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C#ayushi

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35 views16 pages

C#ayushi

Uploaded by

19BEC031 Ayushi Upadhyay
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ayushi Upadhyay E2262 C# PRACTICE QUESTIONS (OOPS Technology in C# Answer- Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that revolves around the concept of “objects,” which can contain data and code to manipulate that data. C# is a versatile language that fully supports OOP principles. Collections in e# Collections in C# are used to store, retrieve, and manipulate groups of objects. They provide various data structures and algorithms to perform operations like adding, removing, and searching for elements efficiently Arrays List Dictionary HashSet Queue Stack Anonymous methods in C# Anonymous methods in C# allow you to create unnamed methods on the fly. They're often used for event handling and capturing variables from their containing scope. delegate void MyDelegate(int x); MyDelegate myDelegate = delegate (int x) { Console. WriteLine($"Anonymous method: {x}"); iB myDelegate(10); Single Multilevel & Multiple Inheritance in Single Inheritance: A class can inherit from only one base class. ‘Multilevel Inheritance: A derived class is created from another derived class, forming a chain of inheritance. Multiple Inheritance: C# supports multiple inheritance through interfaces, where a class can implement multiple interfaces but inherit from only one class. Exception Handling Exception handling in C# is a mechanism that allows you to gracefully manage and respond to runtime errors or exceptional situations that may occur during the execution of your program. Here's a quick overview: Try-Catch Bloc] . The try block contains the code that might throw an exception, and the catch block contains the code to handle the exception. try t // Code that might throw an exception } catch (ExceptionType ex) { // Code to handle the exception Purpose: Improve performance by storing frequently accessed data. ‘Types: In-memory, web, database caching. Mechanisms: Libraries like MemoryCache, distributed caching. Benefits: Faster response times, reduced server load. Profiling: Purpose: Analyze and optimize program performance. Tools: Visual Studio Profiler, dotTrace, Performance Monitor. Types: Performance, memory, concurrency profiling. Benefits: Identify bottlenecks, memory leaks, and optimize code Threading Threading in C# involves running multiple threads concurrently for improved performance. Key points: Thread Basics: Thread class for thread management, Thread Safety: Ensure data integrity with locks ThreadPool: Provides a pool of worker threads. Asyne/Await: Simplifies asynchronous programming, Background/Foreground Threads: Impact on application exit. Thread Lifecycle: States and controlling execution. | explain Method Overloading? | Method overloading in C# lets you define multiple methods with the same name but different parameters (types or numbers). It improves code readability and provides flexibility for handling various scenarios class Calculator { // Method to add two integers public int Add(int a, int b) { return a + b; ) // Overloaded method to add two doubles public double Add(double a, double b) { return a + b; } // Overloaded method to add three integers public int Add{int a, int b, int ¢) { retuma+b+¢ ) } class Program { static void Maing { Calculator calculator = new Calculator); int sumint = calculator. Add(S, 10); Console. WriteLine($"Sum of integers: {sumint)"); double sumDouble = calculator.Add(5.5, 10.5); Console. WriteLine($"Sum of doubles: sumDouble}"); int sumThreeInts = calculator.Add(5, 10, 15); Console.WriteLine($"Sum of three integers: (sumThreeints)"); Explain Method Overriding? Method overriding in C# allows a derived class to provide a specific implementation for a method that is already defined in its base class. class Shape { public virtual void Draw0) { Console.WriteLine("Drawing a shape"); ) ) class Circle : Shape ( public override void Draw() ( Console WriteLine("Drawing a circle"); ) ) class Program { static void Main() { Shape shape = new ShapeQ; shape.Draw); // Output: Drawing a shape Circle circle = new CircleQ; circle.Draw0; // Output: Drawing a circle // Polymorphism in action Shape anotherShape = new Circle); anotherShape.DrawQ; // Output: Drawing a circle ) } Describe Late binding and Early binding: Early Binding - Definition: Resolving the method or function call at compile time. xample: Method calls are resolved at compile time in languages like Cc - Advantage: Better performance as the binding is done at compile time. Late Binding: - Definition: Resolving the method or function call at runtime. - Example: Method calls are resolved at runtime in languages like Python or when using reflection in C#, - Advantage: Greater flexibility, dynamic behavior, and adaptability during runtime. carly binding is resolved at compile time for better performance, while late binding is resolved at runtime, offering greater flexibility and adaptability. What is Encapsulation? Encapsulation: Definition: Bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit (class). Purpose: Hides the internal details of an object and restricts direct access to some of its components, promoting data integrity and modular design. Key Concept: Access modifiers like public, private, and protected control the visibility of members outside the cl What is Abstraction? Abstraction: Definition: Representing the essential features of an object while hiding the non-essential details. Purpose: Simplifies complex systems by modeling classes based on their relevant characteristics, emphasizing what an object does rather than how it does it. Key Concept: Abstract classes and interfaces in programming provide a way to define abstract types and enforce a contract for derived classes. In essence, abstraction involves focusing on the essential aspects of an object and ignoring unnecessary details, providing a high-level view of the system. Describe Polymosrphism? Polymorphism: Definition: The ability of a class to take on multiple forms. Typ . Compile-time Polymorphism (Static Binding): Achieved through method overloading and early binding, . Runtime Polymorphism (Dynamic Binding): Achieved through method overriding and late binding. // Compile-time polymorphism (method overloading) class Calculator { public int Add(int a, int b) => a+ b; public double Add(double a, double b) > a+b; } / Runtime polymorphism (method overriding) class Shape t public virtual void Draw() onsole. WriteLine("Drawing a shape" class Circle : Shape { public override void Draw() { Console. WriteLine("Drawing a circle"); } } Desribe Inheritance? Definition: The mechanism by which a class (derived or child class) inherits properties and behaviors from another class (base or parent class). + Key Concepts: + Base Class (Parent Class): The class whose members are inherited. + Derived Class (Child Class): The class that inherits from the base class. Types: + Single Inheritance: A derived class inherits from only one base class. + Multiple Inheritance (via interfaces): A class can implement multiple interfaces but inherit from only one class. + Multilevel Inheritance: A class is derived from another derived class, forming a chain, ‘What do you undrstand by Interface? Definition: A contract specifying a set of methods that a class must implement. It defines a contract for what a class should do but not how it should do it. Key Features: . Methods: Contains method signatures without implementations. : Abstract: All members are implicitly abstract and public. . No State: Cannot contain fields or define implementations. interface [Logger t void LogMessage( string message); } class ConsoleLogger : Logger t public void LogMessage(string message) t Console. WriteLine($"Logging to console: {message}"); } } Difference between ref and out Keyword? ref Keyword: Used for passing a parameter by reference. Variable must be initialized before passing. Preserves the original value. out Keyword: Used for output parameters. Variable doesn't need to be initialized before passing. Must be assigned a value within the method, Difference between const and readonly keywords? const Keyword: Compile-time constant. Must be initialized at the time of declaration. Value is determined at compile time and cannot change. readonly Keyword: Runtime constant. Can be initialized at the time of declaration or in the constructor. Value is determined at runtime and can only be changed in the constructor. In short, const is a compile-time constant, while readonly is a runtime constant with a value that can be set in the constructor. ‘What do you understand by single level and Multi-Level inheritance? Single-Level Inheritance: One class inherits from only one base class. Multi-Level Inheritance: ‘A class is derived from another derived class, forming a chain. ‘Why Multiple inheritance isnot possible in CH? Multiple inheritance is not directly supported in C# to avoid the complications and ambiguity known as the "diamond problem." The diamond problem ‘occurs when a class inherits from two classes that have a common ancestor. This can lead to confusion about which implementation to choose. class A { public void Method() { Console.WriteLine(“A"); }} class B { public void Method) ( Console WriteLine(’B"); }} dass C:A,B() 7A Cc=new C0; Method); // Which Method should be called? A’s or B's? How we can achieve Multiple Inheritance in GF? We can achieve Multiple inheritance through interfaces- interface IA { void MethodAQ; } interface IB { void MethodB(); 3 // Implementing multiple interfa class MyClass : IA, IB t public void MethodA() { Console. WriteLine("MethodA"); } public void MethodB() { Console. WriteLine("MethodB"); } } What are the access modifiers in GH? ‘Accessible from any other class or assembly. private: Accessible only within the same clas protected: Accessible within the same class or derived classes. internal: Accessible within the same assembly. protected internal: Accessible within the same assembly or by derived classes. private protected: Accessible within the same assembly and by derived classes, but only if they are in the same assembly Access modifiers control the visibility and accessibility of classes, methods, properties, and other members in C#. ic and non static class? Cannot be instantiated. Contains only static members. Often used for utility functions. Non-Static Class: Can be instantiated Can contain both static and instance members Used for creating objects and instances Generic Collections in C#: Purpose: Containers that store elements of a specific type, providing type safety and better performance. Common Generic Collections: . ListcT>: Dynamic array that automatically resizes. . Dictionary=TKey, TValue>: Key-value pair collection. . Quene: Represents a first-in, first-out (FIFO) collection. . Stack: Represents a last-in, first-out (LIFO) collection. . HashSet: Unordered collection with no duplicate elements. . LinkeaList: Doubly linked list. Benefits: . Type safety: Ensures that elements are of the specified type . Performance: Avoids boxing/unboxing and provides better performance than non-generic collections What are the non-Generic collection in CA? Purpose: Containers that store elements without enforcing a specific type Common Non-Generic Collections: : ArrayList: Resizable array that can store elements of any type. : Hashtable: Collection of key-value pairs without type restrictions. : Queue: Represents a first-in, first-out (FIFO) collection, : Stack: Represents a last-in, first-out (LIFO) collection. Drawbacks: : Lack of type safety: Elements are stored as object, leading to potential runtime errors, : Performance: Boxing/unboxing operations may affect performance. Explain Constructor ? ‘Why Consturctor is required for a class? What are the Object of a Class? What do you mean by Class? Explain Private Constructor? Explain Parameterized Constructor? Explain Copy Constructor? Explain Default Constructor? Constructor: Definition: A special method in a class that is automatically called when an object of the class is created, Purpose: Initializes the object, allocates memory, and sets default values. Why Constructor is Required: Initialization: Sets initial values for object properties. Memory Allocation: Allocates necessary resources. Default Values: Ensures objects start in a valid state. Object of a Class: Defini keyword. Purpose: Represents a unique occurrence of a class, with its own state and behavior. ‘A concrete instance of a class created using the new Class: Definition: A blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines properties, methods, and behavior that the objects will have. Purpose: Encapsulates data and behavior into a single unit. jate Constructor: Defini of the class. Purpose: Often used in utility classes with only static members, ensuring no instances are created. A constructor marked as private to prevent the instantiation Parameterized Constructor: Definition: A constructor that takes parameters for initializing object properties. Purpose: Allows custom initialization based on provided values. Copy Constructor: Defini A constructor that creates a new object by copying values from an existing object. Purpose: Enables the creation of a new object with the same state as an existing one. Default Constructor: Definition: A constructor with no parameters. Purpose: Provides a default way to create objects, especially when no specific initialization is needed. ‘What do you understand by Destructor Definition: A special method in a class that is called when an object is about to be destroyed or deallocated, Purpose: Performs cleanup operations, releases resources, and performs tasks before an object is removed from memory. . Called by the garbage collector before object reclamation. . Used for cleanup and releasing unmanaged resources. . Implemented in classes using unmanaged resources. . Allows explicit resource release and controlled cleanup, . Often implemented through the Disposable interface . Helps avoid reliance on garbage collector timing for resource release. Explain lEnumerable? ‘What is GetEnumerator method? [Enumerabk Definition: An interface in C# representing a collection that can be enumerated (iterated) sequentially. Namespace: system.Collections Purpose: Provides a standard mechanism for iterating over elements in a collection without exposing its underlying structure. Members: . GetEnumerator(): Returns an lEnumerator for the collection. GetEnumerator Method: Defini tEnumerator object. Purpose: Enables the iteration over the collection using foreach or manually advancing through the elements. ‘A method in the lenumerable interface that returns an Explain Partial classes in CH? Definition: A feature that allows a class, struct, or interface to be defined in multiple files. Purpose: Useful for splitting large classes into smaller, more manageable parts, especially when generated code is involved Explain Struct in CH? Explain Enum in CH? Struct: . Value type for lightweight data structures. . No explicit parameterless constructors. . Stored directly where declared. . Suitable for small, simple data, public struct Point t public int X { get; public int Y { get; } et; } et; } 1/ Usage Point p = new Point { X= 1, Y =2}; Enum: . Represents named integer constants. . Provides symbolic names for related values. . Enumerated constants are distinct. . Useful for enhancing code readability. public enum Days { Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday 1/ Usage Days today = Days. Wednesday; ‘What is Boxing in C#? What Is Unboxing in CH? Boxing: . Converting a value type to an object. . Needed when treating a value type as an object. int num = 4; ‘object boxedNum = num; // Boxing Unboxing: . Converting an object back to its original value type. . Needed when retrieving a value from an object reference. object boxedNum = 42; int num = (int)boxedNum; // Unboxing ‘What do you mean by String and String Builder in CA? String: . Immutable sequence of characters. . Concatenation creates new strings. . Suitable for scenarios where immutability is advantageous. string name = "John"; string message = greeting + name; // Concatenation creates a new string StringBuilder: . Mutable sequence of characters. . Efficient for concatenation. . Suitable for scenarios where frequent modifications are needed, such as building dynamic strings. StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello, "); sb.Append("John"); // Modifies the existing StringBuilder string result = sb. ToString(); // Converts StringBuilder to string What is Singleton design pattern in CH? Definition: A design pattern that ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to that instance. Characteristics: . Private constructor to prevent instantiation from outside the class. . AA private static instance variable to hold the single instance. . A public static method to provide a global point of access to the instance. Can we use multiple catch block in try block in C#? Yes, in C#, you can use multiple catch blocks in a try block to handle different types of exceptions. Each catch block is associated with a specific exception type, and the first catch block that matches the type of the thrown exception will be executed. try { // Code that may throw exceptions ) catch (DivideByZeroException ex) { // Handle DivideByZeroException } catch (Argumentéxception ex) { // Handle ArgumentException } catch (Exception ex) { // Catch-all block for other exceptions // This should generally be at the end to catch any unhandled exceptions }

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