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3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms

Linear combinations of orthogonal basis functions can be used to represent waveforms in a signal space. An orthonormal basis is obtained using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization algorithm. Each signal is then described by its signal coordinate vector containing the coefficients that result from projecting the signal onto the basis functions. The signal energy is equal to the sum of the squares of its coefficients. Examples are provided to illustrate how different sets of signals can be represented using various orthonormal bases.

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539 views5 pages

3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms

Linear combinations of orthogonal basis functions can be used to represent waveforms in a signal space. An orthonormal basis is obtained using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization algorithm. Each signal is then described by its signal coordinate vector containing the coefficients that result from projecting the signal onto the basis functions. The signal energy is equal to the sum of the squares of its coefficients. Examples are provided to illustrate how different sets of signals can be represented using various orthonormal bases.

Uploaded by

sfjkdl
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms

Linear combination of orthogonal basis functions: we consider M dierent energy signals si (t), i = 1, 2, . . . , M we assume that the duration of each signal is restricted to the time interval [0, T ], i.e., si (t) = 0 for t < 0 and t > T each of the M signals si (t) can be represented as a linear combination of N M orthonormal basis functions j (t) si (t) = si 1 1 (t) + si 2 2 (t) + + siN N (t).

Dr. Mike Wolf, Fachgebiet Nachrichtentechnik

Communications Engineering

32

3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms


Orthonormal basis: the N basis functions built an orthogonal basis dierent j (t) are orthogonal, each j (t) has a unit energy
T

j (t) k (t) dt =
0

1 for j = k . 0 for j = k

an orthonormal basis may be obtained by means of the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization algorithm with respect to the M waveforms used for M-ary digital modulation, an appropriate orthonormal basis is of often visible, see following examples

Dr. Mike Wolf, Fachgebiet Nachrichtentechnik

Communications Engineering

33

3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms


Signal (coordinate) vector: for a given orthonormal basis j (t), j = 1, 2, . . . , N, each signal is fully described by its coecients sij or its signal coordinate vector si = [si 1 si 2 . . . siN ]T the coecients are just the inner products (or correlation coecients)
T

sij = the signal energies Ei = the coecient squares


0 T 0

si (t)j (t) dt. s 2 (t) dt are equal to the sum of


N

Ei =
j=1
Dr. Mike Wolf, Fachgebiet Nachrichtentechnik

2 sij .

Communications Engineering

34

3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms


Example 1: (E = s1 (t) U0 U0 s2 (t) T Tt t
T 2 0 si (t) dt, i

= 1, 2, 3, 4) s4 (t) T t Tt

s3 (t)

2 (t) 1 (t)
q q
1 T

2 (t)
q
1 T

T t
E

s3 s2
E

1 T

Tt

1 T

s1 s4

1 (t)

Dr. Mike Wolf, Fachgebiet Nachrichtentechnik

Communications Engineering

35

3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms

Example 2: same signal set si (t) as in example 1 but alternative orthonormal basis 2 (t)
p E /2

1 (t)
q q
2 T

2 (t)
q
2 T

2 T

Tt

2 T

Tt

p E /2

s1
p E /2

s2

p E /2

s4

1 (t)

s3

Dr. Mike Wolf, Fachgebiet Nachrichtentechnik

Communications Engineering

36

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