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Math3 Lecture03

The document discusses unit step functions and their Laplace transformations. It defines the unit step function and shifted unit step functions. It also discusses the rectangular pulse function. Examples are provided of taking the Laplace transform of unit step functions. The learning outcomes discuss how unit step functions model abrupt changes in functions at specific times and how their Laplace transforms are useful in engineering applications.

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Munif Mubtasim
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38 views11 pages

Math3 Lecture03

The document discusses unit step functions and their Laplace transformations. It defines the unit step function and shifted unit step functions. It also discusses the rectangular pulse function. Examples are provided of taking the Laplace transform of unit step functions. The learning outcomes discuss how unit step functions model abrupt changes in functions at specific times and how their Laplace transforms are useful in engineering applications.

Uploaded by

Munif Mubtasim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Variable,

Laplace & Z-
transformation
Lecture 03
This Lecture Covers -
1. Definition of Unit Step Function.
2. Rectangular Pulse.
4. Laplace Transformation of Unit Step Function.
5. Examples & Exercises on Laplace Transformation of
Unit Step Function.
Definition of Unit Step Function
The Unit Step or Heaviside’s function is defined as
follows:
0; 𝑡 <0
𝑓 𝑡 =𝑢 𝑡 =ቊ
1; 𝑡 ≥0
f(t)
1

0 t
Shifted Unit Step Function
The Unit Step or Heaviside’s function is defined as
follows:
0; 𝑡 <𝑎
𝑢𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 = ቊ
1; 𝑡 ≥𝑎
f(t)
1

a t
Rectangular Pulse
A common situation in a circuit is for a voltage v(t), to be applied at a
particular time (say 𝑡 = 𝑎 ) and removed later at 𝑡 = 𝑏 (say). We write such
a situation using unit step function as:
1 ;𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 < 𝑏
𝑣 𝑡 =𝑢 𝑡−𝑎 −𝑢 𝑡−𝑏 =ቊ
0 ; otherwise
V(t)
1
t
a b
Laplace Transformation of Unit Step Function
and Examples
Example 1:

ℒ 𝑡2 𝑢 𝑡 − 3
= 𝑒 −3𝑠 ℒ 𝑡 + 3 2
= 𝑒 −3𝑠 ℒ 𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 + 9
−3𝑠 2! 1 1
=𝑒 3 +6 2+9 .
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
Ans.
Laplace Transformation of Unit Step Function
and Examples
Example 1: Example 2:
ℒ sin 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 ℒ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢𝜋 𝑡
= 𝑒 −0×𝑠 ℒ sin 𝑡 = ℒ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝜋
= ℒ sin 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 ℒ 𝑒 −2 𝑡+𝜋
1 = 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 ℒ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −2𝜋
= 2
𝑠 +1 = 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝑒 −2𝜋 ℒ 𝑒 −2𝑡
Ans. 1
−𝜋 𝑠+2
=𝑒 .
𝑠+2
Ans.
Laplace Transformation of Unit Step Function
and Examples
8;0 < 𝑡 < 2
Example 3. Given 𝑓 𝑡 =ቊ
6; 𝑡>2
, Sketch the function 𝑓 𝑡 , also express 𝑓 𝑡 in
terms of
Unit step function and hence find it’s Laplace transformation.
F(t) 𝑓 𝑡 = 8 𝑢 𝑡−0 −𝑢 𝑡−2 +6𝑢 𝑡−2
= 8𝑢 𝑡−0 −8𝑢 𝑡−2 +6𝑢 𝑡−2
8 = 8𝑢 𝑡−0 −2𝑢 𝑡−2

𝐹 𝑠 =8ℒ 𝑢 𝑡−0 −2ℒ 𝑢 𝑡−2


6 = 𝑒 −0×𝑠 ℒ 8 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 ℒ 2
1 𝑒 −2𝑠
=8 −2 .
𝑠 𝑠

0 2 t
Exercise Set on Laplace Transformation of Unit Step
function
Sketch the following Sketch the following function, also
function and find their express 𝑓 𝑡 in
Laplace Transformations: terms of unit step function and find it’s
1. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 1 , Laplace Transformation:

2. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 1 𝑢 𝑡 − 3 , 𝑡 ;0 < 𝑡 < 1
6. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቊ 2 ; 𝑡 > 1
3. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 + 2 2 𝑢 𝑡−1 ,

4. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢 𝑡−3 , 𝑡2 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 1


7. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቊ
𝑡 − 3 ;𝑡 ≥ 1
5. 𝑓 𝑡 = 4 cos 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝜋 .
Learning Outcomes:
In engineering applications, we frequently encounter functions
whose values change abruptly at specified values of time t. One
common example is when a voltage is switched on or off in an
electrical circuit at a specified value of time t. The switching
process can be described mathematically by the function called
the Unit Step Function.
In this lecture we overviewed the general concept of unit step
function and also discussed the process of Laplace
Transformation of unit step function.
Sample MCQ
1 − 𝑡 ;0 < 𝑡 < 1
1. If 𝑓 𝑡 = ቊ then what is 𝐹 𝑠 ?
0; 𝑡>1
𝑠 +𝑒 −𝑠 − 1 𝑠 −𝑒 −𝑠 − 1 𝑠 2 +𝑒 −𝑠 − 1
2𝑠+𝑒 −𝑠 −1 (b) (c) (d)
(a) 𝑠2 𝑠2 𝑠2
𝑠2
0, 𝑡 < 3
2. If 𝑉 𝑡 = ቐ2𝑡 + 8, 3 < 𝑡 < 5 . then which of the following is
0, 𝑡>5
corresponding unit step function?

(a) 2𝑡 + 8 ⋅ [𝑢 𝑡 − 3 − 𝑢 𝑡 − 5 ] (b) [𝑢 𝑡 − 3 − 𝑢 𝑡 − 5 ]

(c) [𝑢 𝑡 + 3 − 𝑢 𝑡 − 5 ] (d) [𝑢 𝑡 + 3 − 𝑢 𝑡 + 5 ]

3 . ℒ 𝑡2 𝑢 𝑡 − 3 =?
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 𝑒 −3𝑠
2
+
1
+
1
9𝑠 (b)𝑒 −3𝑠 + 6 2 + 9 (c)𝑒 −3𝑠 + 6 2 + (d)𝑒 −3𝑠 +6 +9
𝑠3 𝑠2 𝑠3 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠3 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠3 𝑠2 𝑠

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