Information and Communication Technology Abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual

in performing calculations.
Information Technology (IT)
- The abacus was invented in Babylonian in 2400
- Information technology (IT) is the study, design,
B.C.
development, implementation, and support
- The abacus in the form we are most familiar with
management of computer-based information
was first used in China in around 500 B.C.
systems, particularly software applications,
- It is used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
computer hardware, and mobile devices.
- IT deals with the use of electronic computers and
computer software to convert, store, protect,
process, and transmit security information.
- Information technology is the technology used
to store, manipulate, distribute, or create
information
Pascaline
The main tool in ICT or IT is the electronic device that
processes data according to a set of instructions which is - Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642
a computer. - It is too expensive.

Definition of Computer

• A programmable machine.

• Any device which aids humans in performing various

kinds of computations or calculations. Jacquard Loom

•The jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by

Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
Three principal characteristics of computer
• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
- It responds to a specific set of instructions in a
well-defined manner.
- It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
- It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of
data.

Where does the word computer come from?

Z1
History of computer: Basic Computing Period
- The first programmable computer.
Earliest computers originally calculations were - Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936
computed by humans, whose job titles were computers. to 1938.
- To program the Z1 required that the used insert
- These human computers were typically engaged
punch tape into a punch tape reader and all
in the calculation of mathematical expression.
output was also generated through punch tape
- The calculations of this period were specialized
and expensive, requiring years of training in
mathematics.
- The first use of the word "computer" was
recorded in 1613, referring to a person who
carried out calculations, or computations, and
the word continued to be used in that sense until
the middle of the 20th century.

Tools in Computing

Tally sticks - an ancient memory aid device to record and

document numbers, quantities, or even messages.
ENIAC Hardware

ENIAC stands for electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer
• Any physical device or equipment used in or with a
- It was the first electronic general-purpose computer system
computer.
- External hardware- any hardware device that is
- Completed in 1946.
located outside the computer.
- Developed by John Presper Eckert and John
- Input device-a piece of hardware device, which
Mauchly.
is used to enter information to a computer for
processing.
- Output device- a piece of hardware device that
receive information from a computer.
- Internal hardware- any piece of hardware device
that is located inside the computer.

UNIVAC 1 Software

- The UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer A set of instructions or programs that tells a computer
1) was the first commercial computer. what to do or how to perform a specific task Main types
of software-are system software and application
software - Application software- is a computer program
that provides users with tools to accomplish a specific
task.

System software is designed to run a computer's

EDVAC hardware and application software and make the
computer system available for use. It serves as the
- EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable interface between hardware, application software, and
Automatic Computer the user.
- The first stored program computer
- Designed by John Von Neumann in 1952. - Main functions of system software- allocating
- It has memory to hold both stored program as system resources, managing storage space,
well as data. storing and retrieval of files, providing security,
etc.
The first portable computer - Main types of system software - operating
- The first computer company was the Electronic system, device driver, utility software,
Controls Company. programming software, etc.
- Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and Operating system (OS) - a software that controls and
John Mauchly. coordinates the computer hardware devices and runs
other software and application on a computer. It is the
main part of system software and computer will not
function without it.

- Main functions of an operating system-booting

the computer, managing system resources,
History of Computer: Generations of Computer managing files, handling input and output,
executing and providing services for application
software.

Device driver-software program that is designed to

control a particular hardware device that is attached to a
computer.

- The main purpose of device driver- it acts as

translator between the hardware device and
operating systems or applications that use it.
 - It instructs computer on how to communicate Personal Computer (PC)
with the device by translating the operating - Also known as a microcomputer.
system's instructions into a language that a - It is basically a general-purpose computer
device can understand in order to perform the designed for individual use.
necessary task.
Tablet and Smartphones

- The types of computers that are pocket friendly

Utility software- a type of software that helps set up,
and easy to carry is these are handy.
analyze, configure strengthen, maintain a computer and
- These devices have better hardware capabilities,
performs a very specific tasks.
extensive operating systems, and better
multimedia functionality.

Different Types of Computers

Supercomputer

- The biggest and fastest computers.

- Designed such that they can process a huge
amount of data, like processing trillions of
instructions or data in just a second.
- First developed by Roger Cray in 1976.

Mainframe computers

- Designed in such a way that they can support

hundreds or thousands of users at the same
time.
- • It also supports multiple programs
simultaneously.
- • It has high storage capacity and great
performance.

Mini computer

- A medium size multiprocessing computer.

- There are two or more processors, and it
supports 4 to 200 users at one time.
- Used in places like institutes or departments for
different work like billing, accounting, inventory
management etc.

Workstation Computer

- Designed for technical or scientific applications.

- It consists of a fast microprocessor, with a large
amount of RAM and a high-speed graphic
adapter.
- It is generally used to perform a specific task with
great accuracy.