Scribd
Upload
33 views11 pages

Math3 Lecture09 (1-11)

The document discusses complex numbers and their properties. It defines a complex number as a number of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit where i^2 = -1. It describes graphical representation of complex numbers on an Argand diagram and fundamental operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also discusses properties such as conjugates, absolute value, and powers of the imaginary unit i.

Uploaded by

Munif Mubtasim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views11 pages

Math3 Lecture09 (1-11)

The document discusses complex numbers and their properties. It defines a complex number as a number of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit where i^2 = -1. It describes graphical representation of complex numbers on an Argand diagram and fundamental operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also discusses properties such as conjugates, absolute value, and powers of the imaginary unit i.

Uploaded by

Munif Mubtasim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

COMPLEX VARIABLE

LECTURE 9
Surveying the algebraic and geometric
structure of the complex number system
through
• Complex number
• Graphical representation
OBJECTIVE: • Fundamental operations
• Conjugates
• Absolute value/modulus
• Power of imaginary unit
• Polar form and argument
Complex Numbers:

𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏; where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are any real number and 𝑖 is the


imaginary unit.
➢ 𝑖 = −1 and 𝑖 2 = −1.
➢ If 𝑎 = 0, the number 𝑧 = 𝑖𝑏 is called purely imaginary,
➢ If 𝑏 = 0, the number 𝑧 = 𝑎 is called real.
➢ Real part of z is: Re{z}= 𝑎
➢ Imaginary pat of z is: Im{z}= 𝑏.
Example: For 𝑧 = 2 − 4𝑖, Re{z}= 2 and Im{z}= −4.
−1+2𝑖 1 2
Example: For 𝑧 = , Re{z}= − and Im{z}= .
3 3 3
Conjugate:
➢ Conjugate of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is 𝑧ҧ = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏.
➢ The geometric interpretation of a complex conjugate is the
reflection along the real axis.
Example: If 𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 then conjugate of z will be 𝑧ҧ = 2 − 3𝑖.
Example: If 𝑧 = −2 − 𝑖 then conjugate of z will be 𝑧ҧ = −2 + 𝑖.
𝑖 𝑖
Example: If 𝑧 = − then conjugate of z will be 𝑧ҧ = .
3 3

Example: If 𝑧 = 5 then conjugate of z will be 𝑧ҧ = 5.


Absolute value/Modulus:
➢ The distance from the origin to any complex number is the
absolute value or modulus.
➢ Absolute value of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 denoted
by mod z or 𝑧

mod 𝑧 = 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Example: If 𝑧 = 4 − 3𝑖 then

mod 𝑧 = 𝑧 = 4 2 + −3 2 = 5.
Some properties of conjugate: Some properties of modulus:
1. 𝑧Ӗ = 𝑧 1. 𝑧1 . 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2
2. 𝑧 2 = 𝑧. 𝑧ҧ
2. 𝑧 + 𝑤 = 𝑧ҧ + 𝑤
ഥ
𝑧1 𝑧1
3. 𝑧𝑤 = 𝑧ҧ𝑤
ഥ 3. = .
𝑧2 𝑧2

𝑧 𝑧ҧ
4. = ഥ
,𝑤 ≠ 0.
𝑤 𝑤
Graphical Representation of Complex Number/ Argand
Diagram:

➢ Mathematician Argand represented a complex number in a diagram


known as Argand diagram.
➢ A complex number z = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 can be represented as an ordered pair of
real number (𝑎, 𝑏).
➢ A complex number can be represented by points in a 𝑥𝑦 plane which is
called complex plane/ Argand diagram.
➢ The horizontal axis is called the real axis and the vertical axis is called
the imaginary axis.
Complex Numbers in complex plane:
Fundamental operations with complex number:

➢ Addition and Subtraction:


The sum and difference of complex numbers is defined by adding or subtracting
their real components where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ i.e.:
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 + 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑑 𝑖
𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 + 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎 − 𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑑 𝑖

Example: Let , 𝑧1 = 3 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 1 − 7𝑖


∴ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 3 + 1 + 1 − 7 𝑖 = 4 − 6𝑖
And, 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 3 − 1 + 1 + 7 𝑖 = 2 − 8𝑖.
➢ Product: The commutative and distributive properties hold for the product
of complex numbers:
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖
= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑𝑖 + 𝑏𝑐𝑖 + 𝑏𝑑𝑖 2 = 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑖 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 .

Example: Let , 𝑧1 = 3 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 1 − 7𝑖 .


∴ 𝑧1 ∗ 𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖 1 − 7𝑖 = 3 − 21𝑖 + 𝑖 − 7𝑖 2 = 3 − 20𝑖 + 7 = 10 − 20𝑖.
➢ Division:
For the division of two complex numbers to rationalize the denominator,
multiply both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the
denominator.
𝑎+𝑏𝑖 𝑎+𝑏𝑖 𝑐−𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑
= . = +𝑖 .
𝑐+𝑑𝑖 𝑐+𝑑𝑖 𝑐−𝑑𝑖 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
−3+𝑖
Problem: Express in terms of 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏.
7−3𝑖
−3+𝑖 −3+𝑖 7+3𝑖 −21+7𝑖−9𝑖+3𝑖 2 −21−2𝑖−3
Solution: = ∗ = =
7−3𝑖 7−3𝑖 7+3𝑖 72 + 3 2 49+9
−24−2𝑖 12 1
= =− −𝑖 .
58 29 29

3−2𝑖
Problem: Find Re{z} and Im{𝑧} where 𝑧 = .
1−2𝑖
3−2𝑖 3−2𝑖 1+2𝑖 3+6𝑖−2𝑖+4 7+4𝑖 7 4
Solution: Here, 𝑧 = = ∗ = = = + 𝑖.
1−2𝑖 1−2𝑖 1+2𝑖 1+4 5 5 5
7 4
∴Re 𝑧 = and Im{z}= .
5 5
Powers of imaginary unit 𝑖:
Power of imaginary unit 𝑖 are:
𝑖 0 = 1, 𝑖1 = 𝑖, 𝑖 2 = −1, 𝑖 3 = 𝑖 2 . 𝑖 = −1 . 𝑖, 𝑖 4 = 𝑖 3 . 𝑖 = −𝑖 . 𝑖 = 1
𝑖 5 = 𝑖 4 . 𝑖 = 𝑖; 𝑖 6 = 𝑖 5 . 𝑖 = −1; 𝑖 7 = 𝑖 6 . 𝑖 = −𝑖.
∴By induction, for any positive integer 𝑛:
𝑖 4𝑛 = 1; 𝑖 4𝑛+1 = 𝑖; 𝑖 4𝑛+2 = −1; 𝑖 4𝑛+3 = −𝑖.
If 𝑛 is a negative integer, then
1 𝑛 𝑖 𝑛 Problem: Evaluate 𝑖 −27 + 𝑖 −8 + 𝑖 17 .
𝑖 −𝑛 = 𝑖 −1 𝑛 = = = −𝑖 𝑛 .
𝑖 𝑖.𝑖
Solution: 𝑖 −27 + 𝑖 −8 + 𝑖 17
Problem: Evaluate 𝑖105 + 𝑖 23 + 𝑖 20 − 𝑖 34 . 27 8 17
= −𝑖 + −𝑖 + 𝑖
Solution: 𝑖105 + 𝑖 23 + 𝑖 20 − 𝑖 34
= −𝑖 4.6+3 + 𝑖 4.2 + 𝑖 4.4+1
= 𝑖 4·26+1 + 𝑖 4·5+3 + 𝑖 4·5 − 𝑖 4·8+2 = −𝑖 3 + 1 + 𝑖
= 𝑖 − 𝑖 + 1 + 1 = 2. = 𝑖 + 1 + 𝑖 = 1 + 2𝑖

You might also like