ENGR-1100 Introduction to Engineering

Analysis

Lecture 26

CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION &

PROBLEMS INVOLVING DRY FRICTION
Today’s Objective:
Students will be able to:
a) Understand the characteristics of In-Class Activities:
dry friction
• Reading Quiz
b) Draw a FBD including friction.
c) Solve problems involving friction. • Applications
• Characteristics of Dry Friction
• Problems involving Dry Friction
• Concept Quiz
• Group Problem Solving
• Attention Quiz

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APPLICATIONS

In designing a brake system for a

bicycle, car, or any other vehicle, it is
important to understand the frictional
forces involved.

For an applied force on the bike tire

brake pads, how can we determine
the magnitude and direction of the
resulting friction force?

APPLICATIONS
(continued)

The rope is used to tow the

refrigerator.

In order to move the refrigerator, is

it best to pull up as shown, pull
horizontally, or pull downwards on
the rope?

What physical factors affect the

answer to this question?

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION
(Section 8.1)

Friction is defined as a force of resistance

acting on a body which prevents or resists the
slipping of a body relative to a second body.

Experiments show that frictional forces act

tangent (parallel) to the contacting surface in
a direction opposing the relative motion or
tendency for motion.
For the body shown in the figure to be in
equilibrium, the following must be true:
F = P, N = W, and W*x = P*h.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION

(continued)

To study the characteristics of the friction force F, let us assume

that tipping does not occur (i.e., “h” is small or “a” is large).
Then we gradually increase the magnitude of the force P.
Typically, experiments show that the friction force F varies with
P, as shown in the right figure above.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION
(continued)

The maximum friction force is attained

just before the block begins to move (a
situation that is called “impending
motion”). The value of the force is
found using Fs = μs N, where μs is
called the coefficient of static friction.
The value of μs depends on the two
materials in contact.
Once the block begins to move, the
frictional force typically drops and is
given by Fk = μk N. The value of μk
(coefficient of kinetic friction) is less
than μs .

CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION

(continued)

It is also very important to note that the friction force may be

less than the maximum friction force. So, just because the object
is not moving, don’t assume the friction force is at its maximum
of Fs = μs N unless you are told or know motion is impending!

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 DETERMING μs EXPERIMENTALLY

If the block just begins to slip, the

maximum friction force is Fs = μs N,
where μs is the coefficient of static
friction.

Thus, when the block is on the verge of

sliding, the normal force N and
frictional force Fs combine to create a
resultant Rs.

From the figure,

tan φs = ( Fs / N ) = (μs N / N ) = μs

DETERMING μs EXPERIMENTALLY (continued)

A block with weight w is placed on an
inclined plane. The plane is slowly
tilted until the block just begins to slip.

The inclination, θs, is noted. Analysis of

the block just before it begins to move
gives (using Fs = μs N):
+  Fy = N – W cos θs = 0
+  FX = μS N – W sin θs = 0

Using these two equations, we get

μs = (W sin θs ) / (W cos θs ) = tan θs
This simple experiment allows us to find
the μS between two materials in contact.

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 PROBLEMS INVOLVING DRY FRICTION
(Section 8.2)
Steps for solving equilibrium problems involving dry friction:

1. Draw the necessary free body diagrams. Make sure that

you show the friction force in the correct direction (it
always opposes the motion or impending motion).

2. Determine the number of unknowns. Do not assume that

F = μS N unless the impending motion condition is given.

3. Apply the equations of equilibrium and appropriate

frictional equations to solve for the unknowns.

IMPENDING TIPPING versus SLIPPING

For a given W and h of the box,
how can we determine if the
block will slide or tip first? In
this case, we have four
unknowns (F, N, x, and P) and
only three E-of-E.

Hence, we have to make an

assumption to give us another
equation (the friction
equation!). Then we can solve
for the unknowns using the
three E-of-E. Finally, we need
to check if our assumption
was correct.

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 IMPENDING TIPPING versus SLIPPING
(continued)
Assume: Slipping occurs
Known: F = μs N
Solve: x, P, and N
Check: 0 ≤ x ≤ b/2
Or
Assume: Tipping occurs
Known: x = b/2
Solve: P, N, and F
Check: F ≤ μs N

EXAMPLE
Given: Crate weight = 250 lb,
μs = 0.4
Find: The maximum force P that can
be applied without causing
movement of the crate.
Plan: ??

a) Draw a FBD of the box.

b) Determine the unknowns.
c) Make your friction assumptions.
d) Apply E-of-E (and friction equations, if appropriate ) to solve for
the unknowns.
e) Check assumptions, if required.

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 EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
1.5 ft 1.5 ft

P 250 lb

4.5 ft
3.5 ft
0
F
X
N
FBD of the crate

There are four unknowns: P, N, F and x.

First, let’s assume the crate slips. Then the friction
equation is F = μs N = 0.4 N.

EXAMPLE (continued)
1.5 ft 1.5 ft

P 250 lb

4.5 ft
3.5 ft
O
F
+ →  FX = P – 0.4 N = 0 N
X
+ ↑  FY = N – 250 = 0 FBD of the crate
Solving these two equations gives:
P = 100 lb and N = 250 lb

+ MO = -100 (4.5) + 250 (x) = 0

Check: x = 1.8 ≥ 1.5 : No slipping will occur since x > 1.5

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 EXAMPLE (continued)

Since tipping occurs, here is the correct FBD:

1.5 ft 1.5 ft

P 250 lb
+ →  FX = P – F = 0
+ ↑  FY = N – 250 = 0
These two equations give: 4.5 ft
3.5 ft
P = F and N = 250 lb O
F
N
+ MO = – P (4.5) + 250 (1.5) = 0 FBD of the crate

P = 83.3 lb, and F = 83.3 lb < μs N = 100 lb

READING QUIZ

1. A friction force always acts _____ to the contact surface.

A) Normal B) At 45°
C) Parallel D) At the angle of static friction

2. If a block is stationary, then the friction force acting on it is

________ .
A) ≤ μs N B) = μs N
C) ≥ μs N D) = μk N

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 CONCEPT QUIZ
1. A 100 lb box with a wide base is pulled by a force P
and μs = 0.4. Which force orientation requires the
P(A)
least force to begin sliding?
100 lb P(B)
A) P(A) B) P(B) P(C)

C) P(C) D) Can not be determined

2. A ladder is positioned as shown. Please indicate

the direction of the friction force on the ladder at B
B.
A) ↑ B) ↓ A
C) D)

ATTENTION QUIZ

1. A 10 lb block is in equilibrium. What is

the magnitude of the friction force μ S = 0.3
between this block and the surface?
2 lb
A) 0 lb B) 1 lb
C) 2 lb D) 3 lb

2. The ladder AB is positioned as shown. What is the

direction of the friction force on the ladder at B. B
A) B)
C) ← D) ↑
A

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 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
Given: Dresser weight = 90 lb,
man’s weight = 150 lb. μs =
0.25.
Find: The smallest magnitude
of F needed to move the
dresser if θ = 30°.

Also determine the smallest coefficient of static friction

between his shoes and the floor so that he does not slip.
Plan: a) Draw FBDs of the dresser and man.
b) Determine the unknowns.
d) Apply E-of-E to solve for the unknowns.

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

FBD of the man FBD of the dresser

Dresser : +→ FX = F (cos 30) – 0.25 N = 0
+ ↑ FY = N – 90 – F (sin 30) = 0
These two equations give:
F = 30.36 lb = 30.4 lb
N = 105.1 lb

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 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

FBD of the man FBD of the dresser

Man : +→ FX = μm Nm – 30.363 (cos 30) = 0

+ ↑ FY = Nm – 150 + 30.363 (sin 30) = 0
These two equations give:
Nm = 134.8 lb
μm = 0.195

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