Complex variable, Laplace &

Z- transformation

Lecture 06
 This Lecture Covers-

1. Process of Solving Differential Equations using Laplace transformation.

2. Some Important formulae.

3. Example and exercises of solving differential equations using Laplace

1; 𝑡=0
𝛿 𝑡 =ቊ
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

1; 𝑡=𝑎
𝛿 𝑡−𝑎 =ቊ
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Process of Solving Differential Equations using Laplace Transformation

2
1 Apply Laplace
Differential Transformation
Equation

3 4 5
Use Solve Apply Inverse
Laplace
Initial equation for
Transformation
Values 𝒀 𝒔
 Important Formulae

ሶ 𝑑𝑓 𝑡
1. ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) =ℒ 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑠𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑓 0 .

𝑑2 𝑓(𝑡)
2. ℒ 𝑓ሷ 𝑡 =ℒ ሶ
= 𝑠 2 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑠𝑓 0 − 𝑓(0) ሶ
where 𝑓 0 , and 𝑓(0)are the initial values of 𝑓 and𝑓.ሶ
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑3 𝑓(𝑡)
3. ℒ 𝑓ሸ 𝑡 =ℒ = 𝑠 3 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑠 2 𝑓 0 − 𝑠 𝑓ሶ 0 − 𝑓ሷ 0 .
𝑑𝑡 3

The general case for the Laplace transform of an 𝑛th derivative is

𝑑𝑛 𝑓(𝑡)
ℒ 𝑓𝑛 𝑡 =ℒ = 𝑠 𝑛 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑓 0 − 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑓 ′ 0 − ⋯ − 𝑓 𝑛−1
0 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑛
 Examples

1. Solve the differential equation 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 = 3𝑡 + 2; 𝑦 0 = −1; 2. Solve the differential equation

𝑦ሶ 𝑡 = 3𝑡 + 2 𝑦ሷ 𝑡 − 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 − 2𝑦(𝑡) = 0
⟹ ℒ 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 = ℒ 3𝑡 + 2 ⟹ ℒ 𝑦ሷ 𝑡 − 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 − 2𝑦(𝑡) = 0 = ℒ 0
3 2 ⟹ 𝑠 2 𝑌 𝑠 − 𝑠𝑦 0 − 𝑦ሶ 0 − 𝑠 𝑌 𝑠 − 𝑦 0 − 2𝑌 𝑠 = 0
⟹𝑠𝑌 𝑠 −𝑦 0 = +
𝑠2 𝑠 ⟹ 𝑠 2 𝑌 𝑠 − 𝑠 + 2 − 𝑠 𝑌 𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑌(𝑠) = 0
3 2 ⟹ 𝑠 2 − 𝑠 − 2 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑠 −3
⟹𝑠𝑌 𝑠 +1= 2+ 2−3 1
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−3
𝐴= =−
⟹ 𝑌 𝑠 = (𝑠−2)(𝑠+1) (2 + 1) 3
3 2
⟹𝑠𝑌 𝑠 = 2+ −1 1 4 −1 − 3 4
𝑠 𝑠 −3
3 𝐵 = =
3 2 1
⟹ 𝑌 𝑠 = (𝑠−2) + (𝑠+1) −1 − 2 3
⟹ 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑠3 + 𝑠2 − 𝑠
1 4
⟹𝑦 𝑡 =
3 2
𝑡 + 2𝑡 − 1. ⟹ 𝑦 𝑡 = − 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 .
2 3 3
3. Solve the differential equation 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 − 𝑦 𝑡 = 3 for 𝑦 0 = 1;

Solution: Given,

𝑦ሶ 𝑡 − 𝑦 𝑡 = 3 0+3
−1 −1
−3 4 𝐴= = −3
⟹ ℒ 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 − ℒ 𝑦 𝑡 = ℒ 3 ⟹ℒ 𝑌 𝑠 =ℒ + 0−1
𝑠 𝑠−1
3 1+3
⟹𝑠𝑌 𝑠 −𝑦 0 −𝑌 𝑠 = 𝐵= =4
𝑠 ⟹ 𝑦 𝑡 = −3 + 4 𝑒 𝑡 1
3 Ans.
⟹𝑠𝑌 𝑠 −1−𝑌 𝑠 =
𝑠
3
⟹ 𝑠−1 𝑌 𝑠 = +1
𝑠
3+𝑠
⟹ 𝑠−1 𝑌 𝑠 =
𝑠
𝑠+3
⟹𝑌 𝑠 =
𝑠 𝑠−1
 Exercise
Apply Laplace transform to solve the following ordinary differential equations and hence justify your
𝒅𝒚(𝒕) 𝒅𝟐 𝒚(𝒕)
answer, where 𝒚ሶ ≡ and 𝒚ሷ ≡ :
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕𝟐

1. 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 = 3𝛿(𝑡); 𝑦 0 = 2. 8. 𝑦ሷ 𝑡 − 4 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 = cosh 𝑡 ; 𝑦 0 = 0, 𝑦ሶ 0 = 1.

2. 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 = 4𝑡; 𝑦 0 = 1. 9. 𝑦ሷ 𝑡 + 3 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 − 4𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦 0 = 𝑦ሶ 0 = 0.

3. 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 = 2𝑡 − 1; 𝑦 0 = 3. 10. 𝑦ሷ 𝑡 − 7𝑦ሶ 𝑡 + 12𝑦 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 0 = 2, 𝑦ሶ 0 = 1.

4. 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 ; 𝑦 0 = 4. 𝑡, 0 < 𝑡 < 1
11. 𝑦(𝑡)
ሷ + 𝑦(𝑡) = ቊ , 𝑦 0 = 0, 𝑦(0)
ሶ = 0.
0, 𝑡>1
5. 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 ; 𝑦 0 = 2.

6. 𝑦ሶ 𝑡 + 𝑦 𝑡 = 2 ; 𝑦 0 = 0.

7. 𝑦ሷ 𝑡 = 5 ; 𝑦 0 = 1, 𝑦ሶ 0 = 2.
 Learning Outcomes

After completing this lecture student will learn

1. What is the Laplace transformation of given differential equation?

(a) 𝑠𝑌 𝑠 − 𝑦 0 (b) 𝑠𝑌 𝑠 − 2 (c) Only a (d) Both a and b

2. Which one of the following is the term of 𝑌 𝑠 for given differential equation?

1 2 3 1 3 2 3 2
(a) 𝑠3 + 𝑠 (a) 𝑠3 + 𝑠 (a) 𝑠3 + 𝑠 (a) 𝑠3 − 𝑠

3. What is the Inverse Laplace transformation of 𝑌(𝑠) for given differential equation?

3 3
(a) 𝑡 2 + 2 (b)
3
𝑡2 −2 (c) 2 𝑡 2 + 2 (d) − 2 𝑡 2 + 2
2