CHAPTER

1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 GALVANIC CELL
2.1 Construction
2.2 Salt Bridge and Its Functions
2.3 IUPAC Convention
2.4 Cell Representation
3.0 ELECTRODE POTENTIAL
3.1 Reference Electrode
3.2 Electrochemical Series
3.3 Applications of Electrochemical Series
4.0 NERNST EQUATION AND APPLICATIONS
5.0 ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTANCE
5.1 Conductance of Solution

6.0 VARIATION OF  and  m WITH CONCENTRATION

7.0 KOHLRAUSCH LAW
8.0 ELECTROLYSIS
9.0 BATTERIES
10.0 CORROSION
ANSWER KEY FOR BEGINNER BOX
CONCEPT AT A GLANCE
ANSWER KEY FOR
EXERCISE 1(NCERT BASED QUESTIONS)
EXERCISE 2(KCET BASED QUESTIONS)
EXERCISE 3 (PYQ OF BOARD)
EXERCISE 4(PYQ OF KCET)
THEORY FOR JEE MAINS

EXERCISE 1(JEE - MAINS BASED QUESTIONS)

EXERCISE 2(PYQ - JEE MAINS QUESTIONS)

KCET SYLLABUS
Electrolytic and Metallic Conduction, Conductance in Electrolytic
Solutions, Molar Conductivities and their Variation with Concentration :
Kohlrausch’s law and its Applications. Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic
and Galvanic cells, Different types of Electrodes, Electrode Potentials
including Standard Electrode Potential, Half - Cell and Cell Reactions,
EMF of a Galvanic Cell and its Measurement : Nernst Equation and its
Applications; Relationship between cell Potential and Gibbs' Energy
Change : Dry cell and Lead accumulator; Fuel cells.
MAINS SYLLABUS
Electrolytic and Metallic Conduction, Conductance in Electrolytic
Solutions, Molar Conductivities and their Variation with Concentration :
Kohlrausch’s law and its Applications. Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic
and Galvanic cells, Different types of Electrodes, Electrode Potentials
including Standard Electrode Potential, Half - Cell and Cell Reactions,
EMF of a Galvanic Cell and its Measurement : Nernst Equation and its
Applications; Relationship between cell Potential and Gibbs' Energy
Change : Dry cell and Lead accumulator; Fuel cells.
BOARD WEIGHTAGE:
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry that deals with the study of the interrelation between
chemical changes and electricity. In this chapter we study production of electrical energy by spontaneous
chemical reaction and use of electrical energy to perform non-spontaneous chemical reaction .
Electrochemical Cells
Electrochemical cells are broadly classified into two categories
a) Electrolytic Cells :
A chemical reaction is carried out with the help of electric current. This phenomenon is called electrolysis and
the devices or cells used to carry out electrolysis are called electrolytic cells. These reactions are non-
spontaneous and are forced to occur by the passage of electricity.
b) Galvanic Cells or Voltaic cells :
These are the cells in which electric current is generated using a spontaneous chemical reaction. The most
common example is Daniel cell.
2.0 GALVANIC CELL
In this device the Gibbs energy of spontaneous redox reaction is converted into electrical energy which can
be used to run electrical gadgets.
2.1 Construction :
 It is made up of two half cells.
 In one half cell, Zinc electrode is kept in contact of 1 M aqueous zinc sulphate

 In another half cell, Copper electrode is kept in contact of 1 M aqueous copper CuSO4 sulphate

 Salt bridge is used to connect two liquids.

 If two electrodes are dipped in same electrolyte solution then we dont use salt bridge.
 Two electrodes are connected externally by metallic wire.
V
–
e flow
(–) current (+)
Zinc Salt bridge
electrode Copper
electrode
Inert Ions
electrolyte
with agar-agar
ZnSO4 CuSO4
solution
solution
Half-cell Half-cell
DANIEL CELL
 When two electrodes are connected by a wire , oxidation takes place at zinc electrode and reduction at
copper electrode and electron flows from zinc to copper electrode in the external circuit and hence current
flows from copper electrode to zinc electrode.
2.2 Salt Bridge :
 It is a U- shaped tube that contains inert electrolyte like potassium chloride, ammonium nitrate etc. solidified
with agar- agar.

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Functions of salt bridge :

a) It will complete the circuit .
b) It maintains the electrical neutrality of the solution in order to give continous flow or generation of current.
c) It prevents mechanical mixing of two electrolytic solution.

Note: If Ag  , Hg 22 , Pb 2 ,Tl are used as electrolyte then KCl is not used in salt bridge as it will form precipitate of
AgCl, Hg 2 Cl 2 , PbCl 2 ,TlCl .

2.3 IUPAC Convention :

 Anode (–) : . At this electrode zinc is oxidised to Zn 2 ions . Electrons remains on the metal strip whereas
Zn 2 ions go into solution. So electrode aquires negative charge . So anode is assigned negative sign.

Anode reaction : Zn s   Zn  C1M   2e

2 
(oxidation half reaction)

 Cathode (+) : At this electrode Cu 2  ions are reduced to copper metal which then deposits on cathode. As
electrons are taken out of electrode it aquires positive charge.

Cathode reaction : Cu  C2 M   2e  Cu  s 
2 
(reduction half reaction )

 Net cell reaction

Zn s   Cu 2   C2 M   Zn 2  C1M   Cu  s  (overall cell reaction)

 Above cell generates a potential difference equal to 1.1 volts when concentrations of Zn 2 and Cu 2  ion is
unity (1M).

 When an external volatage E ext opposing the cell potential is applied then following three cases arise

 Case :1 When E ext  1.1V

i) Electrons flow from Zn rod to Cu rod hence current flows from Cu to Zn

ii) Zn dissolves at anode and copper deposits at cathode.

E ext  1.1V

e
cathode
anode current

Zn salt Cu
-ve bridge +ve

ZnSO 4 CuSO 4

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 Case : 2 When E ext  1.1V

i) No flow of electrons or current

ii) No chemical reactions are taking place.

 Case : 3 When E ext  1.1V , Cell now functions as electrolytic cell i.e cell reactions reverse

i) Electrons flow from Cu to Zn and current flows from Zn to copper.

ii) Zinc is deposited at the Zinc electrode and Copper dissolves at copper electrode.
 A cell which satisfies above three conditions are called reversible cell. Galvanic cell is example of a reversible
cell.
2.4 Cell Representation
 Anode is shown on LHS and cathode on RHS seperated by double vertical line. Double vertical line indicates
salt bridge
Anode || Cathode
 In anode, electrode is shown first , followed by electrolyte with concentration and seperated from each other
using single vertical line which seperates phases
 In cathode, electrolyte with concentration is shown followed by electrode and seperated by single vertical line
with seperate phases.

Electrode| Electrolyte  C1M  || Electrolyte  C2 M  | Electrode

Ex : Zn | Zn 1.0M  || Cu 1.0M  | Cu
2 2

 If Galvanic cell is made up of a non-metal electrode, then inert metal like Pt rod (wire) is introduced in
solution which acts as electrode.

Ex: A Galvanic cell containing H 2 and Cl2 gases as electrodes in an HCl solution is represented as,

Pt, H 2 P atm | HCl M  | Cl 2 P atm  , Pt

 STANDARD EMF of a cell

E 0cell  E 0right electrode  E 0left electrode

SOLVED EXAMPLES :
1. If a salt bridge is removed from the two half cells, the voltage
(A) Drops to zero (B) Does not change (C) Increases gradually (D) Increases rapidly
Solution : A
Salt bridge completes internal circuit of the cell . If salt bridge is removed ,circuits break and voltage drops to
zero.
2. Which of the following statements is wrong about galvanic cells
(A) Cathode is the positive electrode
(B) Cathode is the negative electrode
(C) Electrons flow from anode to cathode in the external circuit
(D) Reduction occurs at cathode
Solution : B
At anode electrode dissolves in electrolyte and electrons are accumulated on plate. So anode is assigned
negative sign and cathode positive sign
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3.0 ELECTRODE POTENTIAL

 When a metal is placed in a solution of its ions, the metal acquires either a positive or negative charge with
respect to the solution. On account of this, a definite potential difference is developed between the metal and
the solution. This potential difference developed between the electrode and the electrolyte is called electrode
potential (E)


0
 
Standard Electrode potential E :The potential of an electrode measured at standard conditions of 25o C
temperature, 1 atm pressure and using ions at unit concentration is known as standard electrode potential. It
is denoted by ' E 0 ' .
 The tendency of an electrode to gain electrons or to get reduced is called its reduction potential.
M naq   ne   M s  Ex : Cu  aq   2e  Cu  s 
2 

 The tendency of an electrode to loose electrons or to get oxidised is called its oxidation potential.
M s   M naq   ne  Ex : Zn  s   Zn  aq   2e
2 

For any half cell or single electrode,

Standard reduction potential = – (Standard oxidation potential)
For example, Zn 2  2e   Zn , SRP = – 0.76 V..
Therefore for Zn  Zn 2   2e  , SOP = + 0.76 V..
3.1 Reference Electrode :
 It is not possible to determine electrode potential of single electrode but the potential difference between two
electrodes can be accurately measured .
 As we do not know electrode potential of any electrode concept of reference electrode is used.
Standard Hydrogen Electrode :
 It is the primary reference electrode for measuring single electrode potential. It consists of a platinum electrode
in contact with H 2 gas and aqueous H  ions at standard conditions of 1 atm H 2 gas, 1 M H  (aq), at

25o C
 It is a reversible electrode with respect to H  ion i.e.., it can act like a cathode or anode.
 Its electrode potential is arbitrarily assumed to be 0.00 volt.
1
 As anode : H 2  H   e  : E o  0.00V
2
1
 As cathode : H   e  H 2 : E o  0.00V
2

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H 2 g 
at1atm 

H3Oaq
1M
Ptblack
electrode

 Electrode potential depends upon the

1. Nature of the metal or non-metal
2. Concentration of the electrolyte
3. Temperature of the electrolyte solution
4. Pressure in case of gas electrode
5. No of electrons involved per atom.
3.2 Electrochemical Series :
 The arrangement of electrodes in the order of increasing standard reduction potentials is called electrochemical
series. This is also called activity series.
Half cell reaction Electrode Eo (volts)

Li (aq)  e  Li(s) Li  / Li – 3.05

K  (aq)  e   K(s) K / K – 2.93

Ca 2  (aq )  2e   Ca ( s ) Ca 2  / Ca – 2.87

Na  (aq)  e   Na(s) Na  / Na – 2.71

Mg 2  (aq)  2e   Mg(s) Mg2  / Mg – 2.36
Al3 (aq)  3e  Al(s) Al 3 / Al – 1.66

2H 2 O  2e   H 2 (g)  2OH  (aq) Pt, H 2 O / OH  – 0.83

Zn 2  (aq)  2e   Zn(s) Zn 2  / Zn – 0.76
Cr 3 (aq)  3e   Cr(s) Cr 3 / Cr – 0.74
Fe 2  (aq)  2e   Fe(s) Fe 2  / Fe – 0.44
Cd 2  (aq)  2e   Cd(s) Cd 2  / Cd – 0.40
Ni 2  (aq)  2e   Ni(s) Ni2  / Ni – 0.25
Sn 2  (aq)  2e   Sn(s) Sn 2  / Sn – 0.14
Pb2  (aq)  2e   Pb(s) Pb 2  / Pb – 0.13
2H  (aq)  2e   H 2 (g) Pt, H  / H2 0.00

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Cu 2  (aq)  2e   Cu(s) Cu 2  / Cu + 0.34

  
O2 (g)  2H 2 O  4e  4OH (aq) Pt ,O2 / OH + 0.40

I 2 (s)  2e   2I  (aq) Pt ,I 2 / I  + 0.54

Fe3 (aq)  e   Fe 2  (aq) Fe3 / Fe 2  + 0.77

Ag  (aq)  e   Ag(s) Ag  / Ag + 0.80

Hg22  (aq)  2e   2Hg(l) Hg  / Hg + 0.85

Br2 (l)  2e   2Br  (aq) Pt, – + 1.09

O2 (g)  4H   4e   2H 2 O Pt, O 2 / H 2 O + 1.23

Cr2O72  14 H   6e  
 2Cr 3  7 H 2O +1.33

Cl2 (g)  2e   2Cl  (aq) Pt, Cl 2 / Cl – + 1.36

Au3 (aq)  3e   Au(s) Au3 / Au + 1.40 MnO4  8H  5e   Mn2  4H2 O

Pt, MnO 4 / Mn 2  + 1.51 H 2 O2 (aq)  2H  (aq)  3e   2H 2 O Pt, H 2 O 2 / H 2 O + 1.78

Co 3  e 
 Co 3 Co 3 / Co +1.81

O3 (g)  2H  (aq)  2e   O 2 (g)  H 2 O(l) Pt, O 3 / O 2 + 2.07

F2 (g)  2e   2F  (aq) Pt, F2 / F  + 2.87

 A negative E 0 means that the redox couple is a stronger reducing agent than H  / H 2 couple.

 A positive E 0 means that the redox couple is a weaker reducing agent than H  / H 2 couple.
3.3 Applications of Activity Series :
 Chemical reactivity of metals : Reactivity of metal decreases as we move down the series
 Relative strength of oxidising and reducing agents: The reducing ability decreases from top to bottom
in the electrochemical series while oxidation ability increases
Oxidising power  reduction potential
Reducing power  oxidation potential
 Fluorine is best oxidising agent as it has highest reduction potential while Lithium is best reducing
agent in aqueous solution as it has least reduction potential.
 A metal can displace any metal ion present below it in series from its soution i.e. it can reduce any
metal ion from a solution which is below it. Therefore for storing a salt solution we should use a
container with metal with higher SRP
 A non-metal can oxidise all non metal anions present above it in electrochemical series.
 Displacement of hydrogen from dilute acids by metals:
The metals which are below hydrogen in electrochemical series like Cu, Hg, Au, Pt, Ag do not evolve
hydrogen from dilute acids.
SOLVED EXAMPLES :
1. The metal which cannot liberate H 2 gas from dilute hydrochloric acid
(A) Zn (B) Cu (C) Mg (D) Al
Solution : B
Metals below hydrogen in electrochemical series cannot liberate hydrogen form dilute acids .

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2. Standard reduction electrode potential of three metals A, B and C are respectively +0.05 V, –3.0 and
–1.2 V. The reducing powers of
(A) B > C > A (B) A > B > C (C) C > B > A (D) A > C > B
Solution : A
Higher the SRP, tendency to get reduced is more i.e. it behaves as good oxidising agent or poor reducing
agent. So order is B > C > A

4.0 NERNST EQUATION AND APPLICATIONS

Nernst Equation :
 From thermodynamics
G  G o  RT ln Q

 nFE   nFE o  2.303RT log Q  G  nFE 

 If , T = 298 K , R = 8.314 J/mol K , F = 96500 C
0.059
Now we get, E  Eo  log Q
n
Where n = number of electrons involved , Q = reaction quotient
 Nernst equation can be used to calculate
a) Electrode potential in given condition.
b) Cell potential in given condition.

Applications :
 Nernst Equation for an Electrode
i) Reduction of metal
M naq   ne  M  s 

E red  E 0red 
RT
ln
 Ms 
nF  M  n 

2.303RT 1
E red  E 0red  log
nF  M  n 

M s   1
 
0.059 1
At 298 K,
E red  E 0red  log
n  M  n 
ii) Oxidation of metal
M  s   M aqn   ne 

RT  M  aq  
n

E oxi  E 0
oxi  ln
nF  Ms 
 

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2.303RT  M aqn  
E oxi  E 0
oxi  log  
nF  Ms 
 

0.059
At 298 K, E oxi  E 0oxi  log  M aqn   as  M  s    1
n
 Nernst equation for Hydrogen Electrode - Cathode
H 2  g   2H   aq   2e 

 H   2 
0.0591
EE  0
log    
2  PH 2 
 
 Nernst equation for Hydrogen electrode - anode
2H   2e  H 2  g 
 P 
0.059  H2

E Re dn  E 0
 log
Red n
2  H  2 
  
 Nernst equation for redox electrode
4H 2 O  Mn 2  MnO 4  8H   5e 
8
0.0591  MnO 4   H  
E oxi  E 0
oxi  log
5  Mn 2 

 Nernst Equation for finding cell potential

aA  bB  cC  dD
0.0591
E cell  E cell
0
 log Q E 0cell  E 0right  E 0left
5
n – number of electrons involved
A cell reaction is spontaneous only if E cell is positive and G is negative.
 Equilibrium in electrochemical cell
G 0   nFE 0cell
From thermo dynamics
G  G 0  RT ln Q
At chemical equilibrium, G  0

G 0  RT ln K eq

At equilibrium, nFE0cell  2.303RT log K eq

nF
log K eq  o
E cell
2.303RT
n
At 298 K, log K eq 
o
E cell
0.059
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 Calculation of Electrode Potential of unknown electrode with the help of given (two) electrode
data :
Obtain the reaction of the unknown electrode to be calculated with the help of given electrode using some
rd
algebraic operations . Find G of each electrode .Then calculate G of the 3 reaction with the help of
same algebaric operations to calculate E 0 of unknown electrode .
Note :
0
E 0 is intensive property so if we multiply/divide electrode reaction by any number the value E would not
changed.
Ex : Zn 2  2e   Zn  s  E o  0.76V
Multiply by 2 2Zn 2  4e   2Zn  s  E o  0.76 V  remain same 
 Work done by a cell :
Let ‘n’ faraday charge be taken out of a cell of EMF ‘E’; then work done by the cell will be calculated as :
work = Charge × Potential = nFE
Work done by cell = Decrease in free energy
so G 0   nFE 0cell or Wmax   nFE o where E o is standard EMF of the cell.
SOLVED EXAMPLES :
1. E o of zinc electrode is –0.76V. Calculate the single electrode potential of Zn electrode in decimolar ZnSO 4
solution.
(A) -0.7305 V (B) -0.7895 V (C) -0.9302 V (D) -0.864 V
Solution :
Zn 2  2e   Zn
0.059 1 0.059
E  Eo  log  or  E  E o  log  Zn 2  
2  Zn 
2
2

0.059
E  0.76  log 0.1  0.76  0.0295  0.7895V
2
2. Calculate E ocell of (at 298 K), Zn  s  / ZnSO 4  aq  || CuSO 4  aq  / Cu  s  given that

E 0Zn/ Zn 2  0.76 V,E Cu

0
 s  /Cu 2
 0.34 V
 aq   aq 

Solution :

Use SRP. E Cu  s  /Cu 2aq   0.34 V is SOP. So SRP is +0.34 V E Zn / Zn 2aq   0.76 V is SOP so SRP is
0 0

-0.76 V
E 0cell   S.R.P cathode   S.R.P anode

 0.34   0.76   1.1 V

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BEGINNER’S BOX NCERT - 1

1. Can we store copper sulphate in a zinc pot ?
2. Define electrochemical cell. What happens if external potential applied becomes greater then E 0cell of
electrochemical cell?
3. Give two uses of salt bridge ?
4. What is single electrode potential ? Give two factors affecting it .
5. Write the Nernst equation for a metal electrode and for a non-metal electrode.
6. Describe the construction of standard hydrogen electrode and write equations if it functions as cathode and
anode.
7. Write cell reactions involved in the following galvanic cell
Pt, Cl2 | Cl  aq  || Ag   aq  | Ag
8. Why lithium is the strongest reductant in aqueous solutions ?

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BEGINNER’S BOX KCET - 1

1. If the solution of the CuSO 4 in which copper rod is immersed is diluted to 10 times, the electrode potential
(A) Increases by 0.295V (B) Decreases by 0.0295V
(C) Increases by 0.059V (D) Decreases by 0.059V
2.
2
 
If E Zn 2 / Zn  0.76 V then EMF of the cell Zn / Zn 1M  || HCl p  2 | H 21 atm  , Pt is
0 H

(A) 0.878 V (B) 0.642 V (C) - 0.878 V (D) 0.701 V

3. For spontanity of a cell, which is correct ?
(A) G  0, E  0 (B) G   Ve, E   Ve
(C) G   Ve, E  0 (D) G   Ve, E   Ve
4. At 298 K the standard reduction potentials for the following half reactions are given as

Zn 2  aq   2e   Zn  s  ; 0.76 V
Cr 3  aq   3e   Cr  s  ; 0.74 V
2H   aq   2e   H 2  s  ; 0.00 V
Fe 3  aq   e   Fe 2  aq  ; 0.77 V

The strongest reducing agent is

2
(A) Zn  s  (B) H 2 g  (C) Cr s  (D) Fe aq 

Given E Ag  / Ag  0.80 V, E Mg 2 /Mg  2.37 V, E Hg 2 /Hg  0.79 V , E oCu 2 / Cu  0.34 . Which of the
o o o
5.
following statements is / are correct
(A) AgNO3 can be stored in copper vessel (B) AgNO3 can be stored in mercury vessel

(C) CuCl 2 can be stored in silver vessel (D) HgCl2 can be stored in copper vessel
6. The standard reduction potentials E o of the following systems are

System Eo  volts 
(i) MnO 4  8H   5e   Mn 2   4H 2 O 1.51
(ii) Sn 4  2e   Sn 2  0.15
(iii) Cr2 O 72  14H   6e   2Cr 3  7H 2 O 1.33
4  3
(iv) Ce  e  Ce 1.61

The oxidising power of the various species decreases in the order

(A) Ce 4   Cr2 O 72  Sn 4  MnO 4 (B) Ce 4   MnO 4  Cr2 O 72   Sn 4

(C) Cr2 O 72  Sn 4   Ce 4  MnO 4 (D) MnO 4  Ce 4   Sn 4   Cr2 O 72

7. 2Ce 4  Co  2Ce3  Co 2 E ocell  1.89 V, E Co

o
2
/Co
 0.277 V hence, E oCe4 /Ce3 is
(A) 0.805 V (B) 1.61 V (C) -0.805 V (D) -1.61 V

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8. The standard e.m.f of a cell, involving one electron change is found to be 0.591 V at 25o C The equilibrium

 1 1
constant of the reaction is F  96.500 C mol , R  8.314 J K mol
1

(A) 1.0  101 (B) 1.0  105 (C) 1.0  1010 (D) 1.0  1030
9. Co|Co +2 (0.001M)||Co +2 (0.1M)|Co
E cell =
RT RT RT RT
(A)  ln (0.01) (B) + ln (0.1) (C)  ln (0.1) (D) + log (0.1)
F F F F
10. Reduction potential of hydrogen half cell will be negative if
+ +
(A) PH 2 =1atm , [H ] =1M (B) PH 2 = 2 atm , [H ] =1M
+ +
(C) PH 2 = 2 atm , [H ] = 2M (D) PH 2 =1atm , [H ] = 2M

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5.0 ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTANCE
Electrical conductor is defined as the substance which allows the electric current to pass through it.
Electrical conductors may be solid metals, fused metals, molten salts or aqueous solutions of acids,
bases and salts. Electrical conductors are broadly classified into two types.
a) Electronic conductors
b) Electrolytic conductors

a) Electronic conductors or metallic conductors : Important features of electronic conductors are

(i) Conductivity is due to mobility of free electrons from negative to positive end.
(ii) No transfer of matter takes place.
(iii) No chemical changes takes place.
(iv) Conductivity is high and it decreases with increase in temperature.
Eg Metals , alloys , Graphite etc
Electrical conductance depends on
a) Nature and structure of metal
b) The number of valence electtrons per atom
c) Temperature
Certain materials are super conductors ie have zero resistivity or infinte conductivity. Earlier
metals and their alloys at very low temperature ( 0 to 15K ) were known to behave as superconductors
but now it is identified that certain ceramic materials and mixed oxides are also known to show super
concuctivity at temperature as high as 150K.
b) Electrolytic conductors : Important features of electrolytric conductor is
(i) Conducts electricity due to movement of ions
(ii) Ions move towards opposite electrodes and this movement is responsible for conduction.
(iii) Chemical changes and transfer of matter takes place
(iv) Conductivity increases with increases in temperature.
5.1 Conductance of Solution
 Resistance (R) : It is the opposition to the flow of current offered by the electrolytic solution. Its units are
ohm    ( S.I base units of ohm =  kg m 2  /  S3 A 2  ) It can be measured with the help of wheatstone
bridge.
 The resistance ‘R’ offered by the electrolytic solution, taken in a conductivity cell, is directly proportional to
distance of separation '  ' between the two parallel electrodes of the cell and inversely proportional to the
area of cross-section (A) of electrode i.e,
where  = specific resistance or Resistivity..
 
R or R  .
A A
 Conductance (G) : It is the reciprocal of the electrical resistance (R)
1 A
G 
R l
Where G = Conductance , Units : Siemens(S) or mho or ohm 
 (Greek ,kappa ) = Specific conductance or Conductivity ,
Units of  : Sm 1 or S cm 1
1 S cm 1  100 S m 1
1  m  100  cm

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
  Cell constant G* . It is a constant for a given cell. Units : cm 1 or m 1
A

G*   R
A
 Conductivity k = Cell constant x Conductance
  G * G
 The conductivity of solutions of different electrolytes in the same solvent and at a given temperaturediffers
due to
i) Charge and size of the ions in which they dissociate.
ii) The concentrations of ions (or) ease with which the ions move under a potential gradient.
So to define physically more meaningful quanity, molar conductivity is introduced.
 Molar Conductivity (  m ): The conductance of a volume V of solution containing 1 mole of electrolyte
placed between two electrodes with area of cross section A and distance of unit length (or) it is defined as
the product of specific conductance (k) and the volume (V in mL)) in which contains one mole of the
electrolyte.
 m  V

  S cm1  1000  cm3 / L 

 m  S cm mol
2 1
 Molarity  mol / L 

Units of  m : ohm 1. cm 2 mol1 (in CGS system) (or) S. cm 2 . mol1 (in SI system)

1 S m 2 mol1  10 4 S cm 2 mol 1
 
Equivalent conductance  eq : (NOT IN NCERT)
 It is the conducting power of all the ions produced by dissolving 1 gram equivalent of an electrolyte.

  ohm 1cm 1   1000  cm 3 / L 

 eq  ohm cm eq
1 2 1
 N  eq.wt / L 

 Units of  eq : ohm .cm .equivalent  in CGS or S. m . equivalent  in SI system 

1 2 1 2 1

 Relation between   m  and  eq  

  m     eq   valence factor  n 
‘n’ is basicity for acids, acidity for bases, total charge of cation or anion for salts, total change in oxidation
number for oxidants and reductants.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES :
1. The specific conductance of a N/10 KCl at 25o C is 0.0112 ohm 1cm 1 . The resistance of cell containing
solution at the same temperature was found to be 55 ohms. The cell constant will be
(A) 6.16 cm 1 (B) 0.616 cm 1 (C) 0.0616 cm 1 (D) 616 cm 1
Solution : B
1l 1 l l 1
K    0.0112      0.616 cm
Ra 55  a  a
2. If 'x' is specific resistance (in S cm) of the electrolyte solution and y is the molarity of the solution, then
 m  in S cm 2 mol1  is given by :

1000x x 1000 xy
(A) (B) 1000 (C) (D)
y y xy 1000
Solution :
 1000 1 1
m     1000;
M P M
1000
m 
xy

6.0 VARIATION OF  and  m WITH CONCENTRATION

 Conductivity of a solution decreases with decrease in concentraion of both weak and strong electrolyte
because on dilution i.e. decreasing concentration number of ions per unit volume decreases.
 But equivalent and molar conductivity increase with decrease in concentration due to increase in ionic
mobility and decrease in attractive forces.
 The variation of equivalent conductance    (or) molar conductance   M  with the concentration of
the electrolyte is generally expressed graphically, as follows.

0m

Strong electrolyte

m
Weak electrolyte

C
 Strong electrolytes: For strong electrolytes  m increases slowly with dilution and can be represented by
equation  m   0m  Ac1/ 2 where A is constant.
 The value of A for a given solvent and temperature depends on the type of electrolyte i.e the charges on
the cation and anion produced on dissociation of electrolyte in solution. So NaCl, CaCl2 , MgSO 4 are
known as 1-1 ,2-1 and 2-2 electrolyte respectively.
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 All electrolytes of same type will have the same value for A’. Ex: MgSO 4 , CaSO 4 .

  m vs C plot of strong electrolyte being linear it can be extrapolated to zero concentration. The point where
the straight line intersects  m axis is  0m of the strong electrolyte known as limiting molar conductivity of
electrolyte.
 But the plot in the case of weak electrolyte being non linear, shooting up suddenly at some low concentration
and assuming the shape of a straight line parallel to axis. Hence extrapolation in this case is not possible.
Thus,  om of a weak electrolyte cannot be determined experimentally. It can, however, be done with the help
of Kohlrausch's law
SOLVED EXAMPLES :
1. Which of the following solutions of NaCl will have the highest specific conductivity ?
(A) 0.001 N (B) 0.1 N (C) 0.01 N (D) 1.0 N
Solution : D
As concentration increases number of ions per ml increases .So 1 N has highest specific conductivity

2. The variation of  m of acetic acid with concentration is correctly represented by

m m m m
(A) (B) (C) (D)

c c c c
Solution : C
In case of weak electrolyte the graph will be non linear and will be parallel to y axis at high concentration.
7.0 KOHLRAUSCH LAW
Kohlrausch's Law of Independent Migration of Ions
 It states that limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is the sum of induvidual contributions of the anion
and cation of the electrolyte.

 For NaCl,  m NaCl    Na    Cl

0 0 0

 0Na  ,  0Cl are limiting molar conductivity of the sodium and chloride ions respectively..

 In general , if an electrolyte on dissociation gives   cations and   anions , then its limiting molar conductivity
is given by
 0m     0     0
 0 ,  0 are limiting molar conductivities of cation and anion respectively..
Application of Kohlrausch's Law
 Determination of  0m of a weak electrolyte :

In order to calculate  0m of a weak electrolyte say CH 3COOH , we determine experimentally  0m values of

the following three strong electrolytes:
(i) A strong electrolyte containing same cation as in the test electrolyte, say HCl
(ii) A strong electrolyte containing same anion as in the test electrolyte, say CH 3COONa

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(iii) A strong electrolyte containing same anion of (a) and cation of (b) i.e. NaCl.
 0m of CH 3COOH is given as:

0m  CH3COOH   0m  HCl   m0  CH3COONa    0m  NaCl 

Proof :
0m  HCl    0H  Cl ....  i 

 0m  CH 3COONa    0CH COO   Na  ....  ii 

3

 0m  NaCl    0Na    Cl
0
 ....  iii 
Adding equation (i) and equation (ii) and subtracting (iii) from them:
 0m  HCl    0CH3COONa    0NaCl    0H    0CH COO0   0 CH3COOH 
   3 
 Determination of degree of dissociation    :

No. of molecules ionised 

  0m
total number of molecules dissolved  m

1000 
  0m  ,
C
SOLVED EXAMPLES :
1. According to Kohlrausch law, the limiting value of molar conductance of an electrolyte A 2 B is

1 o
(C)  A  
o
(A)  oA   oB (B)  oA   oB (D) 2 oA   oB
2  B
Solution : D
A 2 B  2A   B2  0m  2 0A  B2
2. Using Kohlrausch law, calculate  0 for acetic acid, if  0 values for hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and

sodium acetate are respectively 426,126 and 91 S cm 2 mol 1 .

(A) 643 S cm 2 mol1 (B) 391 S cm 2 mol 1 (C) 692 S cm 2 mol1 (D) 478 S cm 2 mol1
Solution : B
 0 of acetic acid   0 of HCl   0 of CH 3COONa   0 of NaCl
 426  91  126  391

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BEGINNER’S BOX NCERT - 2

1. State and explain the Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions.
2. In which conductivity cell, conductance and specific conductances are equal
3. Define the terms resistance, resistivity, conductance and specific conductance. Write their units.
4. Write two applications of Kohlrausch law
5. How does molar conductivity vary with concentration .Give reason
6. How does conductivity vary with concentration in case of strong and weak electrolytes
7. What is cell constant . Give its units.
8. Define molar conductivity and give its units.

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BEGINNER’S BOX KCET - 2

1. The molar conductivity of weak monobasic acid (HA) at infinite dilution is . The p H of K 2SO 4(aq) 0.02M

weak monobasic acid (HA) whose molar conductivity is 25 x10 -2 Ω -1cm -2 mol -1 is
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
2. For an NaCl (aq.) solution, which of the following quantities go to zero as NaCl concentration goes to zero?
(A)  m (B)  
(C)  m Na

 (D)  m Cl  


3. Conductance (with unit Siemens S) is directly proportional to area of the electrode plates and the
concentration of the solution in the cell and is inversely proportional to the separation between the electrode
plates. Then the unit of the constant of proportionality is
(A) S m mol 1 (B) S m 2 mol1 (C) S2 m 2 mol (D) S2 m 2 mol 1
4. The value of molar conductance of HCl is greater than that of NaCl at a given temperature and concentration
because
(A) ionic mobility of ions in HCl is greater than that of NaCl
(B) the dipole moment of NaCl is greater than that of HCl
(C) NaCl is more ionic than HCl
(D) HCl is Bronsted acid and NaCl is a salt of a strong acid and strong base
5. A conductivity cell was filled with a 0.02M KCl solution which has a specific conductance of
2.768  103 ohm 1 cm 1 . If its resistance is 82.4 ohm at 25o C , the cell constant is
(A) 0.2182 cm 1 (B) 0.2281 cm 1 (C) 0.2821 cm 1 (D) 0.2381 cm 1
6. The unit of specific conductivity is
(A) ohms cm 1 (B) ohm 1 cm 1 (C) ohm 1 cm (D) ohm 1 cm 2
7. For which case '  ' values v/s c shows a straight line
(A) CH 3COOH (B) HCOOH (C) CH 3 NH 2 (D) KCl

8. The molar conductivities  0NaOAc and  0HCl at infinite dilution in water at 25o C and

91.0 and 426.2 S cm 2 / mol respectively. To caculate  0HOAc the additional value required is
(B)  H2O
0
(A)  0NaCl (C)  0KCl (D)  0NaOH
9. The conductivity of 0.001 M acetic acid is 5  10 5 S cm 1 and  0 is 390.5 S cm 2 mol 1 then the
calculated value of dissociation constant of acetic acid would be
(A) 81.78  10 4 (B) 81.78  10 5 (C) 18.78  10 6 (D) 18.78  10 5
10. Molar conductivity of a solution is 1.26  10 2  1 cm 2 mol 1 . Its molarity is 0.01M. Its specific
conductivity will be
(A) 1.26  10 5 (B) 1.26  10 3 (C) 1.26  10 4 (D) 0.0063

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8.0 ELECTROLYSIS
 The decomposition of an electrolyte in the molten state or solution state into its constituent elements under
the influence of an applied electromotive force is called electrolysis.
 Electrolysis is an example of redox reaction
 Electrolyte : A substance which can conduct electricity in molten state or aqueous state is called electrolyte.
Ex: Solutions of acids, alkalies and salts
 Process : Electrolysis is performed in a device called electrolytic cell. Electrons enter into the cell at cathode
and hence it is negatively charged. Electrons flow in the external circuit from anode to cathode.
 Positively charged ions migrate towards the negative electrode and negatively charged ions migrate towards
the positive electrode.During electrolysis, the cations move towards the negative electrode (cathode) and the
anions move towards the positive electrode (anode). They get discharged and get deposited.or liberated.
 Example : Let BA be an electrolyte, containing B and A  ions. During electrolysis, B ions move towards
cathode whereas A  ions move towards anode.


 
At cathode : B  e  B (reduction).
At cathode, gain of electrons or electronation or reduction takes place.

 
At anode : A  A  e (oxidation)
At anode, loss of electrons or deelectronation or oxidation takes place.
 Among two cations , the cation with higher reduction potential is discharged first while among anions the
anion with lower reduction potential is discharged first.
 Ions like NO 3 , PO 43 and SO 4 2 donot get discharged generally..
Examples:
a) Electrolysis of Molten NaCl:
Ionisation: 2NaCl  2Na   2Cl
At cathode (reduction) : 2Na   2e   2Na
At anode (oxidation) : 2Cl  Cl 2  2e 
b) Elelctrolysis of Aqueous NaCl :
Cathode : Na   e   Na E 0  2V
2e   2H 2 O  l   H 2  g   2OH  E 0  0.83V
As srp is higher for H 2 O , it is discharged first. So H 2 gas obtained at cathode.
But Na  and OH  ions remain in the solution. So the pH increases during electrolysis.
Anode : 2Cl  Cl 2  2e  E 0OX  1.30V

2H 2 O  l   O2  4H   4e  E 0OX  1.23V
According to thermodynamics, oxidation of H 2 O to produce O 2 should take place on anode but
experimentally (experiment from chemical kinetics) the rate of oxidation of water is found to be very slow.
To increase it's rate, the greater potential difference is applied called over voltage or over potential but
because of this oxidation of Cl ions also become feasible and this takes place on anode.
Rate of production of Cl2 is more than rate of production of O 2 gas.
However, on prolonged electrolysis, when most of the chloride ions are oxidised, water is oxidised finally to
liberate oxygen gas at anode.
Therefore metals like Na ,Mg are produced by electrolysis of fused chlorides and not by aqueous solutions.

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c) Electrolysis of dil. H 2SO 4

Cathode : 2e  2H 2O  l   H 2  g   2OH  E 0  0.83V

Anode: 2H 2 O  l   O2  4H   4e  E 0  1.23V
SO 4 2  S2 O82  2e  E 0  1.96 V
Oxidation of water is prefered over sulphate ion as SRP of water is lower than that of sulphate.
Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis
Faraday’s laws
 First law :
The amount of substance deposited or liberated or dissolved at an electrode during electrolysis is directly
proportional to the quantity of electricity passing through the electrolyte.
The first law is mathematically expressed as,
W = weight liberated, Q = charge in coulomb
w = ZQ
Z = electrochemical equivalent
When Q = 1 coulomb, then w = Z
Thus, weight deposited by 1 coulomb charge is called electrochemical equivalent.
Let 1 ampere current is passed till ‘t’ seconds .
Then, Q = It  w = ZIt
I = Current strength in amperes
One Faraday = Charge of one mole of electrons
 Charge of 6.023 1023 electrons
 6.023  1023 1.602 1019 coulomb
 96488 coulomb.
 One Faraday is usually taken as 96500 coulomb.
 One Faraday is the charge required to liberate or deposit one gm equivalent of a substance at corre
sponding electrode.
 Let ‘E’ is equivalent weight then ‘E’ will be liberated by 96500 coulomb.
E E
 1 Coulomb will liberate ; By definition, Z 
96500 96500
ItE
 W
96500
Second law:
 When same amount of electricity is passed through different electrolyte solutions connected in series
then weight of substances deposited or dissolved at anode or cathode are in ratio of their equivalent
weights. i.e. w1 / w 2  E1 / E 2
w A EA w w
 or A  B
wB EB EA EB

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SOLVED EXAMPLES :
1. During the electrolysis of fused NaCl, the reaction that occurs at the anode is :
(A) Chloride ions are oxidized (B) Chloride ions are reduced
(C) Sodium ions are oxidized (D) Sodium ions are reduced
Solution : A
1
Oxidation occurs at anode Cl   Cl2  e 
2
2. During the electrolysis of fused potassium chloride at platinum electrodes, 0.25 gram atom of metal is obtained.
What would be the volume of chlorine that can be collected in the experiment at STP ?
(A) 2.8 lit (B) 5.6 lit (C) 11.2 lit (D) 22.4 lit
Solution : A
Cell reaction 2KCl  2K   2Cl 
At cathode : 2K   e   2K
At anode : 2Cl  2e   Cl2 .
So for every two mole of K we get one mole of chlorine liberated. So if 0.25 gram atomof K is obtained we
get 0.125 gram atom of chlorine .
So volume of chlorine liberated is 2.8 lit
9.0 BATTERIES
 Batteries can be classified as primary and secondary.
 Primary Batteries:
In the primary batteries , the reaction occurs only once and after use over a period of time battery becomes
dead and cannot be reused again.Ex: Dry cell
 Dry cell :Also called Leclanche cell used commonly in our transistors and clocks.
This cell consists of a zinc container that also acts as anode and the cathode is a carbon (graphite) rod
surrounded by powdered manganese dioxide and carbon. The space between the electrodes is filled by a
moist paste of ammonium chloride  NH 4 Cl  and zinc chloride  ZnCl2  .
 Cell reactions
Anode Zn  s   Zn 2 2e

Cathode MnO 2  NH 4  e  MnO  OH   NH 4

In the reaction at cathode, manganese is reduced from the +4 oxidation state to the +3 state, Ammonia
2
produced in the reaction forms a complex with  Zn  NH3 4  . The cell has a potential of nearly 1.5V..
Mercury cell:
 Mercury cell is suitable for low current devices like hearing aids, watches, etc.,
It consists of zinc-mercury amalgam as anode and a paste of HgO and carbon as the cathode.
The electrolyte is a paste of KOH and ZnO.
 Cell reactions:
Anode Zn  Hg   2OH   ZnO  s   H 2 O  2e

Cathode HgO  H 2 O  2e  Hg  l   2OH 

The overall reaction is represented by
Zn  Hg   HgO  s   ZnO  s   Hg  l 
The cell potential is approximately 1.35 V and remains constant during its life time.
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Secondary Batteries :
 A secondary cell after use can be recharged by passing current through it in the opposite direction so that it
can be used again.
 A good secondary cell can undergo a large number of discharging and charging cycles. The most important
secondary cell is the lead storage battery commonly used in automobiles and invertors.It consists of a lead
anode and a grid of lead packed with lead dioxide  PbO2  as cathode.A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is
used as an electrolyte.
 Cell reactions :
Anode : Pb 2s   SO 42aq   PbSO 4 s   2e 

Cathode : PbO 2s   SO 42aq   4Haq   2e   PbSO4 s   2H 2 O l 

i.e., overall cell reaction consisting of cathode and anode reactions is
Pb s  PbO2s   2H2SO4  2PbSO4s   2H2 O   

 On charging the battery the reaction is reversed and PbSO4  s  on anode and cathode is converted into Pb

and PbO 2 respectively..

Anode Cathode

Negative plates:
lead grids filled
with spongy
lead.

38% sulphuric Positive plates:

acid solution lead grids filled
with PbO2

b) Nickel-Cadmium cell : The overall reaction during discharge is :

Cd  s   2Ni  OH 3  CdO  s   2Ni  OH 2  s   H 2 O  l 
Fuel Cells :
 Galvanic cells that are designed to convert the energy of combusion of fuels like hydrogen, methane,
methanol, etc., directly into electrical energy are called fuel cells.
Ex: Hydrogen - oxygen fuel cell
H 2  O 2 fuel cell
 The cell was used for providing electrical power in the Apollo space programme. The water vapour produced
during the reaction were condensed and added to the drinking water supply for the astronauts. In the cell,
hydrogen and oxygen are bubbled through porous carbon electrodes into concentrated aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution. Catalysts like finely platinum or palladium metal are incorporated into the electrodes for
increasing the rate of electrode reaction.

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 Cell reactions :
Cathode : O2  g   2H 2O  l   4e   4OH   aq 

Anode : 2H 2  g   4OH   aq   4H 2 O  l   4e

Over all cell reaction : 2H 2 g   O 2 g   2H 2 O l .

 The heat of combustion is directly converted into electrical energy. The efficiency of energy conversion is
generally more than 70%. while efficiency of thermal plants is only 40%.
SOLVED EXAMPLES :
1. When lead stroage battery is charged :
(A) lead dioxide dissolves
(B) sulphuric acid is regenerated
(C) the lead electrode becomes coated with lead sulphate
(D) the amount of sulphuric acid decrease
Solution : B
During the charging of a lead storage battery, the reaction at the anode and cathode are
Anode : PbSO 4  2e   Pb  SO 24 
Cathode : PbSO 4  2H 2 O  PbO 2  4H   SO 24  e 
In both the reactions H 2SO 4 is regenerated.

2. With respect of fuel cell prepared from H 2 and O 2 gases, the false statement is
(A) It is free from pollution
(B) This is more efficient than conventional method of generating electricity
 
(C) The reaction occuring at anode is O 2 g   2H 2 O  4e  4OH
(D) Effeciency is nearly 70%
Solution : C
Reaction at anode is 2H 2  g   4OH  aq   4H 2 O  l   4e
 

10.0 CORROSION
 The natural tendency of conversion of a metal into its mineral compound form, on interaction with the envi-
ronment (Polluted air, water, etc) is known as corrosion.
Ex : Iron converts itself into its oxide - Fe 2 O3 - haematite - Rusting of Iron

 Silver converts itself into its sulphide Ag 2S - horn silver - Tarnishing of silver
 Development of green coating on copper and bronze
Corrosion of iron in atmosphere :
 In corrosion, a metal is oxidised by loss of eletrons to oxygen and formation of oxides. Corrosion of iron
(commonly known as rusting) occurs in presence of water and air. At a particularspot of an object made of
iron, oxidation takes place and that spot behaves as anode and we can write the reaction.
Anode: 2Fe  s   2Fe  4e
2 
E 0Fe2 / Fe  0.44 V
 
 Electrons released at anodic spot move through the metal and go to another spot on the metal and reduce
oxygen in presence of H  , which is believed to be available from H 2 CO3 formed due to dissolution of
carbondioxide from air into water. Hydrogen ion in water may also be available due to dissolution of other
acidic oxides from the

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In corrosion, a metal is oxidised by loss of eletrons to oxygen and formation of oxides.
Cathode : O 2 g   4H aq   4e   2H 2 O  l  E 0H /O  1.23 V
2 /H 2 O

 2
The overall reaction being : 2Fe s   O 2s   4H  aq   2Fe aq   2H 2 O l  ; E  cell   1.67 V
0

The ferrous ions are further oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to ferric ions which come out as rust in the form
of hydrated ferric oxide  Fe2 O3 .xH 2 O  .
Prevention of Corrosion: The main principle underlying the methods of prevention of corrosion is to sepa-
rate the metal (or) isolate the metal from the environment which is achieved by different ways. They are
a) Painting
b) Alloying (galvanisation)
c) To prevent as far as possible the contact of the metal surface with atmosphere.
d) Covering by some chemicals like bisphenol.
e) Cover the surface by other metals (Sn, Zn etc) that are inert (or) react to save the object.
f) An electrochemical method is to provide a sacrificial electrode of another metal (like Mg, Zn, etc) which
corrodes itself but saves the object.

SOLVED EXAMPLES :
1. The Zn acts as sacrificial or cathodic protection to prevent rusting of iron because :
(A) E oOP of Zn < E oOP of Fe (B) E oOP of Zn > E oOP of Fe

(C) E oOP of Zn = E oOP of Fe (D) Zn is cheaper than iron

Solution : B
E oOP of Zn > E oOP of Fe
2. The composition of rust is
(A) Fe2 O3 .xH 2 O (B) Fe2 O3 .2H 2 O (C) Fe2 O3 .6H 2 O (D) Fe 2 O3
Solution : A
Rust is hydrated ferric oxide  Fe2 O3 .xH 2 O 

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BEGINNER’S BOX NCERT - 3

1. State and explain Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.
2. Explain the phenomenon of electrolysis
3. Discuss the process of rusting of iron.
4. What is corrosion ? Give examples?
5. Write two preventive methods for avoiding corrosion

BEGINNER’S BOX KCET - 3

1. A solution of copper sulphate is electrolysed using a current strength of 3 amp to deposit 60 grams of copper.
What is the time taken for the electrolysis ? [Atomic wt of w = 63.5]
(A) 16.9 hr (B) 12.4 hr (C) 1746 min (D) 2893 min
2. Molten CuCl 2 is electrolysed using platinum electrode. The reaction occuring at anode is
   
(A) 2Cl  Cl 2 g   2e (B) Cl2 g   2e  2Cl
2  2 
(C) Cu  2e  Cu S (D) Cu S  Cu  2e
3. One Faraday of electricity will liberate 1 gram atom of the metal from the solution of
(A) CuCl 2 (B) CuSO 4 (C) AgNO3 (D) AuCl3

4. Aqueous solution of AgNO3 is electrolysed using inert electrodes. At the end of electrolysis
(A) pH of the solution increases (B) pH of the solution decreases
(C) pH of the solution decreases (D) pH of the solution becomes 14
5. How many coulombs of electricity are requiredfor the reduction of 1 mol of MnO 4 and Mn 2
(A) 96500 C (B) 1.93  105 C (C) 4.83  105 C (D) 9.65  106 C
6. Two electrolytic cells, one containing acidified ferrous sulphate and another acidified ferric chloride, are in
series. The ratio of masses of Iron deposited at the cathode in the two cells will be
(A) 3 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 1 (D) 3 : 2
7. The number of Faradays of electricity required to decompose 100 ml water (density = 0.99 gm/ml) is ---
(A) 2 (B) 11 (C) 100 (D) 5.5
8. In a H 2  O 2 fuel cell, 6.72 L of hydrogen at NTP reacts in 15 minutes, the average current produced in
amperes is
(A) 64.3 amp (B) 643.3 amp (C) 6.43 amp (D) 0.643 amp
9. The aqueous solution of the following substances were electrolysed using inert electrodes . In which case the
p H of the solution does not change
(A) Dil NaCl (aq) (B) AgNO 3(aq) (C) CuSO 4(aq) (D) K 2SO 4(aq)
10. Galvanization includes painting iron with
(A) zinc (B) tin (C) copper (D) aluminium

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 ® Electro Chemistry

ANSWERS
BEGINNERS BOX KCET-1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B B B A C B B C C B

BEGINNERS BOX KCET-2

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C B B A B B D A C B

BEGINNERS BOX KCET-3

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A A C B C D B A A A

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CONCEPTS AT GLANCE
Galvanic cell
Zn  s  | Zn 2  aq  || Cu 2  aq  | Cu  s 
Anode Cathode

E ocell  E OP
o
 E oRP
E cell  E OP  E RP
Nernst's equation
0.0591
E cell  E ocell  log Q
n

0.0591  Zn 2 
E cell  E cell
o
 log  2 
n  Cu 
Different Type of Electrode
NAME OF ANODE CATHODE
ELECTRODE
1. Hydrogen electrode Pt, H 2  g  | H   aq  H   aq  | H 2  g  , Pt
 H  
2
0.0591 PH2
0.0591 E RP  E oRP  log
E OP  E o
OP  log 2  H  
2
2 PH 2
2. Metal-metal ion M  s  | M  n  aq  M  n  aq  | M  s 
electrode
0.0591 0.0591 1
E OP  E oOP  log  M  n  E RP  E oRP  log
n n  M  n 
3. Redox electrode Pt | Fe2  aq  , Fe3  aq  Fe3  aq  , Fe2  aq  | Fe  s 
0.0591  Fe 3 
E OP  E o
OP  log
1  Fe 2 
Cell Thermodynamics
 i  G  nF E cell
 ii  G o  nF Ecell
o

n  E ocell
 iii  Equilibrium constant : K log K 
0.0591
Conductance

 1 1
(1) R  . (2) G  (3) K 
A R 

 1000K
(5) G  (6)  M 
*
(4) k  G * G
A M

(7)  M   NaCl    Na    Cl

o o o

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 ® Electro Chemistry


(8)  M  CH3COOH    M  HCl    M  CH3COONa    M  NaCl 

o o o o

M
(9)  
 0M
(10) 1 S m 2 mol 1  10 4 S cm 2 mol 1
Electrolytic Cell

ELECTROLYTE ANODE Product CATHODE

Product
1. NaCl (Molten) with Pt electrode Cl2  g  Na   
2. NaCl (aq) with Pt electrode Cl2  g  H2 g 
3. Na 2SO 4 (aq) with Pt electrode O2  g  H2 g 
4. NaNO3 (aq) with Pt electrode O2  g  H2  g 
5. AgNO3 (aq) with Pt electrode O2  g  Ag

6. CuSO4 (aq) with Inert electrode O2  g  Cu

7. CuSO4 (aq) with Copper electrode Cu dissolve Cu

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EXERCISE–1 NCERT EXERCISE

NERNST Equation and Applications

1. Calculate the oxidation potential of a hydrogen electrode at pH = 1 (T = 298 K).
2. Zinc rod is dipped in 0.01 M solution of zinc sulphate at temperature of 298K. What is electrode potential of
Zinc is If E Zn 2 / Zn  0.76 V
o

Calculate the electrode potential of the single electrode Cu  aq   0.01M  / Cu

2
3.

E 0Cu 2  0.337 V
 aq  /Cu

4. Calculate the standard emf of the cell formed from Ag and Ni electrodes
E 0Ag  |Ag  0.799 V; E 0Ni 2 |Ni  0.250 V
3  2
5. Standard Gibbs energy for the cell reaction , 2Fe aq   2I aq   2Fe aq   I 2 if

E 0cell  0.236 V at 298 K. 1F  96500 C mol1 will be

6. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction nearly.

Fe2   Ce 4  Fe3  Ce3 ,  Given E Ce4 /Ce3 : 1.61 V; E Fe3 / Fe2  0.77 V 
0 0

Conductance of Solutions
7. The resistance of 0.5 M solution of an electrolyte in a cell was found to be 50 ohm. If the electrodes in the cell


2
are 2.2 cm apart and have an area of 4.4 cm 2 then, calculate the molar conductivity in S m mol
1
of 
the solution.
8. The molar conductivity of 0.1 M CH 3COOH solution is 4.6 S cm 2 mole1 . What is the specific conductivity
and resistivity of the solution ?
9. Resistivity of 0.1M KCl solution is 213 ohm cm in a conductivity cell. Calculate the cell constant if its
resistance is 330 ohm.
10.  c of acetic acid at 25o C is 16.3 ohm 1cm 2 eq 1 . The ionic conductances of H  and CH 3COO  are
349.83 and 40.89 ohm 1 . What is  of CH 3COOH ?
11. Calculate the no. of electrons lost or gained during electrolysis of
(a) 3.55 gm of Cl  ions (b) 1 gm Cu 2  ions
12. Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol L1KCl solution is 100 .If the resistance of the same
cell filled with 0.02 mol L1KCl solution is 520 . Molar conductivity of 0.02 mol L1KCl solution is (If
conductivity of 0.1 mol L1KCl solution is 1.29 S m 1
Faradays Laws
13. If 0.224 litre of H 2 gas is formed at the cathode, how much O 2 gas is formed at the anode under identical
conditions?

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14. Chromium metal can be plated out from an acidic solution containing CrO3 according to following equation:

CrO3  aq   6H   aq   6e   Cr  s   3H 2O (At. wt of Cr = 52)

Calculate :
(i) How many grams of chromium will be plated out by 24000 coulombs and
(ii) How long will it take to plate out 1.5 gm of chromium by using 12.5 ampere current
15. A solution of Ni  NO3  2 is electrolysed between platinum electrodes using a current of 5 ampere for 20
minute. What mass of Ni is deposited at the cathode? [Ni = 58.71]
16. What is the ratio of weights of Ag and Al deposited at the respective cathodes when the same current is
passed for same period through fused AgNO3 and Al 2  SO4 3 solution?
(At wt of Ag = 108)

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EXERCISE– 2 KCET EXERCISE

Galvanic Cell
1. Which one of the following is true?
(A) Anode is negative terminal in a galvanic cell (B) Anode is negative terminal in an electrolytic cell
(C) Reduction occurs at anode in either of cells (D) Oxidation occurs at cathode in either of cells
2. Which of the following is not true for a galvanic cell when written in an abbreviated form ?
(A) Right hand electrode is a positive terminal
(B) Right hand electrode acts as cathode
(C) Electrons are given out in the external circuit from the anode
(D) Electrons are given out in the external circuit from the cathode.
3. In a galvanic cell, the positive ions of salt bridge migrate towards
(A) +ve electrode (B) –ve electrode
(C) Neither anode or cathode (D) both 1 and 2
Electrode Potential
4. Usually electrode potential depends on
(A) Electrode material (B) Concentration of ions
(C) Temperature (D) All the above
5. SRP of Zn 2  / Zn is  0.76V . Its standard oxidation potential will be
(A) –0.34 V (B) 0.76 V (C) – 0.76 V (D) + 0.34 V
6. The following statements are about electro chemical series
i) The metals occupying top positions in the series do not liberate hydrogen with dilute acids
ii) The substances which are stronger reducing agents and stronger oxidising agents are placed below &
top respectively
iii) Ametal higher in the series will displace the metal ion from its solution which is lower in the series
The correct statements are
(A) i (B) iii (C) all (D) ii & iii only
7. If a spoon of copper metal is placed in a solution of ferrous sulphate -
(A) Cu will precipitate out (B) Iron will precipitate
(C) Cu and Fe will precipitate (D) No reaction will take place
8. The standard reduction potential at 25o C of Li  / Li, Ba 2  / Ba, Na  / Na and Mg 2 / Mg are – 3.05,
–2.73, –2.71 and – 2.37 volt respectively. Which one of the following is the strongest oxidising agent ?
(A) Na  (B) Li  (C) Ba 2 (D) Mg 2 
9. Electrode potential data are given below.

Fe3  aq   e   Fe 2   aq  ; E o  0.77
Al3  aq   3e   Al  s  ; E o  1.66 V
Br2  aq   2e   2Br   aq  ; E o  1.08 V

Based one the data given above, reducing power of Fe 2  , Al and Br  will increase in the order :
(A) Br   Fe 2   Al (B) Fe 2   Al  Br  (C) Al  Br   Fe 2  (D) Al  Fe 2   Br 
10. Which of the following is true? Electrode potentials of Fe, Ni, Cu and Ag are – 0.44 V, – 0.25 V, +0.34 V and
+0.8 V respectively
(A) Cu 2 is oxidised by Ag  (B) Ni 2 is reduced by Fe
(C) Fe reduces Ni (D) Cu oxidises Ni
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11. The half cell reaction, with its standard reduction potentials are
I)Pb 2  2e   Pb  E 0  0.13 V 

II)Ag   e  Ag  E 0  0.80 V 
Which of the following reactions will occur ?
(A) Pb 2  2Ag  2Ag   Pb (B) Pb2  H2  2H   Pb

(C) 2H   2Ag  Ag   H 2 (D) 2Ag   Pb  Pb 2   2Ag

12. Which of the following displacement does not occur :
(A) Zn  2H   Zn 2   H 2 (B) Fe  2Ag   Fe 2   Ag
(C) Cu  Fe 2  Cu 2   Fe (D) Zn  Pb 2  Zn 2  Pb
13. For I 2  2e  2I  standard reduction potential = + 0.54 volt. For 2Br   Br2  2e  , standard oxidation
potential = –1.09 volt. For Fe  Fe 2   2e  , standard oxidation potential = +0.44 volt. Which of the follow-
ing reactions is non-spontaneous
(A) Br2  2I   2Br   I 2 (B) Fe  Br2  Fe 2   2Br 

(C) Fe  I 2  Fe 2   2I  (D) I 2  2Br   2I   Br2

Nernst Equation and Applications
14. For a reaction, Mn 1  ne  M1 , the Nernst equation has a form of :

RT  M   RT  M  
(A) E  E  nF n (B) E  E  nF n
o o

 M n 1   M n 1 

RT  M   RT  M  
(C) E  E  nF log (D) E  E  nF log
o o

 M n 1   M n 1 

15. By how much will the potential of half cell Cu 2 / Cu change if the solution is diluted to 100 times at 298 K
(A) Increases by 59 mV (B) Decreases by 59 mV
(C) Increases by 29.5 mV (D) Decreases by 29.5 mV
16. E1/o 2Cl |Cl  1.36 V . The single electrode potential of Pt, Cl 2 1atm  | Cl  0.1M  is
2

(A) - 1.36 V (B) + 1.36 V (C) + 1.42 V (D) - 1.42 V

17. The reduction potential of hydrogen electrode at p  10 is
H

(A) –0.0509 V (B) – 0.59 V (C) + 0.509 V (D) + 5.9 V

  2 
18. Cu  e  Cu, E  x1 volt; Cu
o
 2e  Cu, E  x 2 volt , then for
o

Cu 2  e   Cu  , E o   volt  will be -
(A) x1  2x 2 (B) x1  2x 2 (C) x1  x 2 (D) 2x 2  x1
19. EMF of a cell in terms of reduction potential of its left and right electrodes is
(A) E  E left  E right (B) E  E left  E right (C) E  E right  E left 
(D) E   E right  E left 

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KCET-Chemistry 
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20. The oxidation potential of Zn, Cu, Ag, H 2 and Ni are 0.76, – 0.34, – 0.80, 0, 0.55 volt respectively. Which of
the following reaction will provide maximum voltage ?
(A) Zn  Cu 2   Cu  Zn 2 (B) Zn  2Ag   2Ag  Zn 2 

(C) H 2  Cu 2   2H   Cu (D) H 2  Ni 2  2H   Ni

E o for the half cell Zn 2 / Zn is  0.76 V emf of the cell Zn | Zn 1M  || H 1 M  H 2 at 1 atm is
2 
21.
(A) -0.76 V (B) + 0.76 V (C) - 0.38 V (D) + 0.38 V
2 2
22. Find the emf of the Given, E Pb o
/ Pb  0.12 V; E  Zn
o
/ Zn  0.76 V .
cell Zn / Zn  0.1M  || Pb 1M  | Pb .
2 2

(A) - 0.64 V (B) + 0.64 V (C) > 0.64 V (D) + 0.52 V

23. For the redox reaction :
Zn  s   Cu 2  0.1M   Zn 2 1M   Cu  s  taking place in a cell, E ocell is 1.10 volt, E cell for the cell will

 2.303RT 
be :   0.0591
 F 
(A) 2.14 V (B) 1.80 V (C) 1.07 V (D) 0.82 V
24. Consider the following E values :
o

E 0Fe3 / Fe2  0.77 V ; 0

ESn 2
/Sn
 0.14 V
Under standard conditions the potential for the reaction is
Sn  s   2Fe3  aq   2Fe2  aq   Sn 2  aq 
(A) 1.68 V (B) 1.40 V (C) 0.91 V (D) 0.63 V
25. E ocell is 1.89 V. For the cell reaction 2Ce 4   Co  2Ce 3  Co 2  . If E Co 2 / Co is - 0.28 V.
0
What is the value of E Ce4 /Ce3 ?
(A) - 1.61 v (B) + 1.61 v (C) - 1.89 v (D) 2.17 v
26. The relationship between free energy and electrode potential is
nFE H
(A) G  nFE (B) G  nFE (C) G  (D) G 
R nFE
4 2
27. For the reaction Al  O 2  Al 2O3 ; G  827kJ / mol of O2 the minimum emf required to carry out
3 3
an electrolysis of Al 2 O3 is -
(Given : 1 F = 96500 C)
(A) 2.14 V (B) 4.28 V (C) 6.42 V (D) 8.56 V
28. The correct relationship between free energy change in a reaction and the corresponding equilibrium con-
stant K C is
(A) G o  RT ln K (B) G o   RT ln K (C) G  RT ln K (D) G  RT ln K
29. The equilibrium constant K c will be equal to Q when -
(A) E  E o (B) RT / nF  1 (C) E  0 (D) E o  1

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30. Which of the following statements about the spontaneous reactions occuring in a galvanic cell is always true?
(A) E cell  0, G  0, and Q  K eq (B) E cell  0, G  0, and Q  K eq
o o o o

(C) E cell  0, G  0, and Q  K eq (D) Ecell  0, G  0, and Q  Keq

o o

31. The value of the reaction quotient, Q, for the cell

Zn  s  | Zn 2  0.01M  || Ag  1.25M  | Ag  s  is
(A) 156 (B) 125 (C) 1.25  10 2 (D) 6.40  10 3
32. For a reaction A  s   2Baq   A 2aq   2B  s  K C has been found to be 1012 . The E° cell is :
(A) 0.354 V (B) 0.708 V (C) 0.0098 V (D) 1.36 V
33. The standard e.m.f. of a galvanic cell involving cell reaction with n = 2 is found to be 0.295 V at 250 C . The
equilibrium constant of the reaction would be
(A) 1.0  1010 (B) 2.0  1011 (C) 4.0  1012 (D) 1.0  10 2

 F  96500 C mol 1
; R  8.314 J K 1mol1 
Conductance of Electrolytic Solution
34. The units of conductivity are
(A) ohm 1 (B) ohm 1cm 1 (C) ohm 2 cm 2 equiv 1 (D) ohm 1cm 2
35. Which has maxmium conductivity :
(A)  Cr  NH 3 3 Cl3  (B)  Cr  NH 3  4 Cl 2  Cl

(C)  Cr  NH 3 5 Cl  Cl 2 (D)  Cr  NH 3 6  Cl3

36. The resistance of 0.01N solution of an electrolyte AB at 328K is 100 ohm. The specific conductance of


solution is ___________ cell constant  1 cm
1

(A) 100 ohm (B) 10 2 ohm 1 (C) 10 2 ohm 1.cm 1 (D) 10 2 ohm.cm
37. Assertion :– Conductance of 0.1 M NH 4 OH solution is less than that of 0.001M NH 4 OH solution.
Reason :– Dilution increases the degree of ionisation of NH 4 OH
(A) If both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is a not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
(D) If both Assertion & Reason are False.
38. The specific conductance of a solution is 0.3568 ohm 1 . When placed in a cell the conductance is
0.0268 ohm 1 . The cell constant is-
(A) 1.331 cm 1 (B) 13.31 cm 1 (C) 0.665 cm 1 (D) 6.65 cm 1
Molar Conductivity, Variation of  and m
3
39. The specific conductivity of a solution containing 1.0 g of anhydrous BaCl 2 in 200 cm of the solution has
been found to be 0.0058 S cm 1 . The molar conductivity of the solution. Molecular wt. of
BaCl 2  208.
2 1 2 1
(A) 90.6 S cm mol (B) 129.78 S cm mol
2 1 2 1
(C) 241.67 S cm mol (D) 429.90 S cm mol

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40. Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with a solution of an electrolyte of concentration 0.1 M is 100 ohm.
The conductivity of this solution is 1.29 S m 1 . Resistance of the same cell when filled with 0.2 M of the
same solution is 520 ohm. The molar conductivity of 0.2 M solution of the electrolyte will be
(A) 124  101 S m 2 mol 1 (B) 1240  104 S m 2 mol 1
(C) 1.24 S m 2 mol 1 (D) 12.4  10 4 S m 2 mol 1
41. Indicate the incorrect statement
(A) Conductivity cells have cell constant values independent of the solution filled into the cell.
(B) DC current is not used for measuring the resistance of a solution.
(C) Kohlrausch is not valid for weak electrolytes
(D)  decreases but m increases on dilution.

42. The molar conductivity of a 0.5 mol/dm 3 solution of AgNO3 with electrolytic conductivity of

5.76 10 3 S cm 1 at 298 K is

(A) 28.8 S cm 2 / mol (B) 2.88 S cm 2 / mol (C) 11.52 S cm 2 / mol (D) 0.086 S cm 2 / mol
43. The specific conductance of a salt of 0.01M solution is 1.061 10 4 ohm 1cm 1 . Molar conductance of a

 1 2
same solution is in ohm cm mole
1

(A) 1.061 10 4 (B) 1.061 (C) 10.61 (D) 106.1
Kohlrausch Law
44. The value of  m for NH4Cl , NaOH and NaCl are 129.8, 248.1 and 126.4 ohm 1cm 2 mol 1

respectively. Calculate  m for NH4OHsolution  in ohm 1

cm 2 mol 1 
(A) 215.5 (B) 251.5 (C) 244.7 (D) 351.5
45. Molar conductivity of 0.1 M acetic acid is 7 ohm 1cm 2 mol 1 . If the molar cond. of acetic acid at infinite
dilution is 380.8 ohm 1cm 2 mol 1 , the value of dissociation constant will be :
(A) 226  10 5 mol dm 3 (B) 1.66  10 3 mol dm 1
(C) 1.66  10 2 mol dm 3 (D) 3.442  10 5 mol dm 3
46. A conductivity cell is filled with 0.01M Na 2C2O4 solution. If resistance is 200 ohm then find cell constant in

cm -1 if degree of dissociation if salt is 80%

0 -1 2 -1
Given Λ eq(Na + ) = 75ohm cm gmeq

Λ 0eq(C O-2 ) = 50 ohm -1cm 2 gmeq -1

2 4

(A) 0.1 (B) 0.2 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.4

Electrolysis
47. How many Faradays are required to reduce one mole of MnO-4 to Mn +2
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 0.5
48. The passage of current liberates H 2 at cathode and Cl2 at anode the solution :

(A) CuSO 4  aq  (B) CuCl2  aq. (C) NaCl  aq. (D) Water

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49. At cathode, the electrolysis of aqueous Na 2SO 4 gives :

(A) Na (B) H 2 (C) SO3 (D) SO 2

50. After the electrolysis of aqueous solution of NaCl using Pt electrodes, the pH of the solution
(A) increases (B) decreases (C) remains constant (D) becomes zero
51. An acidic solution of copper (II) sulphate containing some contaminations of zinc and iron (II) ions was
electrolysed till all the copper is deposited. If electrolysis is further continued for sometime, the product
liberated at cathode is
(A) Fe (B) Zn (C) H 2 (D) Alloy of Zn and Fe.

52. How many faradays are required to reduce one mol of MnO 4 to Mn 2 -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5
53. Three faradays of electricity was passed through an aqueous solution of iron (II) bromide. The mass of iron
metal (at. mass 56) deposited at the cathode is -
(A) 56 g (B) 84 g (C) 112 g (D) 168 g
54. A current of 9.65 amp. flowing for 10 minute deposits 3.0 g of a metal. The equivalent wt. of the metal is :
(A) 10 (B) 30 (C) 50 (D) 96.5
55. If 0.224 L of H 2 gas is formed at the cathode, the volume of O 2 gas formed at the anode under identical
conditions, is
(A) 0.224 L (B) 0.448 L (C) 0.112 L (D) 1.12 L
56. Electrolysis can be used to determine atomic masses. A current of 0.550 A deposits 0.55 g of a certain metal
in 100 minutes. If valency of metal is 3 then it’s atomic mass will be :
(A) 100 (B) 45.0 (C) 48.25 (D) 144.75
57. How many minutes will it take to plate out 5.0 g of Cr from a Cr2  SO4 3 solution using a current of 1.50 A
? (Atomic weight : Cr = 52.0)
(A) 254 (B) 309 (C) 152 (D) 103
58. A current of 9.65 ampere is passed through the aqueous solution NaCl using suitable electrodes for 1000 s.
The amount of NaOH formed during electrolysis is
(A) 2.0 g (B) 4.0 g (C) 6.0 g (D) 8.0 g
59. Silver is removed electrolytically from 200 ml. of a 0.1 N solution of AgNO3 by a current of 0.1 ampere.
How long will it take to remove half of the silver from the solution :
(A) 10 sec (B) 16 sec (C) 100 sec (D) 9650 sec
60. If 270.0 g of water is electrolysed during an experiment with 75% current efficiency then
(A) 168 L of O 2  g  will be evolved at anode at 1 atm & 273 K
(B) Total 426 L gases will be produced at 1 atm & 273 K
(C) 168 L of H 2  g  will be evolved at anode at 1 atm & 273 K
(D) 45 F electricity will be consumed
61. W g of copper deposited in a copper voltameter when an electric current of 2 ampere is passed for 2 hours.
If one ampere of electric current is passed for 4 hours in the same voltameter, copper doposited will be :
(A) W (B) W/2 (C) W/4 (D) 2W
Batterises, Corrosion
62. During discharge of a lead storage cell the density of sulphuric acid in the cell :
(A) increasing (B) decreasing
(C) remians unchanged (D) initially increases but decrease subsequently

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63. In H 2  O 2 fuel cell the reaction occuring at cathode is :

(A) 2H 2 O  O 2  4e   4OH  (B) 2H 2  O 2  2H 2 O  l 

  1
(C) H   OH   H 2 O (D) H  e  H2
2
64. For the fuel-cell reaction, 2H 2  O 2  2H 2 O, G o  475 kJ . Hence, E ocell is :
(A) 1.23 V (B) 2.46 V (C) 0.615 V (D) 0.31 V
65. Which is not correct method for prevention of iron from Rusting -
(A) Galvanisation (B) Connecting to sacrificial electrode of Mg
(C) Making medium alkaline (D) Making medium acidic

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EXERCISE– 3 BOARDS PYQ

Electrode Potential and Nernst Equation

1. The standard Gibbs energy for the cell reaction is 300 KJ mol 1

Zn  s   2Ag aq   Zn aq2   2Ag s  . Calculate E 0cell for reaction [CBSE 2022]

Calculate e.m.f of the following cell Zn  s  / Zn  0.1M  ||  0.01M  Ag / Ag  s 

2 1
2.

Given : E o Zn 2 / Zn  0.76V, E o Ag  / Ag  0.80 V  Given : log10=1 [CBSE 3M, 2020]

3. Calculate the standard cell potential of the galvanic cell in which the following reaction takes place :
2Cr  s   3Cd 2  aq   2Cr 3  aq   3Cd  s 

Also calculate the  r G 0 value of the reaction.

 Given : E 0
Cr 3 /Cr
 0.74 V; E Cd
0
2
/Cd
 0.40 V and F  96500 C mol 1  [CBSE 2007, 3M]
4. On the basis of the standard electrode potential values stated for acid solution, predict whether Ti 4 
species may be used to oxidise Fe II to Fe III . [CBSE 2007, 1M]
Reaction E0 / V
Ti IV  e   Ti3 : + 0.01
Fe3  e   Fe 2 : + 0.77
5. a ) Calculate E ocell for the following reaction at 298K : [CBSE 2016]

2Cr  s   3Fe 2  0.01M   2Cr 3  0.01M   3Fe  s 

Given : E cell  0.261 V
(b) Using the E o values of A and B, predict which one is better for coating the surface of iron

 E o  Fe 2 / Fe   0.44 V  to prevent corrosion and why ?

 
2
  2
Given : E A / A  2.37 V : E  B / B  0.14 V
o o
 
6. Calculate E ocell and  r G o for the following reaction at 25o C : A 2  B   A 3  B

Given : K C  1010 ,1F  96500 C mol1 . [CBSE 2015]

7. Calculate  r G o for the reaction : [CBSE 2014, 2M]

Mg  s   Cu 2  aq   Mg 2  aq   Cu  s 

Given : E ocell  2.71 V, 1F  96500 C mol1 .

8.
o
 
The standard electrode potential E for Daniell cell is +1.1 V. Calculate the G o for the reaction

Zn  s   Cu 2  aq   Zn 2  aq   Cu  s  1F  96500 C mol 

1
[CBSE 2013]

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9. Calculate the emf of the following cell at 25o C

Ag  s  | Ag  10 3 M  || Cu 2 10 1 M  | Cu  s 

Given , E ocell  0.46 V and log10 n  n . [CBSE 2013]

Conductivity
10. X and Y are two electrolytes. On dilution molar conductivity of ‘X’ increases 2.5 times while that Y
increases 25 times. Which of the two is a weak electrolyte and why? [2M, CBSE 2020]
11. The conductivity of 0.001 mol L1 solution of CH 3COOH is 3.905  10 5 S cm 1 . Calculate its molar
conductivity and degree of dissociation(  ). [CBSE 2016]

  1 
Given  H  349.6 S cm mol and   CH 3COO  40.9 S cm mol
o 2 o 2

1

12. a) Define electrochemical cell. What happens if external potential applied becomes greater than E ocell of
electrochemical cell ?
2 1
b) The molar conductivity of a 1.5 M solution of anelectrolyte is found to be 138.6 S cm mol
calculate the conductivity of this solution. [CBSE 2012, 2010, 2009]
13. The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 M NaOH solution of diameter 1 cm and length 50 cm is
5.55 103  . Calculate its resistivity, conductivity and molar conductivity.. [CBSE 2012]
14. The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is 1500 . What is the cell
constant if the conductivity 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is 0.146  103 S cm 1 ?
[CBSE 2007, 2009, 2012, 3M]
15. Calculate  om for MgCl 2 if  o values for Mg 2 ion and Cl ion are 106 S cm 2 mol1 and

76.3 S cm 2 mol1 respectively

16. Predict the products of electrolysis of an aqueous solution of CuCl 2 with platinum electrodes.
[2M , CBSE 2020]
17. Calculate the time to depsit 1.5 g of silver at cathode when a current of 1.5 A was passed through the solution
of AgNO3 . (Molar mass of Ag  108 g mol1 , 1F  96500 C mol 1 ) [CBSE 2015]

18. (a) How many moles of mercury will be produced by electrolysing 1.0 M Hg  NO3  2 solution with a

current of 2.00 A for 3 hours ?  Hg  NO 3  2  200.6 g mol 

1
[CBSE 2011, 5M]

(b) A voltaic cell is set up at 25o C with the following half-cells Al  0.001M  and Ni  0.50 M  .
3 2

Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when the cell generates an electric current and determine


the cell potential. Given : E Ni2 / Ni  0.25 V, E Al3 / Al  1.66 V
o 0
 [CBSE 2009]

19. Silver is electrodeposited on a metallic vessel of total surface area 900 cm 2 by passing a current of 0.5 amp
for two hours. Calculate the thickness of silver deposited.
[Given : Density of silver = 10.5 g cm 3 . Atomic mass of silver = 108 amu, F  96500 C mol1 ]
[CBSE 2006, 5M]
Batteries
20. Define the following terms : [CBSE 2014, 2M]
(i) Secondary batteries (ii) Molar conductivity

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EXERCISE– 4 KCET PYQ

Galvanic Cell, Electrode Potential

1. Which of the following is incorrect in a galvanic cell? [2016]
(A) Oxidation occurs at anode.
(B) Reduction occurs at cathode.
(C) The electrode at which electrons are gained is called cathode
(D) The electrode at which electrons are lost is called cathode
2. E1 , E 2 and E 3 are the emfs of the following three galvanic cells respectively,, [2010, 2011]

 i  Zn  s  | Zn 2  0.1M  || Cu 2 1M  | Cu s

 ii  Zn  s  | Zn 2 1M  || Cu 2 1M  | Cu s
 iii  Zn  s  | Zn 2 1M  || Cu 2  0.1M  | Cu s
Which one of the following is true?
(A) E 2  E1  E 3 (B) E1  E 2  E 3 (C) E 3  E1  E 2 (D) E 3  E 2  E1
3. For spontaneity of a cell, which is correct? [2022]
(A) G   ve, E   ve (B) G   ve
(C) G  0, E  0 (D) G   ve, E  0
NERNST EQUATION AND APPLICATIONS
4. The standard electrode potential for the half cell reactions are [2009]
Zn 2  2e  Zn; E o  0.76 V
Fe2   2e   Fe; E o  0.44 V
The e.m.f. of the cell reaction
Fe 2  Zn  Zn 2   Fe
(A) - 1.20 V (B) + 1.20 V (C) + 0.32 V (D) - 0.32 V
5. The standard emf of galvanic cell involving 3 moles of electrons in its redox reaction is 0.59 V. The
equilibrium constant for the reaction of the cell is [2010]
(A) 1025 (B) 1020 (C) 1015 (D) 1030
6. The standard emf of a galvanic cell involving 2 moles of electrons in its redox reaction is 0.59 V. The
equilibrium constant for the redox reaction of the cell is [2011]
(A) 1020 (B) 105 (C) 10 (D) 1010

The emf of a galvanic cell constituted with the electrodes Zn | Zn  0.76V  and Fe | Fe  0.41 V 
2 2
7.
is [2012]
(A) - 0.35 V (B) + 1.17 V (C) + 0.35 V (D) - 1.17 V
8. The equilibrium constant of the reaction :

 2.303RT 
A  s   2Baq   A2aq   2B s  ; E cell  0.0295 V is   0.059 
o
[2012]
 F 
(A) 10 (B) 2 102 (C) 3  102 (D) 2 105

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9. Which one of the following has a potential more than zero ? [2012]
1 1
(A) Pt, H 2 1 atm  | HCl 1 M  (B) Pt, H 2 1 atm  | HCl  2 M 
2 2
1 1
(C) Pt, H 2 1 atm  | HCl  0.1 M  (D) Pt, H 2 1 atm  | HCl  0.5 M 
2 2
For Cr2 O 72  14H   6e   2Cr 3  7H 2 O, E  1.33 V At  Cr2 O 7   4.5 millimole,
o 2
10.

 Cr 3   15 millimole, E is 1.067 V. The pH of the solution is nearly equal to [2014]

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 4
11. For a cell involving two electron changes, E o
cell  0.3 V at 25 C . The equilibrium constant of the
o

reaction is [2018]
(A) 10 10 (B) 3 102 (C) 10 (D) 1010

Given : E Mn 7 |Mn 2  1.5 V and E Mn 7 |Mn 2  1.2 V , then E Mn 7 |Mn 4 is

o o o
12. [2019]
(A) 0.3 V (B) 0.1 V (C) 1.7 V (D) 2.1 V
Given : E Fe3 / Fe2  0.76 V and E I2 / I  0.55 V
o o
13.
The equilibrium constant for the reaction taking place in galvanic cell consisting of above two electrodes is

 2.303RT 
  0.06  [2020]
F 
(A) 1 109 (B) 3  108 (C) 5  1012 (D) 1  107
14. Consider the following electrodes: [2021]
P  Zn 2
 0.0001 M  / Zn;
Q  Zn 2  0.1 M  / Zn;

R  Zn 2  0.01 M  / Zn;

S  Zn 2  0.001 M  / Zn

E oZn / Zn 2  0.76 V electrode potentials of the above electrode in volts are in the order
(A) P > S > R > Q (B) S > R > Q > P (C) Q > R > S > P (D) P > Q > R > S
15. H 2 g   2AgCls   2Ag s   2HCl aq  [2021]

E ocell at 25o C for the cell is 0.22 V. The equilibrium constant at 25o C is
(A) 2.8  107 (B) 5.2  108 (C) 2.8  105 (D) 5.2  10 4

CONDUCTANCE OF ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTION ,  and  m

16. Which of the following electrolytic solutions has the least specific conductance? [2008]
(A) 2 N (B) 0.002 N (C) 0.02 N (D) 0.2 N
17. The one which decreases with dilution is [2009]
(A) Conductance (B) Specific conductance
(C) Equivalent conductance (D) Molar conductance.

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18. At a particular temperature, the ratio of molar conductance to specific conductance of 0.01 M NaCl
solution is [2018]
(A) 105 cm 3 mol 1 (B) 103 cm 3 mol 1 (C) 10 cm 3 mol 1 (D) 105 cm 2 mol1
19. The pair of electrolytes that posses same value for the constant (A) in the Debye - Huckel - Onsagar
equation,  m   om  A C is [2020]

(A) NH 4 Cl, NaBr (B) NaBr, MgSO 4 (C) NaCl, CaCl2 (D) MgSO 4 , Na 2SO 4
20. The resistance of 0.01 M KC1 solution at 298 K is 1500 . If the conductivity of 0.01 M KC1 solution at


298 K is 0.1466  10 3 S cm 1 .The cell constant of the conductivity cell in cm
1
is  [2021]
(A) 0.219 (B) 0.291 (C) 0.301 (D) 0.194
21. Specific conductance of 0.1 M HNO3 is 6.3  10 2 ohm 1cm 1 . The molar conductance of the solution is
[2022]
(A) 6.300 ohm 1cm 2 mol 1 (B) 63.0 ohm 1cm 2 mol 1
(C) 630 ohm 1cm 2 mol 1 (D) 315 ohm 1cm 2 mol 1
22. The molar conductivity is maximum for the solution of concentration [2022]
(A) 0.005 M (B) 0.001 M (C) 0.004 M (D) 0.002 M
ELECTROLYSIS
23. 9.65 C of electric current is passed through fused anhydrous magnesium chloride. The magnesium metal
thus, obtained is completely converted into a Grignard reagent. The number of moles of the Grignard
reagent obtained is [2010]
(A) 5  104 (B) 1 10 4 (C) 5  105 (D) 1 10 5
24. In the electrolysis of acidulated water, it is desired to obtain 1.12 cc of hydrogen per second under S.T.P.
condition. The current to be passed is [2009]
(A) 9.65 A (B) 19.3 A (C) 0.965 A (D) 1.93 A
25. The approximate time duration in hours to electroplate 30 g of calcium from molten calcium chloride using
a current of 5 amp is [At. mass of Ca = 40] [2012]
(A) 8 (B) 80 (C) 10 (D) 16
26. Impure copper containing Fe, Au, Ag as impurities is electrolytically refined. A current of 140 A for 482.5s
decreased the mass of the anode by 22.26 g and increased the mass of cathode by 22.011 g. Percentage of
iron in impure copper is (Given : molar mass Fe  55.5 g mol 1 , molar mass Cu  63.54 g mol1 )
[2014]
(A) 0.95 (B) 0.85 (C) 0.97 (D) 0.90
27. How many coulombs of electricity are required for the oxidation of one mol of water to dioxygen?
[2015]
(A) 1.93  104 C (B) 1.93  105 C (C) 9.65  104 C (D) 9.65  105 C
28. The amount of current in, faraday required for the reduction of 1 mol of Cr2 O 72  ions to Cr 3 is
[2016]
(A) 1 F (B) 2 F (C) 6 F (D) 4 F
29. By passing electric current, NaClO3 is converted into NaClO 4 according to the following equation:

NaClO3  H 2 O  NaClO 4  H 2 [2017]

How many moles of NaClO 4 will be formed when three faradays of charge is passed through NaClO3 ?
(A) 0.75 (B) 3.0 (C) 1.5 (D) 1.0

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30. In the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution which of the half cell reaction will occur at anode?
[2017]
 1 
(A) Cl aq   Cl 2  e ; E cell  1.36 volts
o

2
 
(B) 2H 2 O l   O 2  4H  4e ; E cell  1.23 volts
o

 
(C) Na  aq   e  Na s  ; E  1.36 volts
o

  1
(D) H  aq   e  H 2 ; E cell  0.00 volts
o

2
31. The charge required for the reduction of 1 mole of MnO 4 to MnO 2 is [2018]
(A) 1 F (B) 3 F (C) 5 F (D) 7 F
32. One litre solution of MgCl 2 is electrolyzed completely by passing a current of 1 A for 16 min 5 sec. The

original concentration of MgCl 2 solution was (Atomic mass of Mg = 24) [2019]

(A) 5  103 M (B) 5  102 M (C) 0.5  10 3 M (D) 1.0  10 2 M
33. An aqueous solution of CuSO 4 is subjected to electrolysis using inert electrodes. The pH of the solution
will [2019]
(A) Increase
(B) Remains unchanged
(C) Decrease
(D) Increase or decrease depending on the strength c: the current
34. If an aqueous solution of NaF is electrolyzed between inert electrodes, the product obtained at anode is
[2020]
(A) H 2 (B) Na (C) O 2 (D) F2
BATTERIES
35. A secondary cell is one which [2016]
(A) can be recharged
(B) can be recharged by passing current through it in the same direction
(C) can be recharged by passing current through it in the opposite direction
(D) cannot be recharged
36. For hydrogen - oxygen fuel cell at one atm and 298 K [2014]
1
H 2 g   O 2 g   H 2 O l ; G o  240kJ
2
E o for the cell is approximately, (Given : F = 96,500 C)
(A) 2.48 V (B) 1.24 V (C) 2.5 V (D) 1.26 V
37. While charging the lead storage battery [2015]
(A) PbSO 4 on cathode is reduced to Pb (B) PbSO 4 on anode is oxidized to PbO 2

(C) PbSO 4 on anode is reduced to Pb (D) PbSO 4 on cathode is oxidized to Pb

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38. In H 2  O 2 fuel cell the reaction occurring at cathode is [2015]
   
(A) O 2 g   2H 2 O l  4e  4OH aq  (B) H  aq   OH  aq   H 2 O l 

  1
(C) 2H 2 g   O 2 g   2H 2 O l (D) H  e  H2
2
39. In fuel cells, ____ are used as catalysts [2022]
(A) Zinc-mercury (B) Lead-manganese (C) Platinum-palladium (D) Nickel-cadmium

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ANSWERS
EXERCISE - 1
1. 0.059 volt
2. - 0.819 V
3. 0.277 V
4. 1.049 V
5. 45.54 K J mol 1
6. 1014
7. 0.002
8. 0.00046 S cm1 ;2174 ohm cm
9. 1.549 cm 1
10. 0.04172
11. (a) 6.02  1022 electron lost (b) 1.89  10 22 electrons gained
12. 124 S cm 2 mole 1
13. 0.112 litre
14. (i) 2.1554 gm ; (ii) 1336. 15 sec
15. 1.825 g
16. 12 : 1
EXERCISE - 2

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A D A D B B D D A B
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D C D B B C B D C B
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. B C C C B A A B C D
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. D A A B D C B B C D
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. C C C B D D A C B A
Que. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. C D B C C C B B D A
Que. 61 62 63 64 65
Ans. A B A A D

EXERCISE - 3
1. 1.55V
2. 1.4715 V
3. E0cell  0.34 V, 196.86 KJ mol1 .

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4. Can not oxidise Fe II to Fe III .
5. (a) E 0cell  0.2806 V (b) A

6. G o  57.058 kJ/mol,E o  0.59127 Volt

7. – 523.03 kJ
8. 212300 Jmol1
9. 0.61 V
10. Y
11. 39.05 S cm 2 mol1 ,0.1
12. 0.208 S cm 1
13. Resistivity  87.135  cm;
K  1.148 10 2 S cm 1  m  229.5 S cm 2 mol1
14. 0.219 cm 1
15. 258.6 S cm 2 mole 1
16. Cu and chlorine
17. 0.248 hr
18. (a) 0.112 mol (b) E ocell  1.41 V,E cell  1.4602 V

19. 4.23  10 4 cm
EXERCISE - 4

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D B B C D A C A B A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B C D C A A B A A A
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C B A A A D B C C A
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Ans. B A C C C A C A C

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JEE MAINS THEORY

Relationship between solubility product and Emf of cell
The solubility product of sparingly soluble salt MX can be discussed in terms of the equilibrium of the kind
MX s   M aq   X aq 
Since the activity of the pure solid is always unity, the equilibrium constant of the solubility product can be
written.
K sp  a M a x .... 1
When the solubility of the salt is very small, the solution is ideal and thus a1  c1 of ions. The equation (1) can
be written as

RT a M a X 1
E  E0  ln
nF a MX
Under equilibrium conditions the emf of the cell will be zero i.e. , E = 0 and also the activity of pure solid is
unity. Further sp K sp  a M  .a X  , the above equation at 25 °C can be written as

E o .n
log K sp  .....  2 
0.0591
The solubility product thus can be calculated from the standard emf of one cell, formed in such a way that the
final reaction is the type given above.
1) Calculate the K sp of AgI by forming proper cell.

Given E I /Ags /Ag  0.151 V and E Ag  / Ag  0.7991 V

0 0

Solution :
The cell can be written as : Ag | Ag  || I | AgI | Ag
At left electrode Ag s   Ag   e E 0  0.7991 V

At right electrode AgI s   e   Ag  s   I  E 0  0.151 V

AgI s   Ag   I 

The standard emf of the cell is E 0  E 0R  E 0L  0.151  0.7991

 0.9501 V
Using relation (1) at 25o C

log K sp  
 0.95011  1.61
K sp  1016.1  7.94 1017
0.059
CONCENTRATION CELL
In concentration cell, the two electrodes are of the same material and they are dipping in the solutions of their
respective ions at different concentrations. The two solutions are separated by salt bridge. The electrode
dipping in a solution of higher concentration of positive ions is positive and the electrode dipping in lower
concentration of positive ions is negative. The overall cell reaction is nothing but a transference of material
from higher activity to lower activity. The emf of the cell is given by :
RT a1
E ln
nF a 2
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 ® Electro Chemistry

where a1 and a 2 are the activities of the ion in two solutions. The term E 0 cancels but because both the
electrodes are same and will have the same standard electrode potentialat unit activity. The E is positive if
a 2  a1 and negative if a1  a 2 .
Concentration Cell in which Electrodes is Reversible with Respect to Cation
(a) Zn | Zn 2  C1  || Zn 2  C2  | Zn

At L.H.S. half cell Zn  Zn 2  C1   2e  E 0  0.76 V

Zn 2  C2   2e  Zn E  0.76 V
0
At R.H.S. half cell

Net Zn 2   C 2   Zn 2   C 1  E 0ce ll  0 .0 0 V

0.0591  C1 
E cell  E 0cell  log  
2  C2 
0.0591 C
E cell  log 2
2 C1

0.0591 C
E cell  log 2
2 C1

Cell reaction is spontaneous in forward direction if  C 2  C1 

(b) Pt  H 2  | HCl  C1  || HCl  C 2  | Pt  H 2 

1 atm 1 atm

0.0591  C1 
E cell  E 0cell  log  
2  C2 
C2
E cell  0.0591log
C1
Concentration Cell in which Electrode is Reversible with Respect to Anion
Pt  Cl 2  | Cl  C1  || Cl  C2  | Pt  Cl2 
1 atm

0.0591  C 2 
E cell  E cell
0
 log  
2  C1 
For such cases, cell reaction is spontaneous in forward reaction if C1  C2 .

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Concentration Cell having Electrodes at Different Concentration Dipped into Same Electrolyte
Pt  H 2  | HCl | Pt  H 2 
1M
at P1 at P2

Two half cells are joined by two salt – bridges since they have common electrolyte
1
L.H.S. half cell H2  H e
2
1
R.H.S. half cell H   e  H2
2
1M

Net H 2  P1   H 2  P2  E 0cell  0.00 V

0.0591  p 2 
E cell  E 0cell  log  
2  p1 
p1
E cell  0.591log
p2

Cell reaction is spontaneous in forward direction if , p1  L.H.S.  p 2  R.H.S.

Electrolyte Concentration Cells :
Two electrodes of the same metal are dipping in solutions of metal ions of different concentrations :
e.g. Zn | Zn  C1  || Zn  C2  | Zn
2 2

At A  cathode Zn 2  C2   2e  Zn  s 

At A  anode Zn  s   2e   Zn 2   C1   2e 

Zn 2  C2   Zn 2  C1 

RT C 2
 E cell  ln
nF C1

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
1) For the process to be spontaneous, emf should be +ve . Hence , C2  C1 .

Pt | Cl2  g, P2  | Cl  aq,C  || Cl  aq,C  | Cl2  g, P1  | Pt

EMF of cell is positive if
(A) P1  P2 (B) P2  P1 (C) P1  P2 (D) We cannot predict
Sol. Anode half cell
Pb | Cl2  g, P2  | Cl   aq, C 

0.0591 P
E ox  E oox  log 2 ....  i 
2 C
Cathode Half cell
Cl  aq, C  | Cl2  g, P1  | Pt

0.0591 C
E red  E ored  log ....  ii 
2 P1

E cell  E ox  E red
0.0591 P C
 E oox  E ored  log 2 .
2 C P1

0.0591 P
E cell  log 1
2 P2
for spontaneous reaction
P1  P2

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EXERCISE– 1 JEE MAIN EXERCISE

Electrode potential and Nernst Equation and Applications

1. For the cell reaction 2Ce4   Co  2Ce3  Co 2
o
E ocell is 1.89 V. If E oCo 2 | Co is – 0.28 V, what is the value of E Ce 4 |Ce3
(A) 0.36 V (B) 0.72 V (C) 0.3 V (D) 0.21 V
2. Consider the following E o values
E oFe3 / Fe2  0.76 V E oFe2 / Fe  0.44 V o
E Sn 2
/Sn
 0.14 V
Under standard conditions, calculate the EMF for the cell reaction.
3Sn s   2Fe3  aq   2Fe  aq   3Sn 2   aq 
(A) 0.1 V (B) 0.2 V (C) 0.3 V (D) 0.4 V
3. The potential of hydrogen electrode in contact with a solution whose pH is 6, pressure of H 2 is 1 bar will be

RT ( 2.303)
- [Given :  0.06 ]
F
(A) 0.36 V (B) 0.72V (C) 0.3 V (D) 0.21 V
4. For the cell
Pt | H 2  0.4 atm  | H   pH  1 || H   pH  2  | H 2  0.1 atm  | Pt
o
The measured potential at 25 C is
(A) –0.1 V (B) –0.5 (C) –0.041 (D) + 0.05 V

OH O

5. For the half cell , + 2H++ 2e – . E 0  1.30EV

OH O
At pH = 2 , electrode potential is :
(A) 1.36 V (B) 1.30 V (C) 1.42 V (D) 1.20 V
   2
6. In acidic medium MnO4 is an oxidising agent . MnO  8H  5e  Mn
–
4  4H 2 O .
If H ion concentration is doubled, electrode potential of the half-cell MnO4 , Mn 2 / Pt will :
(A) increase by 28.46 mV (B) decrease by 28.46 mV
(C) increase by 142.3 mV (D) decrease by 142.30 mV
7. The reduction potentials of Zn, Cu, Fe and Ag are in the order :
(A) Zn,Cu,Fe,Ag (B) Cu,Ag,Fe,Zn (C) Ag,Cu,Fe,Zn (D) Fe,Zn,Cu, Ag
8. The standard reduction potentials of Cu 2  , Zn 2 ,Sn 2 and Ag  are 0.34, –0.76, –0.14 and 0.80 V
respectively. The storage that is possible without any reaction is for
(A) CuSO 4 solution in a zinc vessel (B) AgNO 3 solution in a zinc vessel
(C) AgNO 3 solution in a tin vessel (D) CuSO 4 solution in a silver vessel.

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9. The E of Pt / H 2 1 atm  / H 2SO 4 is 0.295 V, then the pH of the acid is
(A) 10 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 1
10. Calculate the standard voltage that can be obtained from an ethane oxygen fuel cell at 25o C .
7
C2 H 6  g   O 2  g   2CO 2  g   3H 2 O    ; G o  1467 kJ
2
(A) + 0.91 V (B) + 0.54 V (C) + 0.72 V (D) + 1.08 V
11. The Nernst equation E  E o  RT / nFln Q indicates that the Q will be equal to equilibrium constant K c
when:
(A) E  E o (B) RT / nF  1 (C) E  Zero (D) E o  1
12. Consider the standard reduction potentials (in volts) as shown in figure. Find E o
1
SO24 
0.936
SO32 
0.576
S2O32
2
|__________ Eo  ?____________
(A) 0.326 V (B) 0.425 V (C) 0.756 V (D) 0.512 V
Variation of  and  m with concentration
13. Equivalent conductance of 0.1 M HA(weak acid) solution is 10 S cm2 equivalent 1 and that
at infinite dilution is 200 S cm 2 equivalent 1 Hence pH of HA solution is
(A) 1.3 (B) 1.7 (C) 2.3 (D) 3.7
14. If the conductivity of 0.001 M propionic acid is 3.83  10 S - cm and limiting molar conductivities of HCl,
5 1

KCl and potassium propionate are 426,126,83 S cm 2 mol 1 respectively then acid dissociation constant of
propionic acid is -
(A) 106 (B) 1.11 105 (C) 1.11 104 (D) 103
15. The dissociation constant of n-butyric acid is 1.6  105 and the molar conductivity at infinite
dilution is 380  104 Sm 2 mol 1 . The specific conductance of the 0.01 M acid solution is
(A) 1.52  105 S m 1 (B) 1.52  102 S m 1 (C) 1.52  103 S m 1 (D) 1.52  102 S cm 1
16. The conductivity of a saturated solution of Ag 3 PO 4 is 9  106 S m 1 and its equivalent conductivity is

1.50  104 S m 2 equivalent 1 . The K sp of Ag 3 PO 4 is

(A) 4.32  1018 (B) 1.8  109 (C) 8.64  1013 (D) 3.48  1018
Kohlrausch Law
17. The ionic equivalent conductivities of K  , Al3 and SO42 ions x, y and Z S cm 2 Eq 1 respectively. The  0eq

for K 2SO 4 Al 2  SO 4 3 .24H 2 O (Potash Alum)

 x 3y 
(A)    z  S cm 2 Eq 1 (B) x  3y  z S cm2 Eq 1
4 4 
xyz
(C) S cm 2 Eq 1 (D) 2x  3y  4z S cm 2 Eq 1
8

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18. Molar conductance of a 0.5M  NH 4 OH solution is 2.5  103 S m 2 mol1 . Calculate the pH of the solution.
Molar conductances of Ba  OH 2 , BaCl2 and NH 4 Cl at infinite dilutions are 520  10 4 , 280  104 and

130  104 S m 2 mol1 , respectively.  log 5  0.699 

(A) 12.699 (B) 13.699 (C) 11.699 (D) 10.699
The molar conductivity  S cm , mol  for NH 4 OH , when the molar conductivity for Ba  OH 2 , BaCl 2 and
2 1
19.
2 1
NH 4 Cl are 523.28, 280.0 and 129.8 S cm mol respectively..
(A) 502.88 (B) 129.80 (C) 251.44 (D) 125.72
1 1
Given the following molar conductivities at infinite dilution at 25o C ; HCl , 426  cm mol ; NaCl,
2
20.
126 1cm 2 mol1 ; NaC (sodium crotonate) 83  1cm 2 mol 1 . The conductivity of 0.001 mol/dm 3 acid solu-
5 1 1
tion is 3.83  10  cm . The dissociation constant of crotonic acid is
(A) 4.11  105 M (B) 3.11  105 M (C) 2.11  105 M (D) 1.11  105 M
Electrolysis
One gm metal M 2 was discharged by the passage of 1.81 10 electrons. What is the
22
21. atomic
weight of metal?
(A) 33.35 (B) 133.4 (C) 66.7 (D) 55
22. One mole of electron passes through each of the solution of AgNO 3 , CuSO 4 and AlCl3 then
Ag, Cu and Al are deposited at cathode. The molar ratio of Ag, Cu and Al deposited are
(A) 1 : 1 : 1 (B) 6 : 3 : 2 (C) 6 : 3 : 1 (D) 1 : 3 : 6
23. The metal which can not be obtained by electrolysis of its aqueous salt solution is :
(A) Au (B) Al (C) Ag (D) Cu
24. An electric current is passed through a silver voltameter connected to a water voltameter. 0.324 g of silver
was deposited on the cathode of the silver voltameter. The volume of oxygen evolved at NTP
is :
(A) 5.6 cm3 (B) 16.8 cm 3 (C) 11.2 cm 3 (D) 22.4 cm3
25. By passage of 1 F of electricity
(A) 1 mol of Cu is deposited from aqCuSO 4
(B) 0.5 mol of Mg is deposited
(C) 18g. of Al is deposited
(D) 5.6 L of O 2 gas evolved at anode from fused NaOH
26. The electrolytic cells, one containing acidified ferrous chloride and another acidified ferric chloride are con-
nected in series. The ratio of iron deposited at cathodes in the two cells when same electricity is passed
through the cells is x : y. x  y is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
27. When an electric current is passed through acidulated water, 112 mL of H 2 at NTP is collected at cathode in
965 seconds. The current passed in amperes is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
28. In the electrolysis of CuCl 2 solution using Cu electrodes, the weight of Cu anode increased by 2
gram at cathode. In the anode.
(A) 0.2 mole of Cu 2 will go into solution. (B) 560 ml O 2 liberate
(C) No loss in weight (D) 2 gram of copper goes into solution as Cu 2

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29. Silver is electrodeposited on a metallic vessel of surface area 800 cm 2 by passing a current of 0.20 ampere
for 3.0 hours. The thickness of silver deposited ___.
Given its density is 10.47g/cc [Atomic weight of Ag = 107.92]
(A) 3.2  104 cm (B) 1.29  104 cm (C) 2.88  104 cm (D) 4.2  103 cm
30. An acidic solution of dichromate is electrolysed for 8 min using 2A current . As per following equation
Cr2 O72  14H   6e  2Cr 3  7H 2 O .The amount of Cr 3 obtained was 0.104 g. The effeciency of the
process in % is

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EXERCISE– 2 JEE MAIN PYQ

Galvanic Cell
 2
1. In a cell that utilizes the reaction Zn s   2H aq   Zn  aq   H 2 g  , addition of H 2SO 4 to cathode
compartment will : [AIEEE 2004]
(A) lower the E and shift equilibrium to the left.
(B) lower the E and shift the equilibrium to the right.
(C) increase the E and shift the equilibrium to the right.
(D) increase the E and shift the equilibrium to the left.
2. A variable, opposite external potential  E ext  is applied to the cell Zn | Zn 2 1M  || Cu 2  1M  | Cu , of
potential 1.1 V. When E ext  1.1 V and E ext  1.1 V respectively electrons flow from :
[JEE(Main) 2015]
(A) Cathode to anode in both cases (B) Cathode to anode and anode to cathode
(C) anode to cathode and cathode to anode (D) anode to cathode in both cases
Electrode Potential
3. Standard electrode potentials of three metals A, B and C are + 0.5 V, – 3.0 V and – 1.2 V respec
tively. The reducing power of these metals is in the order : [AIEEE 2003]
(A) B > C > A (B) A > B > C (C) C > B > A (D) A > C > B
4. The E 0m3 / M 2 values for Cr, Mn, Fe and Co are –0.41, +1.57, +0.77 and +1.97 V respectively. For
which one of these metals, the change in oxidation state from +2 to +3 is easiest : [AIEEE 2004]
(A) Cr (B) Mn (C) Fe (D) Co
5. The standard reduction potentials for Zn 2  / Zn, Ni 2  / Ni and Fe 2  / Fe are –0.76, – 0.23 and –0.44 V
respectively. The reaction X  Y 2   X 2  Y will be spontaneous, when : [AIEEE 2012]
(A) X  Ni, Y  Fe (B) X  Ni,Y  Zn (C) X  Fe, Y  Zn (D) X  Zn, Y  Ni
6. Given :
E 0Cr3 / Cr  0.74 V; E 0MnO / Mn 2  1.51 V
4

E 0
Cr2 O72 /Cr3
 1.33 V; E 0
Cl/Cl
 1.36 V
Based on the data given above, strongest oxidising agent will be : [JEE(Main) 2013]
2
(A) Cl (B) Cr 3 (C) Mn (D) MnO4
7. Given below are the half-cell reactions : [JEE(Main) 2014]
Mn 2   2e   Mn; E o  1.18 V
2  Mn 3  e   Mn 2  ; E o  1.51 V

The E o for 3Mn 2   Mn  2Mn 3 will be :

(A) –2.69 V ; the reaction will not occur (B) –2.69 V ; the reaction will occur
(C) –0.33 V ; the reaction will not occur (D) –0.33 V ; the reaction will occur
8. Given :
 0.74 V; E Cr2 O27 /Cr3  1.33 V, E MnO4 /Mn 2  1.51 V
o o
E oCl   1.36 V, E Cr
o
3
2 /Cl / Cr

Among the following, the strongest reducing agent is : [JEE(Main) 2017]

(A) Mn 2  (B) Cr 3 (C) Cl (D) Cr

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9.
o
 
The standard electrode potentials E M  / M of four metals A, B, C and D are –1.2 V, 0.6 V, 0.85 V
and –0.76 V, respectively. The sequence of deposition of metals on applying potential is :
[JEE(Main) 2014]
(A) A, C, B, D (B) B, D, C, A (C) C, B, D, A (D) D, A, B, C
10. Given :
Fe3  aq   e   Fe2   aq  ; E o  0.77 V

Al3  aq   3e  Al  s  ; E o  1.66 V

Br2  aq   2e  2Br  ; E o  1.09 V

Considering the electrode potentials, which of the following represents the correct order of reducing power?
[JEE(Main) 2014]
(A) Fe  Al  Br
2   (B) Br  Fe  Al
 2  (C) Al  Br  Fe
 2  (D) Al  Fe 2  Br 
11. What will occur if a block of copper metal is dropped into a beaker containing a solution of 1M ZnSO 4 ?
[JEE(Main) 2016]
(A) The copper metal will dissolve and zinc metal will be deposited.
(B) The copper metal will dissolve with evolution of oxygen gas.
(C) The copper metal will dissolve with evolution of hydrogen gas.
(D) No reaction will occur.
12. Consider the following standard electrode potentials ( E o in volts) in aqueous solution :
Element M 3 / M M / M
Al –1.66 + 0.55
Tl +1.26 – 0.34
Based on these data, which of the following statements is correct ? [JEE(Main) 2017]
(A) Al is more stable than Al3 (B) Tl3 is more stable than Al3
(C) Tl is more stable than Al3 (D) Tl is more stable than Al
13. Which of the following ions does not liberate hydrogen gas on reaction with dilute acids ?
[JEE(Main) 2017]
(A) Mn 2  (B) Ti 2  (C) V 2  (D) Cr 2 

14. Consider the following reduction processes :

Zn 2   2e  Zn  s  ; E 0  0.76 V

Ca 2  2e  Ca  s  ; E 0  2.86 V

Mg 2   2e  Mg  s  ; E 0  2.36 V

Ni 2   2e   Ni  s  ; E 0  0.25 V
The reducing power of the metals increases in the order: [JEE(Main) 2019]
(A) Ca < Mg < Zn < Ni (B) Ni < Zn < Mg < Ca (C) Ca < Zn < Mg < Ni (D) Zn < Mg < Ni < Ca
Nernst Equation and Applications
15. For the following cell with hydrogen electrodes at two different pressure p1 and p 2 ,

Pt | H 2  g  | H   aq  | H 2  g  | Pt
p1 1M p2
emf is given by : [AIEEE 2002]
RT p1 RT p1 RT p2 RT p2
(A) F log e p (B) 2F log e p (C) F log e p (D) 2F log e p
2 2 1 1

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16. For a cell given below : [AIEEE 2002]

Ag | Ag  || Cu 2  | Cu
 +

Ag   e  Ag Eo  x
Cu 2  2e   Cu, Eo  y

The value of E ocell is :

(A) x + 2y (B) 2x + y (C) y –x (D) y – 2x
17. Consider the following E values :
o

E 0Fe3 / Fe2  0.77 V; 0

E Sn 3
/Sn
 0.14 V
Under standard conditions, the cell potential for the reaction given below is : [AIEEE 2004]
3 2 2
Sn s   2Fe  aq   2Fe  aq   Sn  aq 
(A) 1.68 V (B) 1.40 V (C) 0.91 V (D) 0.63 V
18. For a cell reaction involving a two electron change, the standard emf of the cell is found to be 0.295
V at 25o C . The equilibrium constant of the reaction at 25o C will be : [AIEEE 2003]
(A) 1  1010 (B) 2.95  102 (C) 10 (D) 1  1010
19. Given data is at 25o C :

Ag  I   AgI  e ; E o  0.152 V
Ag  Ag   e ; E o  0.800 V

 0.474 
What is the value of log K sp for AgI :  Take  8.065  [AIEEE–2006]
 0.059 
(A) – 8.12 (B) + 8.612 (C) – 37.83 (D) – 16.13
The cell Zn | Zn 1M  || Cu 1M  | Cu :  E cell  1.10 V  was allowed to completely discharge at 298 K.
2 2 o
20.

  Zn 2   
The relative concentration of Zn
2
to Cu   2    is  Take 1.1  18.65 
2
[AIEEE–2007]
 Cu    0.059 
 

(A) 1037.3 (B) 9.65  104 (C) anti log  24.08  (D) 37.3
21. Given :
E 0cr3 / Cr  0.72, E 0Fe 2 / Fe  0.42 V

The potential for the cell Cr | Cr 3  0.1M  || Fe 2  0.01M  | Fe at 298 K is :

 2.303R  298  
 Take  0.06  [AIEEE–2008]
 F 
(A) 0.339 V (B) – 0.339 V (C) – 0.26 V (D) 0.26 V
22. Given : E 0Fe3 / Fe  0.036 V, E 0Fe2 / Fe  0.439 V
3  2
The value of standard electrode potential for the change, Fe aq   e  Fe aq  will be : [AIEEE–2009]
(A) 0.385V (B) 0.770V (C) –0.270V (D) –0.072V

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23. The Gibbs energy for the decomposition of Al2 O3 at 500o C is as follows :
2 4
Al 2 O3  Al  O 2 ;  r G  966 kJ mol1 . The potential difference needed for electrolytic
3 3
reduction of Al2 O3 at 500o C is at least : [AIEEE–2010]
(A) 4.5 V (B) 3.0 V (C) 2.5 V (D) 5.0 V
24. The reduction potential of hydrogen half-cell will be negative, if : [AIEEE–2011]
(A) P  H 2   1 atm and  H   2.0 M (B) P  H 2   1 atm and  H   1.0 M
 

(C) P  H 2   2 atm and  H   1.0 M (D) P  H 2   2 atm and  H   2.0 M

 

25. At 298 K, the standard reduction potentials are 1.51 V for MnO 4 | Mn 2 , 1.36 V for Cl2 | Cl ,

1.07 V for Br2 | Br and 0.54 V for I2 | I . At pH = 3, permanganate is expected to oxidize :

 RT 
  0.059 V  [JEE(Main) 2015]
 F 
(A) Cl  , Br  and I  (B) Br  and I  (C) Cl and Br  (D) I only

What is the standard reduction potential  E  for Fe3  Fe ?

o
26.
Given that : [JEE(Main) 2017]
Fe 2   2e   Fe; E oFe2 / Fe  0.47 V

Fe3  e  Fe 2  ;  0.77 V
(A) + 0.30 V (B) – 0.057 V (C) + 0.057 V (D) – 0.30 V
27. To find the standard potential of M 3 / M electrode, the following cell is constituted :

Pt / M / M 3  0.001 mol L1  / Ag   0.01 mol L1  / Ag .

The emf of the cell is found to be 0.421 volt at 298 K. The standard potential of half reaction
M 3  3e  M at 298 K will be : (Given at 298 K = 0.80 volt) [JEE(Main) 2017]
(A) 0.32 Volt (B) 0.66 Volt (C) 0.38 Volt (D) 1.28 Volt
28. If the standard electrode potential for a cell is 2 V at 300 K, the equilibrium constant (K) for the
reaction : Zn  s   Cu 2   aq  Zn 2  aq   Cu  s  at 300 K is approximately

 R  8 JK 1
mol1 , F  96000 C mol1  [JEE(Main) 2019]
(A) e320 (B) e80 (C) e160 (D) e160
29. In the cell, Pt  s  | H 2  g,1bar  | HCl  aq  | AgCl  s  | Pt  s 
The cell potential is 0.92 V when a 106 molal HCl solution is used. The standard electrode potential

of  AgCl / Ag,Cl  electrode is :



(A) 0.76 V (B) 0.20 V (C) 0.94 V (D) 0.40 V

30. Given the equilibrium constant : K C of the reaction Cu  s   2Ag  aq   Cu  2
 aq   2Ag  s  is
 RT 
10  1015 , calculate the E cell of this reaction at 298 K :  2.303 F at 298 K=0.059 V 
0
 
[JEE(Main) 2019]
(A) 0.4736 mV (B) 0.04736 V (C) 0.4736 V (D) 0.04736 mV
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 dE  
31. The standard electrode potential E and its temperature coefficient  dT  for a cell are 2 V and
 

5  104 VK 1 at 300 K respectively. The cell reaction is Zn  s   Cu  aq   Zn  aq   Cu  s 

2 2

The standard reaction enthalpy   r H  at 300 K in kJ mol1 is :


[JEE(Main) 2019]
(A) 206.4 (B) –384.0 (C) 192.0 (D) –412.8
32. Given that the standard potential E of Cu / Cu and Cu / Cu are 0.34 V and 0.522 V respectively ,
0 2 

the E 0 Cu 2 / Cu  will be [JEE MAIN 2020]

(A) +0.158 V (B) -0.182 V (C) +0.182V (D) -0.158 V
The GIbbs energy change in J for the given reaction at Cu   Sn   1M and 298 K is
2 2
33.

Cu  s   Sn aq2   Cu aq2   Sn  s  0
E Sn 2
/Sn
 0.16 V , E 0Cu 2 /Cu  0.34 V [JEE MAIN 2021]

34. EMF of the following cell at 298K in V is x  102 Zn / Zn 2  0.1 M  || Ag   0.01 M  | Ag

The value of x is ( Round off to nearest integer ) Given E Zn 2 / Zn  0.76 V; E Ag 1 /Ag  0.80 V;
0 0

[JEE MAIN 2020]

2 2
35. The cell potential for Zn | Zn || Sn | Sn is 0.801 V at 298 K . The reaction quotient for the above
reaction is 102 . The number of electrons involved in the given electrochemical cell reaction is
Given E 0Zn 2 / An  0.763 V, E Sn
0
x
/Sn
 0.008 V [JEE MAIN 2022]

36. At 298 K , a 1 litre solution containing 10 m mol of Cr2 O72 and 100 m mol of Cr 3 shows a of p H
3.0 . Given Cr2 O72  Cr 3 E 0  1.330 V . The potential for the half cell reaction is x  103 V
The value of x is [JEE MAINS 2023]
37. The standard electrode potential for M / M V ,Cr, Mn and Co are -0.26V , -0.41V , +1,57V and
3 2

+1.97V respectively . The metal ion which can liberate hydrogen gas from dilute acid are
[JEE MAINS 2023]
(A) V and Mn
2 2 (B) Cr and Co
2 2 (C) V and Cr
2 2 (D) Mn 2 and Co 2
38. The electrode potential of the following half cell at 298 K X | X 2  0.001 M  || Y 2  0.01 M  | Y is

____102 V . Given E X 2 / X  2.36 V and E Y 2 / Y  0.36 V

0 0

39. At what p H , given half cell MnO4  0.1M  | Mn 2  0.001 M  will have electrode potential of 1.282V

Given E MnO4 /Mn 2  1.54 V

0
[JEE MAINS 2023]
Condutance of Electrolytic Solution
40. Conductance (with unit Siemens S) is directly proportional to area of the electrode plates and the concen-
tration of the solution in the cell and is inversely proportional to the separation between the electrode
plates. Then the unit of the constant of proportionality is : [AIEEE 2002]
(A) Sm mol 1 (B) Sm mol
2 1 (C) S m mol
2 2 (D) S m mol1
2 2

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
Variation of  and  m with Concentration
41. The highest electrical conductivity among the following aqueous solutions is of : [AIEEE–2005]
(A) 0.1 M acetic acid (B) 0.1 M chloroacetic acid
(C) 0.1 M fluoroacetic acid (D) 0.1 M difluoroacetic acid
42. Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with a solution of an electrolyte of concentration 0.1 M is
1
100 . The conductivity of this solution is 1.29 Sm . Resistance of the same cell when filled with
0.02 M of the same solution is 520  . The molar conductivity of 0.02 M solution of the electrolyte

 129 
will be:  Take  0.248  [AIEEE–2006]
 520 
(A) 1.24  104 Sm 2 mol1 (B) 1240  104 Sm 2 mol1
(C) 1.24 Sm 2 mol 1 (D) 12.4  104 Sm 2 mol1
43. Resistance of 0.2 M solution of an electrolyte is 50  . The specific conductance of the solution is
1.4 Sm 1 . The resistance of 0.5 M solution of the same electrolyte is 280 . The molar
conductivity of 0.5 M solution of the electrolyte in S m 2 mol 1 is : [JEE(Main) 2014]
(A) 5  10 4 (B) 5  10 3 (C) 5  103 (D) 5  102
44. The equivalent conductance of NaCl at concentration C and at infinite dilution are  C and   ,
respectively. The correct relationship between  C and   is given as : (where the constant B is
positive) [JEE(Main) 2014]
(A)  C      B  C (B)  C      B  C (C)  C      B  C (D)  C      B  C

45. The molar conductivities of a conductivity cell filled with 10 moles of 20 ml NaCl is  m1 and that of 20

moles of another identical cell having 80 ml NaCl is  m2 . The conductivities exhibited by these two cells

are same . The relation ship between  m2 and  m1 is [JEE MAIN 2022]

(A)  m2  2  m1 (B)  m2   m1 / 2 (C)  m2   m1 (D)  m2  4  m1

46. Given below are two statements
Statement - I : For KI , molar conductivity increases steeply with dilution
Statement -II: For carbonic acid molar conductivity increases slowly with dilution .
In light of the above statements , choose the correct answer from the options given below
(A) Both statement I and II are true (B) Both statement I and II are false
(C) Statement I is true and statement II is false (D) Statement I is false and statement II is true
[JEE MAINS 2022]
47. Resistance of a conductivity cell ( cell constant 129 m ) filled with 74.5 ppm solution of KCl is 100 .
1

When the same cell is filled with KCl solution of 149 ppm , the resistance is 50 .The ratio of molar
1 3
conductivity of solution 1 and solution 2 is   x  10 .The value of x is ------ [JEE MAINS 2022]
2

48. The resistivity of a 0.8 m solution of an electrolyte is Its molar conductivity is _____ 104 1cm2 mol1
[JEE MAINS 2023]

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Kohlrausch Law
49. The limiting molar conductivities  o for NaCl, KBr and KCl are 126, 152 and 150 S cm 2 mol 1
respectively. The value of o for NaBr is : [AIEEE 2004]
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
(A) 128 S cm mol (B) 176 S cm mol (C) 278 S cm mol (D) 302 S cm mol
50. The equivalent conductances of two strong electrolytes at infinite dilution in H 2 O (where ions move
freely through a solution) at 25o C are given below : [AIEEE–2007]
 0CH3COONa  91.0 S cm 2 / equiv and  0HCl  426.2 S cm2 / equiv
What additional information/quantity one needs to calculate  o of an aqueous solution of acetic acid :

(A) The limiting equivalent conductance of H   H 

 o 

(B)  o of chloroacetic acid  ClCH 2 COOH 

(C) o of NaCl
(D) o of CH 3COOK
51. The molar conductivities  0NaOAc and 0HCl at infinite dilution in water at 25o C are 91.0 and 426.2

S cm 2 / mol respectively. To calculate  HOAc , the additional value required is :

0
[AIEEE–2006]

(A)  0H 2 O (B) 0KCl (C) 0NaOH (D) 0NaCl

52. 0m for NaCl, HCl and NaA are 126.4, 425.9 and 100.5 S cm 2 / mol , respectively. If the conductivity of
0.001 M HA is 5  105 S cm 1 , degree of dissociation of HA is: [JEE(Main 2021]
(A) 0.125 (B) 0.50 (C) 0.75 (D) 0.25
Electrolysis
53. Which of the following reactions is possible at anode : [AIEEE 2002]
(A) 2Cr 3  7H 2 O  Cr2 O72  14H  (B) F2  2F

1
(C) O 2  2H   H 2 O (D) displacement reaction
2
54. Aluminium oxide may be electrolysed at 1000o C to furnish aluminium metal (At.Mass of Al = 27 amu
1 Faraday = 96,500 Coulombs). The cathode reaction is Al3  3e   Al0 . To prepare 5.12 kg of
aluminium metal by this method, one would require : [AIEEE–2005]
(A) 5.49  10 C of electricity
7 (B) 1.83  10 C of electricity
7

(C) 5.49  104 C of electricity (D) 5.49  1010 C of electricity

55. The metal that cannot be obtained by electrolysis of an aqueous solution of its salts is :
[JEE(Main) 2014]
(A) Ag (B) Ca (C) Cu (D) Cr
56. Two Faraday of electricity is passed through a solution of CuSO 4 . The mass of copper deposited at
the cathode is : (at. mass of Cu = 63.5 amu) [JEE(Main) 2015]
(A) 0 g (B) 63.5 g (C) 2 g (D) 127 g
57. How long (approximate) should water be electrolysed by passing through 100 amperes current so
that the oxygen released can completely burn 27.66 g of diborane? [JEE(Main)-2018]
(Atomic weight of B = 10.8u)
(A) 3.2 hours (B) 1.6 hours (C) 6.4 hours (D) 0.8 hours

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58. A current of 10.0 A flows for 2.00 h through an electrolytic cell containing a molten salt of metal X.
This results in the decomposition of 0.250 mol of metal X at the cathode. The oxidation state of X
in the molten salt is : (F = 96,500 C) [JEE(Main) 2014]
(A) 1 + (B) 2 + (C) 3 + (D) 4 +
59. How many electrons would be required to deposit 6.35 g of copper at the cathode during the
electrolysis of an aqueous solution of copper sulphate ? (Atomic mass of copper = 63.5 u,
N A  Avogadro's constant ). [JEE(Main) 2014]
NA NA NA NA
(A) (B) (C) (D)
20 10 5 2
60. When an electric current is passed through acidified water, 112 mL of hydrogen gas at N.T.P was
collected at the cathode in 965 seconds. The current passed, in ampere, is : [JEE(Main) 2018]
(A) 2.0 (B) 0.1 (C) 0.5 (D) 1.0
61. When 9.65 ampere current was passed for 1.0 hour into nitrobenzene in acidic medium, the amount
of p-aminophenol produced is : [JEE(Main) 2018]
(A) 109.0 g (B) 98.1 g (C) 9.81 g (D) 10.9 g
62. The anodic half–cell of lead–acid battery is recharged using electricity of 0.05 Faraday. The amount
of PbSO 4 electrolyzed in g during the process is : (Molar mass of PbSO 4  303 g mol1 )
[JEE(Main) 2019]
(A) 15.2 (B) 22.8 (C) 7.6 (D) 11.6
63. Consider the following reaction
MnO4  8H  5e   Mn 2  4H 2 O E o  1.51 V [JEE MAIN 2021]
The quantity of electricity requires in Faraday to reduce five moles of MnO4 is
64. The amount of charge in F (Faraday ) required to obtain one mole of iron from Fe 3O 4 is
[JEE MAIN 2022]
65. Which one of the following is correct for electrolysis of brine solution [JEE MAINS 2023]
(A) Cl 2 is formed at cathode (B) O 2 if formed at cathode
(C) H 2 is formed at anode (D) OH  if formed at cathode
Corrosion
66. Galvanization is applying a coating of : [JEE(Main) 2016]
(A) Cr (B) Cu (C) Zn (D) Pb
67. Identify the correct statement: [JEE(Main) 2016]
(A) Corrosion of iron can be minimized by forming an impermeable barrier at its surface.
(B) Iron corrodes in oxygen-free water.
(C) Iron corrodes more rapidly in salt water because its electrochemical potential is higher.
(D) Corrosion of iron can be minimized by forming a contact with another metal with a higher reduction
potential.

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ANSWERS
EXERCISE - 1

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A A A C C A C D B D
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C C C B B A A A C D
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C B B B B D A D C 60

EXERCISE - 2

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C D A A D D A D C B
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D D A B B C C D D A
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. D B C C B B A C B C
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. D A 96500 147 4 917 C 275 3 B
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. D A A C A B 1000 25 A C
Que. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. D A A A B B A C C D
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
Ans. C C 25 Faraday 3 D C A

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