-m 14.87kN-m

1489.48kN-m 1489.48kN-m
• Strip 1 &Strip 4, (64.45)*3.35 = 215.91kN/m
600kN 600kN
750kN

215.910kN/m
1.05 5.00 5.00 0.35
4

 P  600  750  600  1950kN

i 1
i

• R = 215.91* 11.40=2461.37kN
• V = P- R = 1950-2461.37 = -511.37  0
• Hence take average of P and R
• I.e., (1950+2461.37 )/2 =2205.69kN
• avg = (2205.69)/11.40 =193.48kN/m
• P1avg = P3avg = (2205.69/1950) *600 =678.67kN
• P2avg = (2205.69/1950) *750 =848.34kN
 678.67kN 678.67kN
848.34kN

193.48kN/m
1.05 5.00 5.00 0.35
491.88kN 610.94kN
1.84m
2.46m
203.15kN
SFD

67.73kN
475.52kN 477.68kN-m 356.46kN

180.78kN-m

BMD
11.85kN-m
147.56kN-m
106.66kN-m
Example-4 Using the Independent Strip Method analyze and design the 16.5 m by 21.5
m mat shown in the figure.

Solution

Step-1 find the total column load upon the mat

The area of mat foundation A L * B 21.5 * 16.5 355m 2

BL 3 16.5 * 21.53 B 3L 16.53 *21.5

IX 13700m 4 Iy 8050m 4
12 12 12 12

6Q 350  2( 2400)  450  2(500)  2(1200)  4(1500) 11000kN

Step-2 finds the soil pressure of the mat

Find the centoriod of the column load (location of the resultant R ) with respect to a
new x ' , y ' coordinate system located at the lower left corner at mat
11000 x ' >16.375(450  2(1200)  350)  8.25(2(500)  2(1500))  0.125(2(400)  2(1500))@
52400kN  m  33000 KN  m  475kN  m
x ' 7.807m
 B 16.5
e x x ' 7.807  0.44m
2 2
Similarly
ª21.375( 400  450  500)  14.25(1200  2(1500))  7.25(1200  2(1500))  º
11000 y ' « »
¬0.125(350  400  500) ¼
y ' 10.85m
L 21.5
ey y ' 10.85  0.01m
2 2
Moment
M y 6Q *e x 11000 * 0.44 4840kN  m
M x 6Q *e y 11000 * 0.10 1100kN  m
The soil reactive pressure q is given at any point
6Q M y* X M x*Y
q r r
BL Iy Ix

11000 4840 x 1100 y

q r r
355 8050 13700
q 30.99 r 0.601x r 0.0803 y ( kN / m 2 )

Solving the equation at six point shown in the figure

a) x=+8.25m & y =+10.75
q 30.99  0.601(8.25)  0.0803(10.75) 36.81( kN / m 2 )
b) x=0 & y=+10.75 m
q 30.99  0.601(0)  0.0803(10.75) 31.86( kN / m 2 )
c) x=-8.25m& y=+10.75 m
q 30.99  0.601( 8.25)  0.0803(10.75) 26.91( kN / m 2 )
d) x=-8.25m& y=-10.75 m
q 30.99  0.601( 8.25)  0.0803( 10.75) 25.19( kN / m 2 )
e) x=-0m&y=-10.75 m
q 30.99  0.601(0)  0.0803( 10.75) 30.14( kN / m 2 )
f) x=+8.25m&y=-10.75 m
q 30.99  0.601(8.25)  0.0803( 10.75) 35.09( kN / m 2 )
For strip AGHF average soil pressure
q A q F 36.81  35.09
q av 35.95kN / m 2
2 2
Total soil reactive force qav * BL 35.95 * 4.25 * 21.5 3285kN
Total column load = 2(400)  2(1500) 3800kN
load  soil  reaction  column  load 3285  3800
Averge  load 3542.5kN
2 2
q ave * Ave  load * 3595 * 3542.5
q ave (mod ified  load 38.768kN / m 2
Totalrectiveforce 3285
Averge  load 3542.5
Column modification factor (f) = 0.9322
total  columnload 3800
Reactive soil load per unit length of strip B *q ave (mod) 4.25 * 38.768 164.5kN / m
Figure (a) shows the loading on the strip and corresponding shear and moment
diagrams. Note the column loads shown in the figure have been multiplied by
f 0.9522 .
Also the load per unit length of the beam is equal
B1 *qave(mod ified ) 4.25 * 38.768 164.76kN / m

Do the rest strip in similar manner