Semi-Detailed School Dawo Integrated School Grade Level 10

Lesson Plan Teacher Kimberly Ann Q. Bongoyan Learning Area Science

Date and Time March 1, 2023 (8:30-9:30 AM) Quarter Third
MELC Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein. (S10LTIIIe-38)

I. Objectives
 Define mutation; and
 Illustrate how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein.

II. Subject Matter

A. Topic: Genetic Mutations
B. References: Science 10, SLM 4- Protein Synthesis, pp., 1-18
C. Materials: Laptop, PowerPoint Presentation, Pictures
D. Time Allotment: 60

III. Procedure

A. Daily Routine (3 minutes)

 Prayer
- Class, please stand. Let us pray. (Interfaith Prayer)
 Greetings
- Good morning everyone! Please be seated.
 Checking of Attendance
- Is anyone absent today?
 Review
 - What is protein synthesis?
- What are the stages of protein synthesis?

B. Motivation (10 minutes)

Procedure:
1. Study Figure 1 (amino acid chart) and the DNA sequences carefully, and read the captions very well. Get a sheet of paper for
your answers and observation. Do not copy the questions, just write down your answer or observations. 2. Study the following DNA
strand:
Transcribe and Translate the original DNA strand:
DNA: A T G C C C G G C G A G
mRNA: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
tRNA: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Figure 1: Amino Acid Chart

2.1. Refer to your answer in item number 2. When protein synthesis is completed, write the sequence of amino acid. Refer to Figure
1: Amino acid chart.
2.2. Edit the DNA strand in #2 by changing the second and third bases of ATG to A. What will be the new amino acid chain created
by the modified DNA? Refer to
Figure 1: Amino acid chart.
DNA: __________________________________
mRNA: __________________________________
tRNA: __________________________________

Amino acid:

2.3. Return the DNA to its original state (A T G C C C G G C G A G). This time, write an additional A after ATG, the DNA strand will
be ______________________. What will be the new amino acid chain created by the DNA? Refer to Figure 1:
Amino acid chart.
DNA: __________________________________
mRNA: __________________________________
tRNA: __________________________________

Amino acid:

2.4. Return the DNA to its original state (A T G C C C G G C G A G). Write CCA instead of CCC. What will be the new peptide
created by the DNA? Refer to Figure 1: Amino acid chart.
DNA: __________________________________
mRNA: __________________________________
tRNA: __________________________________

C. Presentation of the Lesson

Our lesson for today is about Genetic Mutations. At the end of the lesson, each one of you should be able to:
 Define mutation; and
 Illustrate how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein.
 D. Development of the Lesson (30 minutes)

In the previous lesson we have learned that DNA or specifically genes that are specific sections of the
DNA codes or contains the specific instructions to create a specific protein having a specific function.
These genes are part of the DNA which in turn part of the chromosome and these chromosomes are
inside the nucleus of every cell found in every cell.

We have also known that the code or information is in the specific

sequence or arrangement of the four nitrogen bases of the DNA
which are the thymine, adenine, guanine and cytosine. The
combination and their sequence in a gene strand codes for specific
arrangements of amino acids that makes up a protein created for a
specific function.

What do you think would happen if the sequence of DNA bases is changed or altered? Will it still be able to produce the
same and normal protein that functions normally?
To answer these questions, we have to look at this example when a DNA or gene strand is changed
or altered by some environmental reasons.
In the illustration above an error occurred in the sequencing of DNA nitrogenous base. Instead of
adenine, it was replaced by thymine. During transcription, the messenger RNA (mRNA) copies its
altered code. However, it will now code for a different amino acid. Instead of GLU (Glutamate), VAL
or valine will be placed. This change of even a single amino acid in the protein causes a significant
change in the shape of the red blood cell. From a normal saucer-shaped red blood cell, the change
in amino acid produced an abnormally-shaped red blood cell like that of a sickle. This condition is
called sickle-cell anemia which affects the blood’s efficiency to distribute oxygen to the different parts
of
the body.
This change in the genetic make-up producing a new protein which in turn produces a new physical trait is called mutation and the
resulting organism is called a mutant. Mutation is any change in the genetic make-up of an organism. Change the DNA or code you
change the outcome of the proteins that will be produced and the organism will develop or show different characteristics as
manifestation of the proteins. These changes may be favourable or unfavourable for the individual where the mutation has occurred.
Mutations that occur in the sex cells or gametes (sperm cells in males and egg cells or ova, singular is ovum, in females) can be
passed from the parent to the offspring. In other words, the changes in the mutations in the sex or reproductive cells of the parents
can be passed on to their offspring. The mutations that occur happen in the chromosomes inside the sperm and egg cells.
Let us look at the different ways a person’s genetic make-up can be changed during sex cell formation or meiosis or simply through
normal cell division or mitosis.

The picture on the left shows all the 46 chromosomes

found every somatic or body cells in the body. All the
instructions and information to make proteins that will make
a complete and normal human is coded in all the 46
chromosomes of every somatic/body cell. Every sex or
reproductive cell (sperm for males and ovum for females) has
only half the number of chromosomes which is 23.

A. Translocation
Translocation means a change in location. It occurs when part of a
chromosome breaks off and is transferred to another chromosome. Specific
genes are located in specific areas of a chromosome. In a normal human body
(somatic) cell, there are 46 chromosomes.
 B. Deletion
Deletion happens when a part of a chromosome which contains a
significant amount of genes is removed from the chromosome. A deletion
mutation can remove a single nucleotide, or entire sequences of nucleotides.
“Cri du chat” is caused by the deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. This
condition is characterized by affected babies making high-pitched sound like a
cat. Affected individuals have wide-set eyes, a small head and jaw, are
moderately to severely mentally retarded.

C. Inversion
An inversion is a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a
chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion occurs when a single
chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself. Inversions
are of two types: paracentric and pericentric.
D. Other Mutations
Some mutations include excess of or lack of chromosomes. Excess
number of chromosomes usually happens during meiosis or gamete/sex cell
formation. These conditions include Down’s syndrome, Edward’s syndrome,
Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome.
 Down’s syndrome is usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). Characters include decreased muscle
tone, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate mental retardation.
Edward’s syndrome, which is the second most common trisomy after Down’s syndrome is a trisomy of chromosome 18.
Symptoms include mental and motor retardation and numerous congenital/inborn anomalies causing serious health problems. About
99% die in infancy. However, those who live past their first birthday, usually are quite healthy thereafter. They have a characteristic
hand appearance with clenched hands and overlapping fingers.

Down’s syndrome or Trisomy 21

Edward’s syndrome or Trisomy
18

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY). Only affects males. This condition is a result of having 2 X-sex chromosomes and a Y-sex
chromosome in the 23rd or last pair of the human chromosomes. Men with this condition are usually sterile and tend to have longer
arms and legs and are taller than their peers. They are often shy and quiet and have a higher incidence of speech delay.
Turner’s syndrome (X instead of the normal XX for females or XY for males). Since the X chromosome is present, the sex of
the individual is female. Female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. They often have a short stature, low
hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development.
 E. Generalization (2 minutes)
- The teacher will call some of the students to answer the following questions:
 What is mutation?
 What are the different types of genetic mutations?

F. Valuing/Application (5 minutes)
Directions: Create a character using the genetic code given the mutated DNA strand. A normal DNA strand and its corresponding
mRNA and shape for a certain body part were given as an example. Cut out the templates below. Answer the four questions.

NORMAL DNA STRAND: ATG CAG TCA ACG UAC

Normal
mRNA STRAND: UAC GUC AGU UGC

LEGEND: 1st codon=head, 2nd codon=body or torso, AGU AGU

3rd codon =arms and 4th codon=legs
GUC
MUTATION

MUTATED DNA STRAND: AGG CAT TCA ACG

mRNA STRAND: _______________________
U U
Paste the mutated character here: GC GC

LEGEND
Head: Torso: Arms:
IV. Assessment (10 minutes)
Directions: Answer the following guide questions based on your activity above.

1. How many DNA nitrogen bases were changed? _______________________________________

2. What DNA nitrogen bases were changed in the original/normal DNA? ______________________________________
3. Did the mutation/change in the DNA affected the mRNA? ______________________________________
4. Did the mutation/change in the DNA affected the overall appearance of the mutated character?
__________________________________
5. How do mutations in the DNA cause changes in the protein? _________________________________________________________________

V. Assignment
Directions: Answer the following question. Write your answer on your notebook. (5 pts)

1. What is evolution?

REMARKS: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PROFICIENCY LEVEL:
Note: PL result of 74 below is
considered failed, therefore, you cannot proceed to the next lesson.

no. of passers
PL = × 100 PL = × 100 =
no. of students

Prepared by:

KIMBERLY ANN Q. BONGOYAN Noted by:

Subject Teacher
ROLANDO M. LACBO
Principal II