 Ladino Poems – Were natives of first Tagalog versifiers who saw print: highly literate in both

Spanish and the vernacular.

 Metrical Romances – They filled the populace’s need for entertainment and served as
edifying reading matter in their leisure moments.
 Awit – fabrication of the writers imagination
 Prose – consisted mostly of didactic pieces and translations of religious writings in foreign
languages.
 Drama
o The Religious Dramas – arranged according to their appearance in the liturgical
calendar.
 The Panuluyan – dramatizes Joseph and Mary
 The Cenaculo – commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ
 The Salubong – meeting of the risen christ and his mother
 The Moriones – roman soldiers
 The Tibag or Santacruzan – the search of St. Helena for the cross
 The Pangangaluluwa – All Saints’ Day, “for the soul”
o The Secular Dramas – held during the nine nights of vigil and prayers after someone’s
death.
 The Karagatan – “open sea”
 The Duplo – Dupleras or Belyakas
 The Comedia or Moro-moro – main theme courtly love (Prince and Princess)
 Myth - details of gods and demigods. Creation of the world and inhabitants.
 Ethological Legends - explain how things came to be
 Folktale
o Animal Tale - a folk tale using animals as characters
o Riddles - description of objects in terms intended to suggest something entirely
different.
o Proverbs - short popular sayings that express effectively some commonplace truth or
useful though
o Folk Songs - verses set into music by members
 Poetry - to share personal experiences and feelings.
 Anccented / stressed syllables - The syllables you say louder
 Unanccented /unstressed syllables - pronounced without stress
 Rhyme – repeats similar or corresponding sound in some apparent scheme
 Rhythm – is the results of systematically stressing or accenting words and syllables attained
through patterns in the turning , spacing and repetition of the elements
 Alliteration – means the repetition for effect of initial vowels or consonant
 Assonance – refers to a partial change in which the stressed vowel sounds are alike but the
consonant sound are unlike
 Onomatopoeia – is a long word that simply means the imitation in the words of natural sound

 Meter - regularized and patterned rhythm

o Lambic meter –the most popular and the most natural to English expression. Its
basic unit of foot is one unaccented syllable followed by one accented syllable
o Trochaic meter - the reverse of iambic meter. Each foot consists of an accented or
long syllable followed by an unaccented short syllable
o Anapestic meter – this contains in each foot two unaccented or short syllables
followed by one accented or long syllable
o Dactylic meter –this is the opposite of anapestic . It consist of one accented or long
syllable followed by two unaccented or short syllables. It is slower and often used to
create a strange mood
 Imagery - More than a visual detail, Selection of concrete details
 Tone - Reveals the attitude toward the subject, Referred to as a "mood" of the poem
 Figures of Speech - Much of the suggestive power of words, Part of the poets craft
o A . Simile –is a directly expressed comparison between two dissimilar objects by
means of the words like or as if.
o B . Metaphor - gives an implied , not expressed , comparison of two unlike objects.
o C . Personification - gives an inanimate objects or an abstract idea a human
attribute or considers it a live being.
o D . Apostrophe - is an address to the absent as if he were present or to somebody
dead as if he were alive or to inanimate things as if they were animated.
o E . Metonymy – is a name of one thing used in a place of another suggested or
associated with it. It consists in giving an idea that is so closely associated with
another.
o F . Antithesis - is the contrast or opposition of thoughts, words, or ideas.
Contrasting words or ideas make each other emphatic.
o G . Hyperbole – is the exaggeration for effect and not to deceive or to be taken
literally
o H . Irony – is the method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expression in which the
intended meaning of the words is the direct opposite of what is meant.

 Short story - a work fiction that is usually written in a narrative format.

o Setting – The place or location of the action; provides the historical and cultural
context for the characters.
o Plot - The development of a story in terms of beginning, middle, or the end. The
beginning contains the conflict which rises to a climax where the story turns before
reaching a denouement or a resolution.
 Elements of plot:
- Exposition - The introductory materials, creates the tone, presents the
characters, and present other facts necessary to understand the story.
- Rising Action – A series of events that builds from and during conflict.
- Crisis - The conflict reaches a turning point where in the opposing
forces in the story meet and the conflict becomes most intense.
- Climax – This is the result of the crisis. It is the highest point of the
story for the reader. Frequently, it is the moment of the interest and the
greatest emotion.
- Falling Action – These are the events after the climax which close the
story.
- Resolution - this is the ending of the story which rounds out and
conclude the action. It can resolve conflict or close the actions.

 Characterization – imaginary people created by the writer.

o Major Characters - these are almost always round or three- dimensional characters.
They have a good and bad qualities. Their goals, ambitions, and values change.
 A round character changes as a result of what happens to him or her and
referred to in literature as “ dynamic” character.
o Dynamic character - grows or progress to a higher level of understanding in the
course of the story.
 Protagonist – the main character at the center of the story.
 Antagonist – the character or force that opposes the protagonist.
 Foil – a character that provides a contrast to the protagonist.
 o Minor Characters - they often provide support and illuminate the protagonist. These
characters are flat or two- dimensional and have only one or two striking qualities.

 Point of View – pertains to who tells the story and how it is told. It can sometimes indirectly
establish the author’s attentions.
o First person. The narrator is a character of the story who can reveal only personal
thoughts and feelings and what he or she sees and is told by another characters. He
cannot tell us the thought of other characters.
o Objective. the narrator is unnamed or unidentified ( a detached observer). This
narrator is not a character in the story and does not assume characters perspective.
The narrator reports on events and lets the reader supply the meaning.
o All – knowing Narrator or Omniscient. The narrator is an all- knowing outsider
who can enter the minds of more than one of the characters.

 Conflict – the essence of fiction. It creates plot. The conflicts we encounter can usually be
identified as one of four kinds.
o Man versus Man. This conflict pits one person against another.
o Man versus Nature. This conflict is a run – in with the forces of nature. On the other
hand it. Expresses the insignificance of a single human life in cosmic scheme of
things. It test the limits of a person’s strength and will live.
o Man versus Society. The values and customs by which everyone else live are
being challenged. The character may come to an end as a result of his or her own
conviction.
o Man versus Self or Internal Conflict. Is a good test of characters values. The
internal conflict of a character how they are resolved a good clues to the character’s
inner strength.
 Theme - the main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work.
o Major theme - is an idea the author return to time and again. It becomes one of the
most important ideas in the story.
o Minor theme – are ideas that may appear from time to time.
 Foreshadowing – The author’s use of hint or clues to suggest events that will occur later in
the story.
 Irony - the contrast between what is expected or what or what appears to be and what
actually is.
 Tone – author’s attitude, stated or implied, toward a subject. Some possible attitudes are
pessimism, optimistic, earnestness, seriousness, bitterness, humor, and joy. An author’s
tone can be revealed through his choice of words and details.
 Mood – the climate of feeling in a literary work. The choice of setting, objects, details,
imagines and words all contribute toward creating a specific mood.
 Symbolism – a person, place, or object which has a meaning itself but suggests other
meaning as well. Things, characters, and actions can be symbols. A symbol is anything that
suggests a meaning beyond the obvious.
 Imagery – words used by authors to make a concrete representation of a sense
impression, a feeling or idea which appeals to the readers’ one or more senses.
o a. Tactile Imagery – sense of touch
o b. Aural imagery - sense of hearing
o c. Olfactory Imagery - sense of smell
o d. Visual Imagery - sense of light
o e. Gustatory imagery - sense of taste
THE SPOUSE by Luise G. Dato
o first appeared on the Philippine Magazine In 1934
o suggests his experiences as a lover.
TO THE YANKEE by Cecilio Apostol
o the poet attacks American Imperialism.
A SON IS BORN by Manuel Arguilla
o it relates the story of the birth of the third son in a poor provincial family.
MY FATHER GOES TO COURT by Carlos Bulosan
o it was about the two different families and how they are living their lives.
TO A LOST ONE by Angela M. Gloria
o conveys the true emotions of ghosts which feel the pain and loneliness of being
separated to his beloved.
COLLEGE UNEDUCATION by Jorge Bocobo
o he explicitly states three ways in which many students are getting a college
Uneducation: book-worship, professional philistinism or overspecialization, and
misguided zeal or simply a loss of a sound philosophy in life.
I HAVE BEGRUDGED THE YEARS by Angela M. Gloria
o the persona evades declaring his/her love in fear of being rejected and the unbearable
pain it may bring in the process.
MAN OF EARTH by Amador Daguio
o being pliant like the bamboo is an obsolete way to describe the Filipino. It's time for
the Filipino to be sturdy and brave. To stand against the wind.
THE WEDDING DANCE by Amador Daguio
o Awiyao is deeply in love with his wife, but must marry someone else so that he can
have a son to carry on his name.
LIKE THE MOLAVE by Rafael Zulueta de Costa
o about inspiring the Filipino nation to improve their country and make it self-sufficient.
DEAD STARS by Paz Marquez Benitez
o a story about cheating. The short story revolves around one man, Alfredo Salazar and
the affairs of his heart.
FOOTNOTE TO YOUTH by Jose Garcia Villa
o about how a boy and a girl experienced what real life is at an early age because of
their naiveness and stubbornness.
THE SMALL KEY by Paz Latorena
o the rusty small key opens the trunk that symbolize the husband's romantic past.
Soledad hates the trunk & its content, because her husband attributes an affectionate
value to it, & the key gives her the opportunity to get rid of the first wife's clothes that
bother her so much.
DARK by Delfin Fresnosa
o It is about a blind boy pretending that he can now see just to make his mother happy.
ANG KALUPI by Benjamin Pascual
o about an ordinary housewife accused an indeligient boy about the lost of her wallet on
the market while buying some ingridients and food for the celebration of her daughters
graduation.