DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

Station Controller
StaCtrl
 DIgSILENT GmbH

Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany

T: +49 7072 9168 00

F: +49 7072 9168 88

http://www.digsilent.de
[email protected]
r1029

Copyright ©2011, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 1

Contents

Contents

1 General Description 3

1.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2.1 Voltage Control Mode Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2.2 Reactive Power Control Mode Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2.3 Power Factor Control Mode Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.3 Reactive Power Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.3.1 Calculation of Contributions (Dispatched Active Power, Nominal Power

and Individual Reactive Power) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.3.2 Calculation of Contributions (Maximise Reactive Reserves) . . . . . . . . 11

1.4 Usage Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 Input Parameter Definitions 12

List of Figures 13

List of Tables 14

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 2

1 General Description

1 General Description

The Station Control object (or station controller) is used in load flow calculations to simulate the
behaviour of automatic control devices and/ or operator action. It acts on sources of reactive
power and, optionally, on transformers with tap changers, to achieve a target voltage at a certain
bus or a target reactive power flow through a cubicle/ boundary, or a target power factor at a
cubicle/ boundary.

The Station Control object has numerous options. For example, the user may select whether
voltage control should include reactive power droop, whether the target voltage should be de-
rived from the busbar properties by considering the switching arrangement, whether the con-
troller may act on the tap changers of step-up transformers, and what the relative contribution
of reactive power of the individual sources should be.

1.1 Definition

In order to define a station controller, multi-select the reactive power sources and the bus whose
voltage is to be controlled. Valid reactive power sources include synchronous and asynchronous
machines, static generators and static var systems (SVS). Then enter the desired name in the
Basic Data tab of the dialog.

A multi-selection is made as follows:

• Left-clicking the first element (e.g. the bus) and, while keeping the Control key pressed,
left-click the remaining elements (e.g. the reactive power sources).
• right-click on any of the selected elements, and select Define → Station Control from
the pop-up menu.
The station controller acts on the selected machines (or static generators or SVSs). It
does not act on elements that are in a separated area, or that are out of service.

1.2 Options

The calculation options under Load Flow tab are shown in Figure 1.1, and explained further
below.

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 3

1 General Description

Figure 1.1: Station control dialog, Load Flow tab

Control Mode
Three different control modes are available: Voltage control, reactive power control and power
factor control. Voltage control is done at a certain busbar/ terminal, whereas reactive power and
power factor control is done at a cubicle or boundary.

1.2.1 Voltage Control Mode Options

Controlled Phases
The voltage value to be controlled can be the positive sequence voltage value, the average of
the three phases voltage, or a specific phase voltage value. This option has relevance only in
the unbalanced load flow.

Controlled Busbar
This is the busbar or the terminal where the voltage will be controlled by adapting the reactive
power. The busbar can either be user or automatically selected.

User Selection of Busbar

The user selects the controlled terminal. The controller uses the voltage set-point specified

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 4

1 General Description

within the station controller or within the controlled terminal according the option Station Con-
troller/ Bus target voltage.

Figure 1.2: User selected busbar

Automatic Selection of Busbar

If the Automatic Selection option is selected, the controller finds the busbar at which the voltage
is to be controlled, starting at the machines (or static generators of SVSs), and using the nominal
voltage as a criteria. Depending on the switching arrangement of the “upstream” busbars, the
controller forms one or more controlling groups. A controlling group defines the voltage set-point
and the network elements that can be used to achieve the set-point. If no busbar is found at the
corresponding voltage level, the station control will control the voltage of the connected terminal
by using the local voltage set point of the machine.

For example, the upstream busbar may be a single busbar system with a section breaker having
a group of generators connected to each of the terminals. With the option Automatic Selection
enabled, the controller defines either one controlling group or two controlling groups, depending
on whether the section breaker is closed or open. If the breaker is closed, the busbar section
with the lowest priority determines the target voltage. If the breaker is open, each busbar section
determines a target voltage.

Figure 1.3: Automatic selection of busbar

Enable Droop
This option is only available if the controller mode is set to Voltage Control and the controlled
busbar is user selected. A cubicle or a boundary can be selected as Q-measurement point
(pQmeas). The voltage set point is modified depending on the reactive power flow at the Q-
measurement point as follows:

u0setp = usetp + Qmeas /Qdroop

where:

usetp Voltage set point in p.u. of the busbar

u0setp Voltage set point in p.u., including the droop characteristic.

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 5

1 General Description

Qmeas Measured reactive power in Mvar

Qdroop Droop in Mvar/p.u.

The droop can be inserted alternatively as percent value of the rated reactive power:

Qdroop = Srated ∗ 100/ddroop

where:

Srated Rated reactive power in Mvar

ddroop Droop in %

If no Q-Measurement Point is selected the measured reactive power is set to zero. The Q-flow
direction of the Q-Measurement Point should be equal to the Q-flow direction of the SVS.

1.2.2 Reactive Power Control Mode Options

Control Q at
A cubicle or a boundary can be selected, at which the reactive power flow is controlled by the
station controller. The value entered at Q Setpoint is used as the target reactive power value.

Figure 1.4: Reactive Power Control

Example:

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 6

1 General Description

The Option: Orientation defines the orientation of the controlled cubicle or boundary interchange
related to the generator in-feed. The parameter must be set to “+Q” if the “Q” flow of the
controlled point is in the same direction as the Q flow of the generators (see red example). If
the “Q” flow is in opposite direction the “Orientation” must be set to “-Q” (see blue example).

1.2.3 Power Factor Control Mode Options

Control Q at
A cubicle or a boundary can be selected at which the power factor is controlled by the station
controller. The value entered for Power Factor and the option cap./ind. determine the target
power factor.

Figure 1.5: Power Factor Control

1.3 Reactive Power Distribution

Contribution of the different reactive power sources to the control of the voltage is specified
in this part of the dialog. Every source is assigned a contribution factor (Kp ) that indicates the
percentage to feed an actual value, in addition to its set point. This factor is calculated according
to four different options:

• Dispatched Active Power

The contribution Kp factor is proportional to the dispatch active power specified for the
source. In this case, the higher the active power infeed of a source, the higher will be its
contribution in controlling the reactive power.

• Nominal Power
The contribution Kp factor is proportional to the nominal apparent power (MVA) of the
device.
• Individual Reactive Power
The percentage of each contribution can be set individually. The Kp factors for each
source will be normalized, so that their sum always will be 100%.
• Maximise Reactive Reserve
The contribution Kp factor is calculated to optimize the reactive power reserve of the
sources.

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 7

1 General Description

Figure 1.6: Reactive power distribution contribution factor

1.3.1 Calculation of Contributions (Dispatched Active Power, Nominal Power and Indi-
vidual Reactive Power)

The relationships between the station controller and the belonging sources are as follows:

Selection of Controlled Busbar: User Selection

One single busbar example:

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 8

1 General Description

The actual reactive power of each source is given by:

Qi = Qdispacht i + dQi

where:

dQi = Kqi ∗ dqsco

Qi is the source actual reactive power output

Qdispatch i is the specified dispatch reactive power for the source
dQ is the change of reactive power of the source
Kqi is the factor assigned for the source
dqsco is the additional reactive power needed to keep the voltage at the specified setpoint of the
controlled node

Selection of Controlled Busbar: Automatic Selection

One single busbar system with a section breaker example:

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 9

1 General Description

The actual reactive power of each source is given by:

Qij = Qdispatch ij + dQij

where:

dQij = Kqij ∗ dqscoi

Qij is the source actual reactive power output

Qdispatch ij is the specified dispatch reactive power for the source
dQ is the change of reactive power of the source
Kqij is the factor assigned for the source. This factor is normalized for the controlling group of
sources
dqscoi is the additional reactive power needed to keep the voltage at the specified setpoint of
the controlled node

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 10

1 General Description

1.3.2 Calculation of Contributions (Maximise Reactive Reserves)

The relationships between the station controller and the belonging sources are as follows:

For both User Selection and Automatic Selection

The actual reactive power of each source is given by:

Qi = Qstati

where:

Qi is the actual reactive power output of the source

Qstat i is the reactive power of the source calculated by the station controller

If the load flow option Consider Reactive Power Limits is enabled and a machine runs in his
limits (Qmin,Qmax), the machine is ignored for the reactive power participation calculation.

1.4 Usage Hints

The station control object is not displayed graphically. However it is a specific calculation ele-
ment that is also listed when selecting the icon Objects relevant for the calculation . It’s icon
is shown as . If you experience problems with the station control, please check that you did
not define multiple station controls for the same bus, as these may result in conflicts during the
calculation.

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 11

2 Input Parameter Definitions

2 Input Parameter Definitions

Table 2.1: Parameter Definitions

Parameter Description Unit

loc name Name
outserv Out of service
i ctrl Control Mode
selBus Selection of controlled busbar
uset mode Selection of controlled busbar: Setpoint
rembar Selection of controlled busbar: Controlled ElmTerm
Busbar
cpCtrlNode Selection of controlled busbar: Target Node
usetp Selection of controlled busbar: Voltage Set- p.u.
point
selAutoUn Selection of controlled busbar: Busbar kV
Search Criteria >=
p cub Control Q at StaCubic, ElmBoundary
qsetp Q Setpoint Mvar
iQorient Orientation
pfsetp Power Factor
pf recap Option cap. or ind.
i droop Enable Droop
Srated Enable Droop: Rated Reactive Power Mvar
ddroop Enable Droop: Droop %
Qdroop Enable Droop: Droop Mvar/p.u.
pQmeas Enable Droop: Q measured at StaCubic, ElmBoundary
imode Reactive Power Distribution
iTrfCtrl Reactive Power Distribution: Step-up Trans-
former Control
Tctrl Reactive Power Distribution: Controller Time s
Constant
Psym ElmSym,ElmGenstat,ElmSvsMachines
cvqq Reactive Power Percentage %
i phase Controlled Phases

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 12

List of Figures

List of Figures

1.1 Station control dialog, Load Flow tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2 User selected busbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.3 Automatic selection of busbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.4 Reactive Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.5 Power Factor Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.6 Reactive power distribution contribution factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 13

List of Tables

List of Tables

2.1 Parameter Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 14

List of Tables

Station Controller (StaCtrl) 15