UNIVERSITY OF CEBU – MAIN CAMPUS

Sanciangko St., Cebu City

College of Engineering

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
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REY JULIUS O. BOLOTANO
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ENGR. DENNIS LAUTA

 Transmitters that transmit AM signals are known as AM transmitters. These transmitters

TWO TYPES OF AM TRANSMITTER

HIGH LEVEL TRANSMITTER

LOW LEVEL TRANSMITTER

In the transmitter, an electronic oscillator generates a sinusoidal alternating current of

 BUFFER AMPLIFIER

The purpose of the buffer amplifier is two fold. It first matches the output impedance of the
carrier oscillator with the input impedance of the frequency multiplier, the next stage of the
carrier oscillator. It then isolates the carrier oscillator and frequency multiplier.

 FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER

The sub-multiple frequency of the carrier signal, generated by the carrier oscillator , is now
applied to the frequency multiplier through the buffer amplifier. This stage is also known as
harmonic generator. The frequency multiplier generates higher harmonics of carrier oscillator
frequency. The frequency multiplier is a tuned circuit that can be tuned to the requisite carrier
frequency that is to be transmitted.

 POWER AMPLIFIER

The power of the carrier signal is then amplified in the power amplifier stage. This is the
basic requirement of a high-level transmitter. A class C power amplifier gives high power
current pulses of the carrier signal at its output.

 AUDIO CHAIN

The audio signal to be transmitted is obtained from the microphone, as shown in figure. The
audio driver amplifier amplifies the voltage of this signal. This amplification is necessary to
drive the audio power amplifier. Next, a class A or a class B power amplifier amplifies the
power of the audio signal.

 MODULATED CLASS C POWER AMPLIFIER

This is the output stage of the transmitter. The modulating audio signal and the carrier signal,
after power amplification, are applied to this modulating stage. The modulation takes place at
this stage. The class C amplifier also amplifies the power of the AM signal to the reacquired
transmitting power. This signal is finally passed to the antenna., which radiates the signal into
space of transmission.
 Block diagram of AM RECEIVER

 RF AMPLIFIER

A RF amplifier essentially is a tuned amplifier that enables the input signal of broadcast or
transmitted information to control an output signal. The RF amplifier uses frequency-
determining networks to convert the input signal into an output signal, providing the required
response at a given frequency.

 MIXER

The tuned and amplified signal then enters one port of the mixer. The local oscillator signal
enters the other port. The performance of the mixer is crucial to many elements of the overall
receiver performance. It should be as linear as possible. If not, then spurious signals will be
generated and these may appear as 'phantom' received signals.

 LOCAL OSCILLATOR

The local oscillator may consist of a variable frequency oscillator that can be tuned by altering
the setting on a variable capacitor. Alternatively it may be a frequency synthesizer that will
enable greater levels of stability and setting accuracy.
 INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER

Once the signals leave the mixer they enter the IF stages. These stages contain most of the
amplification in the receiver as well as the filtering that enables signals on one frequency to be
separated from those on the next. Filters may consist simply of LC tuned transformers
providing inter-stage coupling, or they may be much higher performance ceramic or even
crystal filters, dependent upon what is required.

 DETECTOR

Once the signals have passed through the IF stages of the super heterodyne receiver, they
need to be demodulated. Different demodulators are required for different types of
transmission, and as a result some receivers may have a variety of demodulators that can be
switched in to accommodate the different types of transmission that are to be encountered.

 AUDIO FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER

The output from the demodulator is the recovered audio. This is passed into the audio stages
where they are amplified and presented to the headphones or loudspeaker