Laplace Transform Page 1

LAPLACE TRANSFORM

5.1 INTRODUCTION
A transformation is an operation which converts a mathematical expression to a different but
equivalent form. The well known transformation logarithms reduce multiplication and division to a simpler
process of addition subtraction.
The Laplace transform is a powerful mathematical technique which solves linear equations
with given initial conditions by using algebra methods. The Laplace transform can also be used to solve
systems of differential equations, Partial differential equations and integral equations. In this chapter, we
will discuss about the definition, properties of Laplace transform and derive the transforms of some
functions which usually occur in the solution of linear differential equations.
5.2 LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Let 𝑓(𝑡) be a function of t defined for all 𝑡 ≥ 0 .then the Laplace transform of𝑓(𝑡), denoted by
𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)] is defined by
∞
𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Provided that the integral exists, “s” is a parameter which may be real or complex. Clearly 𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)]is a
function of s and is briefly written as 𝐹(𝑠) (𝑖. 𝑒. ) 𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
Piecewise continuous function
A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be piecewise continuous is an interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏, if the interval can be sub
divided into a finite number of intervals in each of which the function is continuous and has finite right and
left hand limits.
Exponential order
A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be exponential order if lim 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓(𝑡) is a finite quantity, where 𝑠 >
𝑡→∞

0(exists).
𝟑
Example: 5. 1 Show that the function 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆𝒕 is not of exponential order.
Solution:
3 3 3−𝑠𝑡
lim 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑡 =lim 𝑒−𝑠𝑡+𝑡 = lim 𝑒𝑡
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

= 𝑒∞ = ∞, not a finite quantity.

3
Hence 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒𝑡 is not of exponential order.
Sufficient conditions for the existence of the Laplace transform
The Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) exists if
i) 𝑓(𝑡) is piecewise continuous in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏
ii) 𝑓(𝑡) is of exponential order.

Laplace Transform Page 2

Note: The above conditions are only sufficient conditions and not a necessary condition.
𝟐
Example: 5.2 Prove that Laplace transform of 𝒆𝒕 does not exist.
Solution:
2 2 2−𝑠𝑡
lim 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑡 =lim 𝑒−𝑠𝑡+𝑡 = lim 𝑒𝑡
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

= 𝑒∞ = ∞ ,not a finite quantity.

2
∴ 𝑒𝑡 is not of exponential order.
2
Hence Laplace transform of 𝑒𝑡 does not exist.
5.3 PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Property: 1 Linear property
𝑳[𝒂𝒇(𝒕) ± 𝒃𝒈(𝒕)] = 𝒂𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] ± 𝒃𝑳[𝒈(𝒕)] , where a and b are constants.
Proof:
∞
𝐿[𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)] = ∫0 [𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)] 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞
=𝑎 ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 ± 𝑏 ∫0 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡

𝐿[𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝑎 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] ± 𝑏 𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)]

Property: 2 Change of scale property.

𝟏 𝒔
If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then 𝑳[𝒇(𝒂𝒕)] = 𝑭 ( ) ; 𝒂 > 0
𝒂 𝒂

Proof:
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
∞
∴ ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) ⋯ ⋯ (1)
By the definition of Laplace transform, we have
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ⋯ ⋯ (2)
𝒙 𝑑𝑥
Put at= 𝑥 𝑖𝑒. , 𝑡 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 =
𝒂 𝑎
∞ −𝒔𝒙 𝑑𝑥
(2) ⇒ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 𝒂 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
𝟏 ∞ −𝒔𝒙
= 𝒂 ∫0 𝑒 𝒂 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 ∞ −𝑠𝑡
Replace 𝑥 by t, 𝐿[𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎
𝟏 𝒔
𝑳[𝒇(𝒂𝒕)] = 𝑭( ) ;𝒂 > 0
𝒂 𝒂
Property: 3 First shifting property.
If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then i) 𝑳[𝒆−𝒂𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂)
ii) 𝑳[𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂)
Proof:
(i) 𝐿[𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)

Laplace Transform Page 3

Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
∞
∴ ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) ⋯ (1)
By the definition of Laplace transform, we have
∞
𝐿[𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒−(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎) by (1)
∞
(ii) 𝐿[𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒−(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) by (1)
Property: 4 Laplace transforms of derivatives 𝑳[𝒇′(𝒕)] = 𝒔𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒇(𝟎)
Proof: 𝑢 = 𝑒−𝑠𝑡
∞ ∞
𝐿[𝑓′(𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
0 0

= [𝑢𝑣]∞0 − ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑓′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

∞
= [𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)]∞0 − ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) (−𝑠)𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∴ 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑓′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

= 0 − 𝑓(0) + 𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑓(𝑡)

= 𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)
𝑳[𝒇′(𝒕)] = 𝒔𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒇(𝟎)
Property: 5 Laplace transform of derivative of order n
𝑳[𝒇𝒏(𝒕)] = 𝒔𝒏𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝟎) − 𝒔𝒏−𝟐𝒇′(𝟎) ⋯ − 𝒔𝒏−𝟑 𝒇′′(𝟎) − ⋯ 𝒇𝒏−𝟏 (𝟎)
Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓′(𝑡)] = 𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0) ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝐿[𝑓𝑛(𝑡)] = 𝐿[[𝑓′(𝑡)]′]
= 𝑠𝐿[𝑓′(𝑡)] − 𝑓′(0)
= 𝑠[𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)] − 𝑓′(0)
= 𝑠2𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓′(0)
Similarly, 𝐿[𝑓′′′(𝑡)] = 𝑠3𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑠2𝑓(0) − 𝑠𝑓′(0) − 𝑓′′(0)
In general, 𝑳[𝒇𝒏(𝒕)] = 𝒔𝒏𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝟎) − 𝒔𝒏−𝟐𝒇′(𝟎) ⋯ − 𝒔𝒏−𝟑 𝒇′′(𝟎) − ⋯ 𝒇𝒏−𝟏 (𝟎)
Laplace transform of integrals
𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕] 𝑭(𝒔)
Theorem: 1 If𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then 𝑳 [ =
∫𝟎 𝒔
Proof:
𝑡
Let 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑔′(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)
0
And 𝑔(0) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0

Laplace Transform Page 4

 Now𝐿[𝑔′(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
𝑠𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] − 𝑔(0) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
𝑠𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] ∴ 𝑔(0) = 0
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] =
𝑠
∴ 𝑳[ 𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕] = 𝑭(𝒔)
∫𝟎 𝒔
𝒅
Theorem: 2 If𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then 𝑳[𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = − 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒅𝒔

Proof:
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
∞
∴ ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) ⋯ ⋯ (1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to s, we get
∞ −𝑠𝑡 𝑑
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠 0
∫ 𝑑𝑠
∞ 𝜕 𝑑
∫ (𝑒−𝑠𝑡 )𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
0 𝜕𝑠 𝑑𝑠
∞ 𝑑
∫0 (−𝑡)𝑒 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
−𝑠𝑡

∞ 𝒅
− ∫ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
0
𝒅𝒔
𝑑
−𝐿[𝑡𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠
𝒅
∴ 𝑳[𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = − 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒅𝒔
𝒅𝒏
Note: In general 𝑳[𝒕𝒏𝒇(𝒕)] = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒅𝒔 𝒏
𝒔𝟐−𝒔+𝟏
Example: 5.3 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = then find 𝑳[𝒇(𝟐𝒕)].
(𝟐𝒔+𝟏)𝟐(𝒔−𝟏)

Solution:
𝑠2−𝑠+1
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = = 𝐹(𝑠)
(2𝑠+1)2(𝑠−1)
1 𝑠
𝐿[𝑓(2𝑡)] = 𝐹 ( )
2 2
2 𝑠
1 (𝑠 ) − +1
2 2
= 2 𝑠 2 𝑠
(2 +1) ( −1)
2 2
𝑠 2 𝑠
[ − +4]
=1 4 2
𝑠−2
2 (𝑠+1)2 ( )
2

𝑠2−2𝑠+1
=
4(𝑠+1)2(𝑠−2)

Laplace transform of some Standard functions

𝚪(𝒏+𝟏)
Result: 1 Prove that 𝑳[𝒕𝒏] =
𝒔𝒏+𝟏

Proof:

Laplace Transform Page 5

 ∞ Let 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑢 ⋯ ⋯ (1)
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑢
∞ −𝑠𝑡 𝑛 𝑡=
𝐿[𝑡𝑛] = ∫0 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑠
𝑑𝑢
∞ 𝑢 𝑛 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑡 =
𝐿[𝑡 𝑛] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑢 ( ) 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
∞ −𝑢 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 When 𝑡 → 0(1) => 𝑢 → 0
= 𝑒
∫0
1
𝑛+1
∞ 𝑠−𝑢 𝑛 ,
= 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑠𝑛+1
∫0 𝑡 → ∞, (1) => 𝑢 → ∞
𝚪(𝒏+𝟏)
∴ 𝑳[𝒕𝒏] = ∞
𝒔𝒏+𝟏 ∵ ∫0 𝑒−𝑢𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢
Note: If n is an integer, then Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛!
n!
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑛] = if n is an integer
𝑠𝑛+1
1
If 𝑛 = 0 , then 𝐿[1] =
𝑠
1
If 𝑛 = 1 , then 𝐿[𝑡] =
𝑠2
2!
Similarly 𝐿[𝑡2] =
𝑠3
3!
𝐿[𝑡3] =
𝑠4
𝟏
Result: 2 Prove that 𝑳(𝒆𝒂𝒕) = ,𝒔 > 𝒂
𝒔−𝒂

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
∴ 𝐿(𝑒𝑎𝑡) = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒−𝑡(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒−𝑡(𝑠−𝑎)
=[ ]
−(𝑠−𝑎) 0
1
= − [0 − ( )]
𝑠−𝑎
1
∴ 𝐿(𝑒𝑎𝑡) =
𝑠−𝑎
𝟏
Result: 3 Prove that 𝑳(𝒆−𝒂𝒕) = ,𝒔 > 𝒂
𝒔+𝒂

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
∴ 𝐿(𝑒−𝑎𝑡) = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑒−𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒−𝑡(𝑠+𝑎) 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒−𝑡(𝑠+𝑎)
=[ ]
−(𝑠+𝑎) 0
1
= − [0 − ( )]
𝑠+𝑎
1
∴ 𝐿(𝑒𝑎𝑡) =
𝑠+𝑎

Laplace Transform Page 6

 𝒂
Result: 4 Prove that 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕] =
𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒂 ∞ 𝒃
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = , 𝑠 > |𝑎| [∵ 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ]
𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐
∫0 𝒂𝟐+𝒃𝟐
𝒔
Result: 5 Prove that 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] =
𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐
Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝒂
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = , 𝑠 > |𝑎| ∵ ∞ 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑠2+𝑎 2 ∫0 𝒂𝟐+𝒃𝟐
𝒂
Result: 6 Prove that 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕] = , 𝒔 > |𝒂|
𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐

Proof:
𝑒𝑎𝑡−𝑒−𝑎𝑡
We have 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑒𝑎𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑒−𝑎𝑡)]
2
1 𝟏 𝟏
= [ − ]
2 𝒔−𝒂 𝒔+𝒂
1 𝒔+𝒂−𝒔+𝒂
= 2[ ]
𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐
1 𝟐𝒂
= 2 [ 𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐 ]
𝒂
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡] = , 𝑠 > |𝑎|
𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐
𝒔
Result: 7 Prove that 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕] = , 𝒔 > |𝒂|
𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐

Proof:
𝑒𝑎𝑡+𝑒−𝑎𝑡
We have 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑒𝑎𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑒−𝑎𝑡)]
2
1 𝟏 𝟏
= [ + ]
2 𝒔−𝒂 𝒔+𝒂
1 𝒔+𝒂+𝒔−𝒂
= 2[ ]
𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐
1 𝟐𝒔
= [ 𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐 ]
2
𝒔
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡] = , 𝑠 > |𝑎|
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
𝟏
Example: 5.4 Find 𝑳 [𝒕𝟐]

Solution:
Γ(𝑛+1)
We have 𝐿[𝑡𝑛] =
𝑠𝑛+1

Laplace Transform Page 7

 𝟏
Put 𝑛 =
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 Γ ( +1)
∴ 𝐿 [𝑡𝟐] = 𝟐
𝟏 ∵ Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ𝑛
+1
𝑠𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
Γ( ) 𝟏
= 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
∵ Γ ( ) = √𝜋
𝑠𝟐+1 𝟐

√𝜋
= 𝟑
2𝑠𝟐
𝟏
√𝜋
∴ 𝐿 [𝑡𝟐] =
2𝑠√𝑠
𝟏
− 𝟏
Example: 5.5 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕 𝟐 or
√𝑡

Solution:
Γ(𝑛+1)
We have 𝐿[𝑡𝑛] =
𝑠𝑛+1
𝟏
Put 𝑛 = −
𝟐
𝟏
−
𝟏 Γ (− +1)
∴ 𝐿 [𝑡 𝟐 ]= 𝟐
−𝟏+1
∵ Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ𝑛
𝑠 𝟐
𝟏
Γ ( 𝟐) 𝟏
= 𝟏 ∵ Γ ( 𝟐) = √𝜋
𝑠𝟐

= √𝜋
√𝑠
𝟏 𝜋
∴𝐿[ ] = √
√𝑡 𝑠

FORMULA
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔) 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝑳[𝟏] =
𝟏 𝒂
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕] =
𝒔
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟏
𝑳[𝒕] = 𝒔
𝒔𝟐 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] = 𝟐
𝚪(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝑳[𝒕𝒏] = if n is not an integer 𝒔
𝒔𝒏+𝟏 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕] =
𝑳[𝒕𝒏] =
𝐧!
if n is an integer 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝒔𝒏+𝟏 𝒂
𝟏 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕] =
𝑳(𝒆𝒂𝒕) = 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝒔−𝒂
𝟏
𝑳(𝒆𝒂𝒕) =
𝒔+𝒂

Problems using Linear property

Example: 5.6 Find the Laplace transform for the following
i. 𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏 v. 𝒔𝒊𝒏√𝟐 𝒕 ix. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
ii. (𝒕 + 𝟐)𝟑 vi. 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒕 + 𝒃) x. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟐𝒕
iii. 𝒂𝒕 vii. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟐𝒕 xi. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕

Laplace Transform Page 8

 iv. 𝒆𝟐𝒕+𝟑 viii. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
Solution:
(i) Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 3𝑡2 + 2𝑡 + 1
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[3𝑡2 + 2𝑡 + 1]
= 𝐿[3𝑡2] + 𝐿[2𝑡] + 𝐿[1]
= 𝐿[3𝑡2] + 𝐿[2𝑡] + 𝐿[1]
= 3𝐿[𝑡2] + 2𝐿[𝑡] + 𝐿[1]
2 1 1
=3 +2 +
𝑠3 𝑠2 𝑠
6 2 1
∴ 𝐿[3𝑡2 + 2𝑡 + 1] = + +
𝑠3 𝑠2 𝑠

(ii) Given 𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 + 2)3 = 𝑡3 + 3𝑡2(2) + 3𝑡22 + 23

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑡3 + 3𝑡2(2) + 3𝑡22 + 23]
= 𝐿[𝑡3] + 𝐿[6𝑡2] + 𝐿[12𝑡] + 𝐿[8]
= 𝐿[𝑡3] + 6𝐿[𝑡2] + 12𝐿[𝑡] + 8𝐿[1]
6 12 12 12
= 𝑠4 + 𝑠3
+ 2+
𝑠 𝑠

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑎𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑒𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎]
1
𝐿[𝑎𝑡] =
𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎

(iv)Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒2𝑡+3

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑒2𝑡+3] = 𝐿[𝑒2𝑡. 𝑒3]
= 𝑒3𝐿[𝑒2𝑡]
1
= 𝑒3 [ ]
𝑠−2
1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒2𝑡+3] = 𝑒3 [ ]
𝑠−2

(v) 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡] = √2
𝑠2+2

(vi)Given 𝑓(𝑡) = sin(𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[sin(𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏)]
= 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏]
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 𝐿[sin𝑎𝑡] + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝐿[cos𝑎𝑡]
𝑠 𝑠
𝐿[sin(𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏
𝑠2+𝑎 2 𝑠2+𝑎 2
1
(vii) Given 𝑓(𝑡) = cos3 2𝑡 = [3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡]
4 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃
1 ∵ cos3 𝜃 =
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡] 4
4
1
= [3𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡)]
4
1 𝑠 𝑠
= [3 + ]
4 𝑠2+4 𝑠2+36

Laplace Transform Page 9

 1 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿[cos3 2𝑡] = [3 + ]
4 𝑠2+4 𝑠2+36
1
(viii) Given 𝑓(𝑡) = sin3 𝑡 = [3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
4
1
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
4
1
= [3𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡)]
4
1 1 3
= [3 − ]
4 𝑠2+1 𝑠2+9
3 1 1
𝐿[sin3 𝑡] = [ − ]
4 𝑠2+1 𝑠2+9
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
(ix) Given 𝑓(𝑡) = sin2 𝑡 =
2
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= [𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]
2
1 1 𝑠
= [ − ]
2 𝑠 𝑠2+4
1 1 𝑠
𝐿[cos2 2𝑡] = [ − ]
2 𝑠 𝑠2+4
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
(x) Given 𝑓(𝑡) = cos2 2𝑡 =
2
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= [𝐿(1) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡)]
2
1 1 𝑠
= [ + ]
2 𝑠 𝑠2+16
1 1 𝑠
𝐿[cos2 2𝑡] = [ + ]
2 𝑠 𝑠2+16

(xi) Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡]
1
= [𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]
2
𝑠
1
= [
𝑠 + ]
2 𝑠2+81 𝑠2+1

Problems using First Shifting theorem

𝑳[𝒆−𝒂𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒔→𝒔+𝒂
𝑳[𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒔→𝒔−𝒂
Example: 5.7 Find the Laplace transform for the following:
i. 𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕 vii. 𝒕𝟐𝟐𝒕
ii. 𝒕𝟑𝒆𝟐𝒕 viii. 𝒕𝟑𝟐−𝒕
iii. 𝒆𝟒𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 ix. 𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
iv. 𝒆−𝟓𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 x. 𝒆−𝟑𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
v. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 xi. 𝒆𝟒𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕

Laplace Transform Page 10

vi. cosh3tsin2t
(i) 𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕
𝐿[𝑡𝑒−3𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3
1 1
=( ) ∵ 𝐿(𝑡) =
𝑠2 𝑠→𝑠+3 𝑠2
1
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑒−3𝑡] =
(𝑠+3)2

(ii) 𝒕𝟑𝒆𝟐𝒕
𝐿[𝑡3𝑒2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡3]𝑠→𝑠−2
3! 3!
=( ) ∵ 𝐿(𝑡) =
𝑠4 𝑠→𝑠−2 𝑠3+1
6
∴ 𝐿[𝑡3𝑒2𝑡] =
(𝑠−2)4

(iii) 𝒆𝟒𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
𝐿[𝑒4𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−4
2
=( )
𝑠2+22 𝑠→𝑠−4
2
= (𝑠−4)2+4
2
=
𝑠2−8𝑠+16+4
2
∴ 𝐿[𝑒4𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] =
𝑠2−8𝑠+20

(iv) 𝑳[𝒆−𝟓𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]
𝐿[𝑒−5𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+5
𝑠
=( )
𝑠2+32 𝑠→𝑠+5
𝑠+5
= (𝑠+5)2+9
𝑠+5
=
𝑠2+10𝑠+25+9
𝑠+5
∴ 𝐿[𝑒−5𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] =
𝑠2+10𝑠+34

(v) 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]
𝑒2𝑡−𝑒−2𝑡
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = 𝐿 [( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑒2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑒−2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)𝑠→𝑠−2 − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡) 𝑠→𝑠+2]
2
1 𝑠 𝑠
= [( ) −( ) ]
2 𝑠2+32 𝑠→𝑠−2 𝑠2+32 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠−2 𝑠+2
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = [ − ]
2 (𝑠−2)2+9 (𝑠+2)2+9

(vi) 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕]
𝑒3𝑡+𝑒−3𝑡
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿 [( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]
2

Laplace Transform Page 11

 1
= [𝐿(𝑒3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑒−3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)𝑠→𝑠−3 + 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) 𝑠→𝑠+3]
2
1 2 2
= [( ) +( ) ]
2 𝑠2+22 𝑠→𝑠−3 𝑠2+22 𝑠→𝑠+3
1 2 2
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = [ + ]
2 (𝑠−3)2+4 (𝑠+3)2+4

(vii) 𝒕𝟐𝟐𝒕
𝑡
𝐿[𝑡22𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡2𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ]
= 𝐿[𝑡2𝑒𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔2] = 𝐿[𝑡2]𝑠→𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2!
=( )
𝑠3 𝑠→𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2

2
= (𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2)3
2
∴ 𝐿[𝑡22𝑡] =
(𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2)3

(viii) 𝒕𝟑𝟐−𝒕
−𝑡
𝐿[𝑡32−𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡3𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ]
= 𝐿[𝑡3𝑒−𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔2] = 𝐿[𝑡3]𝑠→𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2
3!
=( )
𝑠4 𝑠→𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2

6
= (𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2)4
6
∴ 𝐿[𝑡32−𝑡] =
(𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2)4

(ix) 𝑳[𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕]
𝐿[𝑒−2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+2
1
= 𝐿[sin(3𝑡 + 2𝑡) + sin(3𝑡 − 2𝑡)] 𝑠→𝑠+2
2
1
= 𝐿[sin 5𝑡 + sin 𝑡]
2 𝑠→𝑠+2
1
= [L(sin 5𝑡) + 𝐿(sin 𝑡)] 𝑠→𝑠+2
2
1
1
= [2
5 + ]
2 𝑠 +5 2 𝑠2+12 𝑠→𝑠+2
1
1
= [
5 + ]
2 (𝑠+2)2+25 (𝑠+2)2+1
1 5 1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒−2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] == [ + ]
2 (𝑠+2)2+25 (𝑠+2)2+1

(x) 𝑳[𝒆−𝟑𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕]
𝐿[𝑒−3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3
1
= 𝐿[cos(4𝑡 + 2𝑡) + cos(4𝑡 − 2𝑡)] 𝑠→𝑠+3
2
1
= 𝐿[cos6t + cos2𝑡]
2 𝑠→𝑠+3

Laplace Transform Page 12

 1
= [L(cos6 𝑡) + 𝐿(cos2 𝑡)] 𝑠→𝑠+3
2
𝑠
1
= [
𝑠 + ]
2 𝑠2+6 2 𝑠2+22 𝑠→𝑠+3
1 𝑠+3 𝑠+3
= [ + ]
2 (𝑠+3)2+36 (𝑠+3)2+4
1 𝑠+3 𝑠+3
∴ 𝐿[𝑒−3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = [ + ]
2 (𝑠+3)2+36 (𝑠+3)2+4

(xi) 𝑳[𝒆𝟒𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕]
𝐿[𝑒4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−4
1
= 𝐿[sin(3𝑡 + 2𝑡) − sin(3𝑡 − 2𝑡)] 𝑠→𝑠−4
2
1
= 𝐿[sin 5𝑡 − sin 𝑡]
2 𝑠→𝑠−4
1
= [L(sin 5𝑡) − 𝐿(sin 𝑡)] 𝑠→𝑠−4
2
1
1
= [2
5 − ]
2 𝑠 +5 2 𝑠2+12 𝑠→𝑠−4
1
1
= [
5 + ]
2 (𝑠−4)2+25 (𝑠−4)2+1
1 5 1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = [ + ]
2 (𝑠−4)2+25 (𝑠−4)2+1

Exercise: 5.1
Find the Laplace transform for the following
𝟑𝒔 𝒔
1. cos2 3𝑡 Ans: 𝟏 [ + ]
𝟒 𝒔𝟐+𝟗 𝒔𝟐+𝟖𝟏
𝟕 𝟏
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 Ans: 𝟏 [ − ]
𝟒 𝒔𝟐+𝟒𝟗 𝒔𝟐+𝟏

3. 𝑡𝑒2𝑡 Ans: 𝟏
(𝒔−𝟐)𝟐

4. 𝑡4𝑒−3𝑡 Ans: 𝟒!
(𝒔−𝟑)𝟓

5. 𝑒4𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 Ans: 𝟐
(𝒔−𝟒)𝟐+𝟒

6. 𝑒−5𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 Ans: 𝒔+𝟓

(𝒔+𝟓)𝟐+𝟗

7. 𝑡33𝑡 Ans: 𝟑!
(𝒔−𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑)𝟒

8. 𝑡54−𝑡 Ans: 𝟓!
(𝒔+𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒)𝟔
𝟏
9. 𝑒−2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: 𝟓 +
(𝒔+𝟐)𝟐 +𝟐𝟓 (𝒔+𝟐)𝟐+𝟏
𝒔+𝟑
10. 𝑒−3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: 𝒔+𝟑 +
(𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 +𝟑𝟔 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 +𝟒
𝟒
11. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 Ans: 𝟒 −
(𝒔−𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏𝟔 (𝒔+𝟏)𝟐+𝟏𝟔
𝑠−2 𝑠+2
12. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: 1 [ − ]
2 (𝑠−2)2+4 (𝑠+2)2+4

Laplace Transform Page 13

5.4 LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS
Problems using the formula
−𝒅
𝑳[𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
𝒅𝒔

Example: 5.8 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒕

Solution:
−𝑑
𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡]
𝑑𝑠
−𝑑
= [ 24 ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 +4
−[(𝑠2+16)0−4(2𝑠)]
=
(𝑠2+16)2
8𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡] =
(𝑠2+16)2

Example: 5.9 Find 𝑳[𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕]

Solution:
−𝑑 −𝑑 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)
𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿[sin2 𝑡] = 𝐿[ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 2
1𝑑
=− [𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]
2 𝑑𝑠
1 𝑑 1 𝒔
=− [ − ]
2 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝒔𝟐+𝟒
1 𝑑 𝟐+𝟒−𝒔𝟐
=− [𝒔 ]
2 𝑑𝑠 𝒔(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)
1 𝑑 𝟒
=− [ ]
2 𝑑𝑠 𝒔(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)
4 𝑑 𝟏
=− [ ]
2 𝑑𝑠 𝒔(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)

𝟎−(𝟑𝒔𝟐+𝟒)
= −2 [ 𝟐 ]
(𝒔𝟑+𝟒𝒔)
𝟐(𝟑𝒔𝟐+𝟒)
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] =
𝟐
(𝒔𝟑+𝟒𝒔)

Example: 5.10 Find 𝑳[𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟐𝒕]

Solution:
−𝑑 −𝑑 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡)
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠22𝑡] = 𝐿[cos2 2𝑡] = 𝐿[ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 2
1𝑑
=− [𝐿(1) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡)]
2 𝑑𝑠
1 𝑑 1 𝒔
=− [ + ]
2 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝒔𝟐+𝟏𝟔

1 1 (𝒔 𝟐+𝟏𝟔)𝟏−𝒔.𝟐𝒔
= − [− 2 + ]
2 𝑠 (𝒔𝟐+𝟏𝟔)𝟐

1 1 𝒔𝟐+𝟏𝟔−𝟐𝒔𝟐
= − 2 [− 𝑠2 + (𝒔𝟐+𝟏𝟔)𝟐
]
1 1 𝟏𝟔−𝒔𝟐
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠22𝑡] = [ − ]
2 𝑠2 (𝒔𝟐+𝟏𝟔)𝟐

Laplace Transform Page 14

Example: 5.11 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕
Solution:
−𝑑
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡]
𝑑𝑠
−𝑑 2
= [ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠2−4
2
−[(𝑠 −4)0−2(2𝑠)]
=
(𝑠2−4)2
4𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡] =
(𝑠2−4)2

Example: 5.12 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 − 𝒂𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕
Solution:
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = L(sin 𝑎𝑡) − 𝑎 L(tcosat)
𝑎 −𝑑
= −𝑎( 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡])
𝑠2+𝑎 2 𝑑𝑠
𝑑 𝑠
=
𝑎 +𝑎 [ ]
𝑠2+𝑎 2 𝑑𝑠 𝑠2+𝑎 2
𝑎 (𝑠 2+𝑎2)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= +𝑎[ ]
𝑠2+𝑎2 (𝑠2+𝑎2)2

𝑎 𝑠2+𝑎2−𝑠2
= +𝑎[ ]
𝑠2+𝑎2 (𝑠2+𝑎2)2

𝑎 𝑎2−𝑠2
= +𝑎[ ]
𝑠2+𝑎 2 (𝑠2+𝑎2)2

𝑎(𝑠2+𝑎2)+𝑎(𝑎2−𝑠2)
=
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2

𝑎𝑠2+𝑎3+𝑎3−𝑎𝑠2)
=
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2
2𝑎3
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] =
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2

Example: 5.13 Find the Laplace transform for the following

(i) 𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 (ii) 𝒕𝒆−𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 9iii) 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
Solution:
−𝑑
(i) 𝐿[𝑡𝑒−3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]
𝑠→𝑠+3 𝑑𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+3

−𝑑 2 )
= (2
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 +2 2 𝑠→𝑠+3

(𝑠 2+4)0−2(2𝑠)
=[ ]
(𝑠2+4)2 𝑠→𝑠+3
4𝑠
=[ ]
(𝑠2+4)2 𝑠→𝑠+3
4(𝑠+3)
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑒−3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] =
((𝑠+3)2+4 )2
−𝑑
(ii) 𝐿[𝑡𝑒−𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
𝑠→𝑠+1 𝑑𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+1

−𝑑 𝑠
= ( )
𝑑𝑠 𝑠2+𝑎 2 𝑠→𝑠+1

Laplace Transform Page 15

 (𝑠2+𝑎2)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= −[ ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
𝑎2−𝑠2
= −[ ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2 𝑠→𝑠+1

𝑠 2−𝑎2
=[ ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
(𝑠+1)2−𝑎2
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑒−𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] =
((𝑠+1)2+𝑎2 )2

(iii) 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]
𝑒𝑡−𝑒−𝑡
𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝐿 [𝑡 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑡𝑒−𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]
2
1 −𝑑 𝑑
= [ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] + 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] ]
2 𝑑𝑠 𝑠→𝑠−1 𝑑𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+1
𝑑 𝑠
=
1 −𝑑
[ (2
𝑠
) + ( ) ]
2 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 +4 𝑠→𝑠−1 𝑑𝑠 𝑠2+4 𝑠→𝑠+1

1 (𝑠2+4)1−𝑠(2𝑠) (𝑠2+4)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= [− [ ] +[ ] ]
2 (𝑠2+4)2 𝑠→𝑠−1 (𝑠2+4)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 4−𝑠2 4−𝑠 2
= [− [ ] +[ ] ]
2 (𝑠2+4)2 𝑠→𝑠−1 (𝑠2+4)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 (𝑠−1)2−4
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = [ 4−(𝑠+1)2
+ ]
2 ((𝑠−1)2+4 )2 ((𝑠+1)2+4 )2

Problems using the formula

𝒅𝟐
𝑳[𝒕𝟐𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
𝒅𝒔𝟐

Example: 5.14 Find the Laplace transform for (i) 𝒕𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 (ii) 𝒕𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
Solution:
𝑑2
(i) 𝐿[𝑡2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]
𝑑𝑠2
𝑑2 1
= [ ]
𝑑𝑠2 𝑠 2+1
𝑑 [(𝑠2+1)0−1(2𝑠)]
= ( )
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2+1)2
𝑑 −2𝑠
= 𝑑𝑠 ( (𝑠2+1)2 )
𝑑 𝑠
= −2 ( )
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2+1)2
2 2
−2[(𝑠 +1) (1)−𝑠(2)(𝑠 2+1)(2𝑠)]
= (𝑠2+1)4

−2(𝑠2+1)[(𝑠2+1)−4𝑠2]
=
(𝑠2+1)4

−2[1−3𝑠2]
=
(𝑠2+1)3
6𝑠2−2
∴ 𝐿[𝑡2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡] =
(𝑠2+1)3

Laplace Transform Page 16

 𝑑2
(ii) 𝐿[𝑡2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]
𝑑𝑠2
𝑑2 𝑠
= [ ]
𝑑𝑠2 𝑠 2+4
𝑑 [(𝑠2+4)1−𝑠(2𝑠)]
= (
)
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2+4)2
𝑑 4−𝑠 2
= ( )
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2+4)2
2 2 2 2
[(𝑠 +4) ( −2𝑠 )−(4−𝑠 )2(𝑠 +4)(2𝑠)]
= (𝑠2+4)4

2𝑠(𝑠2+4)[(𝑠2+4)(−1)−(4−𝑠2)2]
=
(𝑠2+4)4

2𝑠[𝑠2−12]
=
(𝑠2+4)3
2𝑠[𝑠2−12]
∴ 𝐿[𝑡2 cos 2𝑡] =
(𝑠2+4)3

Example: 5.15 Find the Laplace transform for (i) 𝒕𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 (ii) 𝒕𝟐𝒆𝟒𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
Solution:
𝑑2
(i) 𝐿[𝑡2𝑒−2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] 𝑠→𝑠+2 = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] 𝑠→𝑠+2
𝑑𝑠2
𝑑2 𝑠
= ( )
𝑑𝑠2 𝑠 2+1 𝑠→𝑠+2

𝑑 (𝑠2+1)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= [ ]
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2+1)2 𝑠→𝑠+2
𝑑 1−𝑠 2
= [ ]
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2+1)2 𝑠→𝑠+2
2 2 2 2
[(𝑠 +1) ( −2𝑠 )−(1−𝑠 )2(𝑠 +1)(2𝑠)]
=[ ]
(𝑠2+1)4
𝑠→𝑠+2
[(𝑠2+1)(−2𝑠)−4𝑠(1−𝑠2)]
= (𝑠2 + 1) [ ]
(𝑠2+1)4 𝑠→𝑠+2
−2𝑠3−2𝑠−4𝑠+4𝑠3
=[ ]
(𝑠2+1)3 𝑠→𝑠+2
2𝑠3−6𝑠
= [ (𝑠2+1)3 ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
2(𝑠+2)3−6(𝑠+2)
∴ 𝐿[𝑡2𝑒−2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] =
((𝑠+2)2+1 )3
𝑑2
(ii)𝐿[𝑡2𝑒4𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡] 𝑠→𝑠−4
= 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡] 𝑠→𝑠−4
𝑑𝑠2
𝑑2 3 )
= (
𝑑𝑠2 𝑠2+9 𝑠→𝑠−4
𝑑 (𝑠 2+9)0−3(2𝑠)
= 𝑑𝑠 [ ]
(𝑠2+9)2 𝑠→𝑠−4
𝑑 𝑠
=
𝑑
[ −6𝑠
] = −6 [ ]
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2+9) 𝑠→𝑠−4 2 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2+9)2 𝑠→𝑠−4
2 2 2
[(𝑠 +9) ( 1) −(𝑠)2(𝑠 +9)(2𝑠)]
= −6 [ ]
(𝑠2+9)4
𝑠→𝑠−4

Laplace Transform Page 17

 [(𝑠2+9)−4𝑠2]
= −6(𝑠2 + 9) [ ]
(𝑠2+9)4 𝑠→𝑠−4
9−3𝑠2
= −6 [ ]
(𝑠2+9)3 𝑠→𝑠−4

18𝑠2−54
= [ (𝑠2+9)3 ]
𝑠→𝑠−4
2 4𝑡 18(𝑠−4)2−54
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡] =
((𝑠−4)2+9 )3

Exercise: 5.2
Find the Laplace transform for the following
1. 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 Ans: 2𝑎𝑠
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2
2 2
2. 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 Ans: 𝑠 −𝑎
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2

3. 𝑡𝑒−4𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 Ans: 6(𝑠+4)2

(𝑠+4) +9
4𝑠
4. 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝑡 Ans: 8𝑠
−
(𝑠2+64)2 (𝑠2+16)2
2
5. 𝑡𝑒−2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: (𝑠−2) −4
((𝑠+4)2+4)2

Problems using the formula

𝒇(𝒕) ∞
𝑳[ ] = ∫𝒔 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒅𝒔
𝒕
𝑓(𝑡)
This formula is valid if lim is finite.
𝑡→0 𝑡

The following formula is very useful in this section

𝑑𝑠
∫ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠
𝑠
𝑑𝑠
∫ = log(𝑠 + 𝑎)
𝑠+𝑎
𝑠 𝑑𝑠 1
∫ 𝑠2+𝑎2 = log(𝑠2 + 𝑎2)
2
𝑎 𝑑𝑠 𝑠
∫ 𝑠2+𝑎2 = tan−1
𝑎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕
Example: 5.16 Find 𝑳 [ ]
𝒕

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎(0) 1
lim = = =∞
𝑡→0 𝑡 0 0

∴ Laplace transform does not exists.

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕
Example: 5.17 Find 𝑳 [ ]
𝒕

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎(0) 0
lim = =
𝑡→0 𝑡 0 0

= lim𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 (by applying L−Hospital rule)

𝑡→0

Laplace Transform Page 18

 lim𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 𝑎, finite quantity.
𝑡→0

Hence Laplace transform exists

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 𝑎
= ∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑠2+𝑎 2
[ −1 𝑠 ∞
= tan 𝑎 ]
𝑠
𝑠
= [tan−1∞ − tan−1 ]
𝑎
𝜋 𝑠
=[ − tan−1 ]
2 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 −1 𝑠
∴ 𝐿[ ] = 𝑐𝑜t
𝑡 𝑎
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
Example: 5.18 Find 𝑳 [ ]
𝒕

Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
=
𝒕 𝟒𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
lim = lim
𝑡→0 𝒕 𝑡→0 𝟒𝒕
0−0 0
= = (by applying L−Hospital rule)
0 0
3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
= lim =0
𝑡→0 4𝑡

Hence Laplace transform exists

𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
𝐿[ ] = 𝐿[ ]
𝑡 4𝑡
1 ∞
= 𝐿[(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
∫
4 𝑠∞
1 1 3
= (3 − ) 𝑑𝑠
∫
4 𝑠
2
𝑠 +1 2
𝑠 +9
1 −1 −1 𝑠 ∞
= [3tan 𝑠 − tan ]
4 3 𝑠
1 𝑠
= [3(tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑠) − (tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 )]
4 3
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑠
= [( − tan−1 𝑠) − ( − tan−1 ) ]
4 2 2 3
1 𝑠
= [cot−1 𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜t−1 ]
4 3
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
Example: 5.19 Find 𝑳 [𝒆−𝟐𝒕 ]
𝒕

Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
𝐿 [𝑒−2𝑡 ] = 𝐿[ ]
𝒕 𝒕 𝑠→𝑠+2
1
= [ ∫∞ 𝐿(sin(3𝑡 + 2𝑡) − sin(3𝑡 − 2𝑡))𝑑𝑠]
2 𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+2
1
= [ ∞ 𝐿((sin 5𝑡) − 𝐿(sin 𝑡))𝑑𝑠]
∫
2 𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+2

Laplace Transform Page 19

 1
[ 5 −
1 ∞ ]]
= [
2
∫𝑠 𝑠2+52 𝑠2+12 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 ∞
= [[ tan−1 𝑠 −tan−1 𝑠] ]
2 5 𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠
= [[(tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 ) − (tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑠)] ]
2 5
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝜋 𝑠 𝜋
= [( − tan−1 ) − ( − tan−1 𝑠) ]
2 2 5 2 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠
= [cot−1 − 𝑐𝑜t−1 𝑠 ]
2 5 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 (𝑠+2)
= [cot−1 − 𝑐𝑜t−1(𝑠 + 2)]
2 5
−𝒂𝒕−𝒆−𝒃𝒕
Example: 5.20 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒆
𝒕

Solution:
𝑒−𝑎𝑡−𝑒−𝑏𝑡 𝑒0−𝑒0 1−1 0
lim = lim = = (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 0 0 0
−𝑎𝑒−𝑎𝑡+𝑏𝑒−𝑏𝑡
= lim
𝑡→0 1

= −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 = a finite quantity
Hence Laplace transform exists.
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡−𝑒−𝑏𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑒−𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑏𝑡]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞
= ∫𝑠 [𝐿(𝑒−𝑎𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑒−𝑏𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
∞ 1 1
=∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑠
𝑠
𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑏

= [log(𝑠 + 𝑎) − log(𝑠 + 𝑏)]𝑠∞

𝑠+𝑎 ∞
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
𝑠+𝑏 𝑠
𝑎 ∞
𝑠(1+𝑠)
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏
]
𝑠(1+𝑠)
𝑠
𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0
𝑠+𝑏 𝑠+𝑏
𝑠+𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑠+𝑏

Example: 5.21 Find the Laplace transform of 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕

𝒕

Solution:
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 0 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 0
lim = lim = =0 (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝒕 0 𝑡→0 𝟏 1
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝐿[ ] exists.
𝑡
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 1 𝑠
= ( − ) 𝑑𝑠
∫𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2+1

Laplace Transform Page 20

 ∞
= [log 𝑠 − 1 log(𝑠2 + 1)]
2 𝑠
∞
= [log 𝑠 − log√𝑠2 + 1]
𝑠
= [ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 ]∞
√𝑠2+1
𝑠𝑠
= 0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔
√𝑠2+1
√𝑠2+1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑠

Example: 5.22 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕

𝒕

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 1−1 0
lim = = (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝑡 0 0
−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= lim = 0 = a finite quantity
𝑡→0 1

Hence Laplace transform exists.

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡]𝑑𝑠
𝑠
𝑡
∞
= ∫𝑠 [𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
∞ 𝑠
= ( 𝑠 ) 𝑑𝑠
∫𝑠 𝑠2+𝑎2 − 𝑠2+𝑏2
1 1 ∞
= [ log(𝑠2 + 𝑎2) − log(𝑠2 + 𝑏2)]
2 2 𝑠
∞
1 𝑠2+𝑎 2
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2+𝑏2]
𝑠
𝑠2 (1+𝑎22 ) ∞
1 𝑠
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
2 𝑏2
𝑠2(1+ )
𝑠2 𝑠
(1+𝑎22) ∞
1 𝑠
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
2 𝑏2
(1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
1 𝑠2+𝑎2 1 𝑠2+𝑎2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = − [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0]
2 𝑠2+𝑏 2 2 𝑠2+𝑏 2
1 𝑠2+𝑏2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
2 𝑠2+𝑎 2
𝟐
Example: 5.23 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕
𝒕

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
=
𝑡 2𝑡
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 0
lim =
𝑡→0 𝟐𝒕 0
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 0
lim = =0 (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝟐 1

Laplace transform exists.

Laplace Transform Page 21

 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝐿[(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]𝑑𝑠 ∞
𝐿[ ] = 𝐿 [1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 1
𝑡 ∫
1 ∞ 2𝑡 2 𝑠
= [𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
∫
2 𝑠
1 ∞ 1
= ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑠 𝑠
2 𝑠 𝑠 2
𝑠 +4
1 1 ∞
= [log 𝑠 − log(𝑠 2 + 4)]
2 2 𝑠
1 ∞
= [log 𝑠 − log√𝑠2 + 4]
2 𝑠
= 12 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠2𝑠+4] ∞
𝑠
1 𝑠
= [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
2 √𝑠2+4

1 √𝑠2+4
= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠

Example: 5.24 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒕

𝒕

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡]𝑑𝑠
𝑡 ∞1
=∫ [𝐿(cos(−3𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
𝑠
2
=
1 ∞[𝐿(cos(3𝑡) [∵ cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]
− 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
∫
2 𝑠
=
1 ∞
(
𝑠
−
𝑠 ) 𝑑𝑠
∫
2 𝑠 𝑠2+9 𝑠2+49
1 ∞
1 1
= [ log(𝑠2 + 9) − log(𝑠2 + 49)]
2 2 2 𝑠
∞
1 𝑠2+9
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2+49]
𝑠
𝑠2 9 ∞
1 (1+ 2)
= 4
[𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑠
49 ]
𝑠 (1+ 2)
𝑠 𝑠
1 (1+9 ) ∞
𝑠2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
49
4 (1+ )
2
𝑠 𝑠
1 𝑠2+9 1 𝑠2+9
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = − [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0]
4 𝑠2+49 4 𝑠2+49
1 𝑠2+49
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
4 𝑠2+9
𝒕
Problems using 𝑳 [ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕] = 1 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
∫𝟎 𝑠
𝒕 𝒕
Example: 5.25 Find the Laplace transform for (i) ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒕 (ii) ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒕
𝒕 𝒕
(iii) ∫𝟎 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒅𝒕 (iv) 𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒅𝒕
Solution:
𝑡 1 1 1
(i) 𝐿 [∫ 𝑒−2𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑒−2𝑡] = ( )
0 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+2

Laplace Transform Page 22

 𝑡 1
∴ 𝐿 [∫ 𝑒−2𝑡𝑑𝑡] =
0 𝑠(𝑠+2)
𝑡 1 1 𝑠
(ii) 𝐿 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = ( )
∫0
𝑠 2
𝑠 𝑠 +4
∴ 𝐿 [ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 1
∫0 𝑠2+4
1
(iii) 𝐿 [ ∫𝑡 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
0 𝑠
1 −𝑑
= [ [𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]]]
𝑠 𝑑𝑠
−1 𝑑 3
= [ [ ]]
𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2+9

−1
= [ −6𝑠 ]
𝑠 (𝑠2+9)2
∴ 𝐿 [∫ 𝑡 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 6
0 (𝑠2+9)2
𝑡 −𝑑
(iv) 𝐿 [𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿[
∫
𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]
0 𝑑𝑠
∫0
−𝑑 1 𝑠
= [ ( )]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 2+1
𝑑 1
=− [ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2+1
−2𝑠
= −[ ]
(𝑠 2+1) 2
2𝑠
∴ 𝐿 [ 𝑡 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡] =
∫0 (𝑠2+1)2
𝒕
Example: 5.26 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒆−𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕𝒅𝒕
Solution:
−1 𝑑
𝐿 [𝑒−𝑡 𝑡 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿 [ 𝑡 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑑𝑡] =[ 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡)]
∫0 ∫0 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑠→𝑠+1 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 𝑑 𝑠
= −( )
𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2+16 𝑠→𝑠+1

−1 (𝑠2+16)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
=[𝑠 ]
(𝑠2+16)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
−1 (𝑠 2+16−2𝑠2)
=[ ]
𝑠 (𝑠2+16)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
−1 (−𝑠 2 +16)
=[ ]
2 𝑠 (𝑠 +16)2 𝑠→𝑠+1

1 (𝑠2−16)
=[ ]
𝑠 (𝑠2+16)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
1
∴𝐿 [𝑒−𝑡 ∫𝑡 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑑𝑡] = (𝑠+1)2−16
[ ]
0 𝑠+1 ((𝑠+1)2+16 )2
Example: 5.27 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒆−𝒕 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝒅𝒕
∫𝟎 𝒕
Solution:
𝐿 [𝑒−𝑡 ∫𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿 [ ∫𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
0 𝑡 0 𝑡 𝑠→𝑠+1

Laplace Transform Page 23

 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= [ 𝐿( )]
𝑠 𝑡 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 ∞
=[ 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑑𝑠]
∫
𝑠 𝑠
𝑠→𝑠+1

1 ∞ 1
=[ ]
∫
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2+1 𝑠→𝑠+1
1
=[ [tan−1 𝑠 ]∞ ]
𝑠 𝑠
𝑠→𝑠+1
1
= [ (tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑠) ]
𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 𝜋
= [ ( − tan−1 𝑠) ]
𝑠 2 𝑠→𝑠+1
1
= [ cot−1 𝑠 ]
𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+1

∴𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 𝑐𝑜t−1(𝑠 + 1)
𝑑𝑡] =
[𝑒−𝑡 ∫0 𝑡 𝑠+1

Exercise: 5.3
Find the Laplace transform of
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠
1. Ans: cot−1
𝑡 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2. 𝑒−2𝑡 Ans: 𝑐𝑜t−1(𝑠 + 2)
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
3. Ans: cot−1 − cot−1
𝑡 𝑎 𝑏

𝑒−𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 √𝑠2+𝑏2
4. Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑠+𝑎

1−𝑒−𝑡 s+1
5. Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑠

6. 𝑒−𝑡 ∫𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 1 𝑐𝑜t−1(𝑠 + 1)

0 𝑡 𝑠+1
𝑡 𝑠2+2𝑠
Ans: 1 [ ]
7. 𝑒−𝑡 ∫0 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑠+1 (𝑠2+2𝑠+2 )2

8. 𝑒−𝑡 ∫𝑡 𝑡𝑒−𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 1 2(𝑠+1)

Ans: [ 2 ]
0 𝑠 𝑠 +2𝑠+2

Evaluation of integrals using Laplace transform

∞
Note: (i) ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
∞
(ii) ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]] 𝑠=𝑎
∞
(iii) ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]] 𝑠=0
𝒔+𝟐
Example: 5.28 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = , then find the value of ∫∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕
𝒔𝟐+𝟒 𝟎

Solution:
𝑠+2
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] =
𝑠2+4
∞
We know that ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]] 𝑠=0
𝑠+2 2
=[ ] =
𝑠2+4 𝑠=0 4

Laplace Transform Page 24

 1
∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =
∞
2
𝟓𝒔+𝟒
Example: 5.29 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = , then find the value of ∫∞ 𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕
𝒔𝟐−𝟗 𝟎

Solution:
5𝑠+4
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] =
𝑠2−9
∞
We know that ∫0 𝑒−2𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]] 𝑠=2
5𝑠+4 14
=[2 ] =
𝑠 −9 𝑠=2 −5
∞ −14
∴∫ 𝑒−2𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =
0 5

Example: 5.30 Find the values of the following integrals using Laplace transforms:
(i) ∞ 𝒕𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒕 (ii) ∞ 𝒕𝟐𝒆−𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒅𝒕 (iii) ∞ 𝒆−𝒕−𝒆−𝟐𝒕
∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ( 𝒕 ) 𝒅𝒕
(iv) ∞ 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 (v) ∞ 𝒆−𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕
( ) 𝒆−𝒕𝒅𝒕 ( ) 𝒅𝒕
∫𝟎 𝒕
∫𝟎 𝒕
Solution:
−𝑑
(i) ∞ 𝑡𝑒−2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿[𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] =[ 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]
∫0 𝑠=2 𝑑𝑠 𝑠=2
−𝑑 𝑠
= ( )
𝑑𝑠 𝑠2+4 𝑠=2

(𝑠2+4)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= −[ ]
(𝑠2+4)2 𝑠=2
(4−𝑠2)
= −[ ]
(𝑠2+4)2 𝑠=2
(4−4)
=− =0
(4+4)2
𝑑2
(ii) ∞ 𝑡2𝑒−𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿[𝑡2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]
∫0 𝑠=1 𝑑𝑠2 𝑠=1

𝑑2 1 )
= (
𝑑𝑠2 𝑠2+1 𝑠=1
𝑑
= [ −1(2𝑠) ]
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2+1)2 𝑠=1
𝑑 𝑠
= −2 [ ]
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2+1)2 𝑠=1
2 2 2
[(𝑠 +1) ( 1) −𝑠.2(𝑠 +1)(2𝑠))]
= −2 [ ]
(𝑠2+1)4
𝑠=1
[(𝑠2+1)[(𝑠2+1)−4𝑠2)]]
= −2 [ ]
(𝑠2+1)4
𝑠=1
(1−3𝑠2)
= −2 [ ]
(𝑠2+1)3 𝑠=1

6𝑠3−2 4 1
=[ ] =8=2
(𝑠2+1)3 𝑠=1
∞
(iii) ∞ 𝑒−𝑡−𝑒−2𝑡 𝑒−𝑡−𝑒 −2𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑒−2𝑡]𝑑𝑠]
∫0 ( 𝑡
) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 [
𝑡
] ∫𝑠 𝑠=0
𝑠=0

Laplace Transform Page 25

 ∞
= ∫𝑠 [[𝐿(𝑒−𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑒−2𝑡)]𝑑𝑠] 𝑠=0
∞ 1 1
= [( − ) 𝑑𝑠]
∫𝑠 𝑠=0
𝑠+1 𝑠+2
= {[log(𝑠 + 1) − log(𝑠 + 2)]∞}
𝑠 𝑠=0
𝑠+1 ∞
= {[𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] }
𝑠+2 𝑠 𝑠=0

1 ∞
𝑠(1+𝑠)
= {𝑙𝑜𝑔 }
𝑠(1+2𝑠)
𝑠 𝑠=0
𝑠+1
= [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0
𝑠+2 𝑠=0
𝑠+2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑠+1 𝑠=0

(iv) ∫∞ (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) 𝑒−𝑡𝑑𝑡

0 𝑡
∞
∞ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = [𝐿[(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]
∫0 ( ) 𝑒−𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 [ ]
𝑡 𝑡 𝑆=1
∫𝑠 𝑆=1
∞
= [[𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]
∫𝑠 𝑆=1
∞ 1 𝑠
= [( − ) 𝑑𝑠]
∫𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2+1 𝑆=1
1 ∞
= {[log 𝑠 − log(𝑠2 + 1)] }
2 𝑠 𝑆=1
∞
= {[log 𝑠 − log√𝑠2 + 1] }
𝑠 𝑆=1
𝑠 ∞
= {[𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] }
√𝑠2+1 𝑠 𝑆=1
𝑠
= [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
√𝑠2+1 𝑠=1
√𝑠2+1
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
𝑠 𝑠=1

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔√2
𝑒−𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
(v) ∫∞ ( ) 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑡
∞
∞ 𝑒−𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑒−𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 = [𝐿[(𝑒−𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]
∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 [ ]
𝑡 𝑡 𝑆=0
∫𝑠 𝑆=0
∞
= [[𝐿(𝑒−𝑎𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]
∫𝑠 𝑆=0
∞ 1
= [( 𝑠 ) 𝑑𝑠]
∫𝑠 −
𝑠+𝑎 𝑠2+𝑏 2 𝑆=0
{[ 1 2 2 ∞
= log( 𝑠 + 𝑎) − 2 log(𝑠 + 𝑏 )] }
𝑠 𝑆=0
∞
= {[log(𝑠 + 𝑎) − log√𝑠2 + 𝑏 2] 𝑠 }
𝑆=0
= {[𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+𝑎 ] ∞
√𝑠2+𝑏2 𝑠 }
𝑆=0

Laplace Transform Page 26

 𝑠+𝑎
= [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
√𝑠2+𝑏2 𝑠=0
√𝑠2+𝑏2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
𝑠+𝑎 𝑠=0
√𝑏2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑎
𝑏
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑎

Exercise: 5.4
Find the values of the following integrals using Laplace transforms
∞ 3
1. ∫0 𝑡𝑒−2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 Ans:
25
∞ 13
2. ∫0 𝑡𝑒−3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 Ans:
250
∞ 𝑒−𝑎𝑡−𝑒−𝑏𝑡 𝑏
3. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔
0 𝑡 𝑎
∞ sin 2𝑡
4. ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
0 𝑡 4
∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑎
5. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔
0 𝑡 𝑏

Laplace transform of Piecewise continuous functions

∞
∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒆−𝒔𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]

Example: 5.31 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = {𝒆 ; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝜋

−𝒕

𝟎;𝒕 > 𝜋
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
= 𝜋 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑒−𝑡𝑑𝑡 + ∞ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡0𝑑𝑡
∫0 ∫𝜋
𝜋
= ∫0 𝑒−(𝑠+1)𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝜋 0
𝑒−(𝑠+1)𝑡 𝑒−(𝑠+1)𝜋−𝑒
=[ ] =
−(𝑠+1) 0 −(𝑠+1)

1−𝑒−(𝑠+1)𝜋
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] =
−(𝑠+1)
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝜋
( )
Example: 5.32 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇 𝒕 = {
𝟎;𝒕 > 𝜋
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
= 𝝅 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 + ∞ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡0𝑑𝑡
∫𝟎 ∫𝜋
𝜋
= ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡
0
𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝝅 𝑒−𝑠𝜋 ] 𝑒 [ ]
= [(−𝒔)𝟐+𝟏 (−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)] = 2 [−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 −𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛0 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
𝟎 − 𝑠2+1
𝑠 +1
𝑒−𝑠𝜋 1 𝑒−𝑠𝜋+1
= (0 + 1) − (−1) =
𝑠2+1 𝑠2+1 𝑠2+1

Laplace Transform Page 27

 𝒆−𝒔𝝅+𝟏
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] =
𝒔𝟐+𝟏
𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 1
( )
Example: 5.33 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇 𝒕 = {
𝟎;𝒕 > 1
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
1 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑡 + ∫1 𝑒−𝑠𝑡0𝑑𝑡
1
= ∫0 𝑡𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
1
𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝒆−𝒔 𝒆−𝒔 𝟏
= [𝑡 − (1) (−𝑠)2] = − − 0 + 𝒔𝟐
−𝑠 −𝒔 𝒔𝟐
0
𝒆−𝒔 𝒆−𝒔 𝟏
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = − − +
𝒔 𝒔𝟐 𝒔𝟐

Exercise: 5.5
() 0; 0 < 𝑡 < 2 𝟑𝒆−𝟐𝒔
1. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = { 3 ; 𝑡 > 2 Ans:
𝒔
𝑒𝑡; 0 <𝑡<1 𝟏−𝒆−(𝒔−𝟏)
2. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓 (𝑡) = { Ans:
0;𝑡>1 𝒔−𝟏
−𝒔
1; 0 < 𝑡 < 1 Ans: 𝟏−𝒆
3. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓 (𝑡)
={ 𝒔
0 ;𝑡 > 1
Unit step function
0; 𝑡 < 𝑎
The unit step function 𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎) is defined as 𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎) = {
0 ;𝑡 > 𝑎
Example: 5.34 Find the Laplace transform of unit step functions.
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑎 ∞ ∞
= ∫0 0𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 (1)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑎 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒−𝑠𝑎 𝑒−𝑠𝑎
=[ ] =0− =
−𝑠 𝑎 −𝑠 𝑠
𝑒−𝑠𝑎
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)] =
𝑠

Second Shifting theorem

Statement: If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒−𝑎𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
Proof:
0; 𝑡 < 𝑎
𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) = {
𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) ; 𝑡 > 𝑎
By the definition of Laplace transform,
∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑎 ∞
= ∫0 0𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑒−𝑠(𝑎+𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Laplace Transform Page 28

 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑎𝑒−𝑠𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∞
Let 𝑡 − 𝑎 = 𝑥 ⋯ (1)
= 𝑒−𝑠𝑎 ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑡 = 𝑎+𝑥
Replace x by t
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒−𝑠𝑎 ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 When 𝑡 = 𝑎, (1) => 𝑥 = 0
= 𝑒−𝑠𝑎𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑒−𝑠𝑎𝐹(𝑠) When 𝑡 = ∞, (1) => 𝑥 = ∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒−𝑠𝑎𝐹(𝑠)
5.5 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
Definition: A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be periodic if 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑡) for all values of t and for certain values
of T. The smallest value of T for which 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑡) for all t is called periodic function.
Example:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = sin(𝑡 + 2𝜋) = sin(𝑡 + 4𝜋) ⋯
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 is periodic function with period 2𝜋.
Let 𝒇(𝒕) be a periodic function with period T. Then
𝟏 𝑻
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = ∫ 𝒆 −𝒔𝒕𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕
𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒔𝑻 𝟎

Problems on Laplace transform of Periodic function

𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑚𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝑡 <
𝑚 𝟐𝝅
Example: 5.35 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝒇 (𝒕 + ) = 𝒇(𝒕)
𝟎; <𝑡 < 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚

Solution:
2𝜋
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 =
1 𝑇 𝜔
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1−𝑒−𝑠𝑇
∫0
𝟐𝝅
1
= [∫𝑚𝝅 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑚 𝑒−𝑠𝑡(0)𝑑𝑡]
1−𝑒 −𝟐𝝅𝒔 0 𝝅
𝑚 𝑚
𝜋
1
= −2𝜋𝑠 ∫0𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
1 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝜔
= −2𝜋𝑠 [ (−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)]
1−𝑒 𝜔 (−𝑠)2+𝜔2 0
−𝑠𝜋
1 𝑒 𝜔 𝜔
= { 𝑠2+𝜔 2
[−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋] + }
−2𝜋𝑠 𝑠2+𝜔 2
1−𝑒 𝜔
−𝑠𝜋
1 𝑒 𝜔 𝜔+𝜔
= −2𝜋𝑠 [ ]
𝑠2+𝜔 2
1−𝑒 𝜔
−𝑠𝜋
1 𝜔(𝑒 𝜔 +1)
= −𝜋𝑠 2
[ ]
𝑠2+𝜔 2
12 −(𝑒 𝜔 )

Laplace Transform Page 29

 −𝑠𝜋

[ 𝜔(𝑒
𝜔 +1)
=
1
2 2
]
−𝜋𝑠 −𝜋𝑠 𝑠 +𝜔
(1−𝑒 )(1+𝑒
𝜔 𝜔 )

𝜔
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = −𝜋𝑠
(1−𝑒 𝜔 )(𝑠2+𝜔2)

𝑬; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒂
Example: 5.36 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { given that 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝟐𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒕).
−𝑬 ; 𝒂 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝒂
Solution:
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 = 2𝑎
1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∫0
1 −𝑠𝑇 2𝑎
1−𝑒
= 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∫
1−𝑒1−2𝑎𝑠 0
= [ 𝑎 𝐸𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑎 −𝐸𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]
1−𝑒−2𝑎𝑠 ∫0 ∫𝑎
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒−2𝑎𝑠 [𝐸 ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 − 𝐸 ∫ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]
𝑎
𝑎 2𝑎
𝐸 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒−𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒−2𝑎𝑠 [[ −𝑠 ] − [ ] ]
0 −𝑠 𝑎

𝐸 𝑒−𝑎𝑠 1 𝑒−2𝑎𝑠 𝑒−𝑎𝑠

= 1−𝑒−2𝑎𝑠 [ + − − ]
−𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝐸 1−2𝑒−𝑎𝑠+𝑒−2𝑎𝑠
= 1−𝑒−2𝑎𝑠 [ ]
𝑠
𝐸 −𝑎𝑠)2
= 12−(𝑒−𝑎𝑠) 2 [(1−𝑒 ]
𝑠

𝐸 −𝑎𝑠)2
= [(1−𝑒 ]
(1−𝑒−𝑎𝑠)(1+𝑒−𝑎𝑠) 𝑠

𝐸 (1−𝑒−𝑎𝑠)
=
𝑠 (1+𝑒−𝑎𝑠)
𝐸 𝑎𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = tanh ( )
𝑠 2
𝒂
𝟏; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤
𝟐
Example: 5.37 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒂 given that 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒕).
−𝟏 ; ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒂
𝟐

Solution:
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 = 𝑎
1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∫
1 −𝑠𝑇 𝑎0 −𝑠𝑡
1−𝑒
= 𝑒 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∫
1−𝑒−𝑎𝑠 0
1 𝑎 𝑎
= [∫2(1)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 (−1)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]
1−𝑒−𝑎𝑠 0
2
1 𝑎 𝑎
= [∫2 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 − ∫𝑎 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]
1−𝑒−𝑎𝑠 0
2
𝑎
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2 2
𝑎
1 [[ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡] ]
= ] −[
1−𝑒−𝑎𝑠 −𝑠 0 −𝑠 𝑎
2

Laplace Transform Page 30

 −𝑠𝑎 −𝑠𝑎
1 𝑒 2 1 𝑒−𝑎𝑠 𝑒 2
= −𝑎𝑠
[ + + − ]
1−𝑒 −𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

−𝑠𝑎
1 2 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= 1−𝑒−𝑎𝑠
[1−2𝑒 ]
𝑠

−𝑠𝑎 2
1 (1−𝑒 2 )
= −𝑠𝑎 2
[ 𝑠
]
12−(𝑒 2 )

−𝑠𝑎 2
(1−𝑒 2 )
= 1
−𝑠𝑎 −𝑠𝑎 [ ]
𝑠
(1−𝑒 2 )(1+𝑒 2 )

−𝑠𝑎
1 (1−𝑒 2 ) (1−𝑒−2𝑥)
= [∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = ]
𝑠 (1+𝑒 −𝑠𝑎
2 ) (1+𝑒−2𝑥)

1 𝑎𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = tanh ( )
𝑠 4
𝒕; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒂
Example: 5.38 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { given that
𝟐𝒂 − 𝒕 ; 𝒂 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝒂
𝒇(𝒕 + 𝟐𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒕).
Solution:
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 = 2𝑎
1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∫0
1 −𝑠𝑇 2𝑎
1−𝑒
= 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∫
1−𝑒1−2𝑎𝑠 0 𝑎
= [ 𝑡𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑎(2𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]
∫ ∫𝑎
1−𝑒−2𝑎𝑠 0
1 𝑎 2𝑎
𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒−𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒−2𝑎𝑠
[[𝑡 ( −𝑠
) − ((−𝑠)2)] − [(2𝑎 − 𝑡) ( −𝑠
) − (−1) ((−𝑠)2)] ]
0 𝑎
1 −𝑎𝑒−𝑎𝑠 𝑒−𝑎𝑠 1 𝑒−2𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑒−𝑎𝑠 𝑒−𝑎𝑠
= 1−𝑒−2𝑎𝑠 [ − 𝑠2
+ 𝑠2
+ 𝑠2
+ − ]
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2
1 1−2𝑒−𝑎𝑠+𝑒−2𝑎𝑠
= 1−𝑒−2𝑎𝑠 [ 𝑠2
]
1 (1−𝑒−𝑎𝑠)2
= 12−(𝑒−𝑎𝑠) 2 [ 𝑠2
]
−𝑎𝑠 2
1
[(1−𝑒𝑠2 )
= ]
(1−𝑒−𝑎𝑠)(1+𝑒−𝑎𝑠)

1 (1−𝑒−𝑎𝑠)
=
𝑠2 (1+𝑒−𝑎𝑠)
1 𝑎𝑠
= tanh ( )
𝑠2 2

Exercise: 5.6
1. Find the Laplace transform of
𝑎
1; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎𝑠
𝑓(𝑡) = { 2 given that 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑡). Ans: 𝑘 tanh ( )
𝑎
−1 ; ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎 𝑠 2
2

Laplace Transform Page 31

2. Find the Laplace transform of
𝑡; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎 𝑠𝜋
𝑓(𝑡) = { given that 𝑓(𝑡 + 2𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑡). Ans: 1 tanh ( )
2𝑎 − 𝑡 ; 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝑎 𝑠2 2

3. Find the Laplace transform of

𝑡 ;0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎
𝑎 𝑠𝑎
𝑓(𝑡) = { 2𝑎−𝑡 given that 𝑓(𝑡 + 2𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑡). Ans: 1 tanh ( )
; 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝑎 𝑎𝑠2 2
𝑎

4. Find the Laplace transform of

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡; 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋 1
𝑓(𝑡) = { 0 ; 𝜋 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋 𝑓(𝑡 + 2𝜋) = 𝑓(𝑡) Ans:
(1−𝑒−𝜋𝑠)(𝑠2+1)

5.6 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Definition
If the Laplace transform of a function 𝑓(𝑡) is 𝐹(𝑠)𝑖𝑒. , 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠),then𝑓(𝑡) is called an
inverse Laplace transform of 𝐹(𝑠) and we write symbolically𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)], where 𝐿−1 is called the
inverse Laplace transform operator.
Inverse Laplace transform of elementary functions
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔) 𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝒇(𝒕)
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳[𝟏] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝟏
𝒔 𝒔

𝟏 𝟏
𝑳[𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝒕
𝒔𝟐 𝒔𝟐

𝒏! 𝒏!
𝑳[𝒕𝒏] = 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝒕𝒏
𝒔𝒏+𝟏 𝒔𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝒕𝒏
𝐿−1 [ ]=
𝒔𝒏+𝟏 𝒏!
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳[𝒆𝒂𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝒔−𝒂 𝒔−𝒂

𝟏 𝟏
𝑳[𝒆−𝒂𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒕
𝒔+𝒂 𝒔+𝒂

𝒂 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ ]=
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂

𝒔 𝒔
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐

Laplace Transform Page 32

 𝒂 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ ]=
𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂

𝒔 𝒔
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐

Result on inverse Laplace transform

Result: 1 Linear property
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔) and 𝑳[𝒈(𝒕)] = 𝑮(𝒔) ,then 𝑳−𝟏[𝒂𝑭(𝒔) ± 𝒃𝑮(𝒔)] = 𝒂𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)] ± 𝒃𝑳−𝟏[𝑮(𝒔)]
Where a and b are constants.
Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑎𝐹(𝑠) ± 𝑏𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝑎𝐿[𝐹(𝑠)] ± 𝑏𝐿[𝐺(𝑠)]
= 𝑎 𝐹(𝑠) ± 𝑏 𝐺(𝑠)
(𝑖. 𝑒. )𝑎 𝐹(𝑠) ± 𝑏 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)]
Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides, we get
𝐿−1[𝑎𝐹(𝑠) ± 𝑏𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡) ∵ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)]
𝐿−1[𝑎𝐹(𝑠) ± 𝑏𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝑎𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)] ± 𝑏𝐿−1[𝐺(𝑠)] ∵ 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1[𝐺(𝑠)]
Result: 2 First shifting property

(i) 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂) = 𝒆−𝒂𝒕𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)]]

(ii) 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂) = 𝒆𝒂𝒕𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)]]

Proof:
Let 𝐿[𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹[𝑠 + 𝑎]
Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides, we get
𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1[𝐹[𝑠 + 𝑎]]
𝐿−1[𝐹[𝑠 + 𝑎]] = 𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)]
Result: 3 Multiplication by s.
𝒅
If 𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝒇(𝒕) and 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎, then 𝑳−𝟏[𝒔𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)]
𝒅𝒕

Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓′(𝑡)] = 𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0) = 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides, we get
𝑓′(𝑡) = 𝐿−1[𝑠𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑑 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1[𝑠𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1[𝑠𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∴ 𝐿−1[𝑠𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑑𝑡

Laplace Transform Page 33

Result: 4 Division by s.
𝑭(𝒔) 𝒕
𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = ∫ 𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)]𝑑𝑡
𝟎
𝒔

Proof:
𝑡 1 1
We know that 𝐿 [ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
0 𝑠 𝑠

Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides ,we get

1
∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 [𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑡 −1

𝑡 𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)] 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [1 𝐹(𝑠)]

∫0 𝑠
𝐹(𝑠)
∴ 𝐿−1 [ ] = ∫𝑡 𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 0

Result: 5 Inverse Laplace transform of derivative

−𝟏 𝒅
𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝑭(𝒔)]
𝒕 𝒅𝒔

Proof:
−𝑑 −𝑑
We know that 𝐿[𝑡𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides ,we get

𝑡𝑓 (𝑡 ) = −𝐿−1 [ 𝑑 𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑑𝑠
−1 −1 𝑑
𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿 [ 𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑡 𝑑𝑠
−1 𝑑
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ 𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑡 𝑑𝑠
−1 −1 𝑑
𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿 [ 𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑡 𝑑𝑠

Result: 6 Inverse Laplace transform of integral

∞
𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝒕𝐿−1[ ∫𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)𝑑𝑠]
Proof:
𝑓(𝑡)
We know that 𝐿 [ ] = ∫∞ 𝐿(𝑓(𝑡)) 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
= ∞ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠
∫𝑠
Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides, we get
𝑓(𝑡) ∞
= 𝐿−1[ ∫𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠]
𝑡
∞
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡𝐿−1[ ∫𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠]
∞
𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝑡𝐿−1[ ∫𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠]

Problems under inverse Laplace transform of elementary functions

Example: 5.39 Find the inverse Laplace for the following
𝟏 𝟏 (iii) 𝟑𝒔+𝟓
(i) (ii) 𝒔 −𝟑𝒔𝟐+𝟕
𝟑 (iv)
𝟐𝒔+𝟑 𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟗 𝒔𝟒 𝒔𝟐+𝟑𝟔

Solution:

Laplace Transform Page 34

(i) 𝐿−1 [ 𝟏 ]=𝐿 [ −1 ]
𝟏
𝟑
𝟐𝒔+𝟑 𝟐[𝒔+ ]
𝟐
−𝟑𝒕
𝟏
= 𝑒− 𝟐
𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
(ii) 𝐿−1 [ 𝟒𝒔𝟐+𝟗 ] = 𝐿 −1 [ 𝟗
]
𝟐
𝟒[𝒔 +𝟒]
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐿 −1 [ ]
𝟒 [𝒔 𝟐+𝟗 ]
𝟒
11 3
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
4 3⁄2 2
1 3
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
6 2
3 2 𝑠3 3𝑠2
−1 𝑠 −3𝑠 +7 7
(iii) 𝐿 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ − + ]
𝑠4 𝑠4 𝑠4 𝑠4

= 𝐿−1 [1] − 3𝐿−1 [ 1 ] + 7𝐿−1 [ 1 ]

𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠4
3 2 7𝑡3
−1 𝑠 −3𝑠 +7
𝐿 [ ] = 1 − 3𝑡 +
𝑠4 3!

(iv) 𝐿−1 [ 3𝑠+5 ] = 3𝐿 [ 𝑠 ] + 5𝐿 [ 1−1 ]

𝑠2+36 𝑠2+36 −1 𝑠2+36
−1 3𝑠+5 5𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝑡
𝐿 [ ] = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡 +
𝑠2+36 6

Inverse Laplace transform using First shifting theorem

𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂)] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒕𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)]
Example: 5.40 Find the inverse Laplace transform for the following:
(i) 𝟏 (ii) 𝟏 (iii) 𝟏 (iv) 𝟏
(𝒔+𝟐)𝟐 (𝒔−𝟑)𝟒 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐+𝟗 𝒔𝟐−𝟐𝒔+𝟐

(v) 𝟏 𝒔+𝟐 (vii) 𝒔+𝟐 𝒔

(vi) (viii)
𝒔𝟐−𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟑 (𝒔+𝟐)𝟐 +𝟐𝟓 𝒔𝟐+𝟒𝒔+𝟐𝟎 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐

𝒔 𝒔 𝟐𝒔+𝟑 𝒔
(ix) (x) (xi) (xii)
(𝒔−𝟒)𝟑 𝒔𝟐−𝟐𝒔+𝟐 𝒔𝟐+𝟔𝒔+𝟐𝟓 𝒔𝟐+𝟔𝒔−𝟕

Solution:
1
(i) 𝐿−1 [
1 ] = 𝑒−2𝑡𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝑒−2𝑡𝑡
(𝑠+2)2 𝑠2
1 1 𝑡3
(ii) 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝑒3𝑡𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝑒−2𝑡
(𝑠−3)4 𝑠4 3!
1
(iii) 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝑒−3𝑡𝐿−1 [ 1
] = 𝑒−3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
(𝑠+3)2+9 𝑠2+9 3
1 1 1
(iv) 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿 −1 [ ] = 𝑒𝑡𝐿 −1 [ ] = 𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑠2−2𝑠+2 (𝑠−1)2+1 𝑠2+1
1 1 2𝑡 −1 1
(v) 𝐿−1 [ ]=𝐿 −1 [ ]=𝑒 𝐿 [ ] = 𝑒2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
𝑠2−4𝑠+13 (𝑠−2)2+9 𝑠2+9 3

𝑠+2 𝑠
(vi) 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝑒−2𝑡𝐿−1 [𝑠2+25 ] = 𝑒−2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡
(𝑠+2)2+25
𝑠+2 𝑠+2
(vii) 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠2+4𝑠+20 (𝑠+2)2+16

Laplace Transform Page 35

 𝑠
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠2+16 ] = 𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
(viii) 𝐿−1 [
2
] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠+3−32 ]
(𝑠+3) (𝑠+3)

= 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠+3 ] −𝐿 [ 3
−1 ]
(𝑠+3)2 (𝑠+3)2

= 𝐿−1 [ 1 ] − 3𝐿 [ 1 ]
−1
𝑠+3 (𝑠+3)2

1
= 𝑒 −3𝑡 − 3𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠2]

= 𝑒−3𝑡 − 3𝑒−3𝑡𝑡

(ix) 𝐿−1 [
𝑠
] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠−4+43 ]
(𝑠−4)3 (𝑠−4)

= 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠−4 ]+𝐿 [ 4 ]

−1
(𝑠−4)3 (𝑠−4)3

= 𝐿−1 [ 1 ] + 4𝐿 [ 1
−1 ]
(𝑠−4)2 (𝑠−4)3

= 𝑒 4𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 1 ] + 4𝑒 𝐿 [ 14𝑡 ]
−1 𝑠2 𝑠3
𝑡2
= 𝑒4𝑡𝑡 + 4𝑒4𝑡
2!

= 𝑒4𝑡𝑡 + 2𝑒4𝑡𝑡2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−1+1
(x) 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠2−2𝑠+2 (𝑠−1)2+1 (𝑠−1)2+1

= 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠−1 ] +𝐿 [ 1
−1 ]
(𝑠−1)2+1 (𝑠−1)2+1

= 𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 ]+𝑒 𝐿 [ 1 1]
𝑡 −
𝑠2+1 𝑠2+1

𝑠
𝐿−1 [ 𝑠2−2𝑠+2] = 𝑒𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2𝑠+3
(xi) 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ 2𝑠+3
] = 𝐿−1 [2(𝑠+3−3)+3]
𝑠2+6𝑠+25 (𝑠+3)2+16 2 (𝑠+3) +16

2(𝑠+3)−6+3
= 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠+3)2+16

−3𝑡 −1 2𝑠−3
=𝑒 𝐿 [𝑠 2+16 ]

= 𝑒 −3𝑡 [2𝐿 [ 𝑠 ] − 3𝐿 1 ]]
[ −1
𝑠2+16 −1 𝑠2+16

2𝑠+3 3𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡
𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝑒−3𝑡 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 − )
𝑠2+6𝑠+25 4
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+3−3
(xii) 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠2+6𝑠−7 (𝑠+3)2−16 (𝑠+3)2−16

−3𝑡 −1 𝑠−3
=𝑒 𝐿 [𝑠 2−16 ]
𝑠 1
= 𝑒 −3𝑡 −1
[𝑠2−16 ] −3𝑡 −1
[𝐿𝑠2−16 ]
− 3𝑒 𝐿
𝑠 3𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4𝑡
𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝑒−3𝑡 [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑡 − ]
𝑠2+6𝑠−7 4

Exercise: 5.7
Find the inverse Laplace transform for the following:

Laplace Transform Page 36

 2𝑠−3 3𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡
1. Ans: 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 −
𝑠2+52 5
3𝑠+5 5𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡
2. Ans: 3𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 +
𝑠2+16 4
1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
3. Ans: 𝑡
4𝑠2+9 6 2
𝑡4
4. 1 Ans: 𝑒−4𝑡
(𝑠+4)5 4!
𝟐𝒕
5. 1 Ans: 𝒆 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
𝑠2−4𝑠+13 3

Inverse using the formula

−𝟏 𝒅
𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝑭(𝒔)]
𝒕 𝒅𝒔

Note: This formula is used when 𝐹(𝑠) is cot−1 ∅(𝑠) or tan−1 ∅(𝑠) or 𝑙𝑜𝑔∅(𝑠)
Example: 5.41 Find the inverse Laplace transform for the following
𝒔 𝒂
(i) 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 ( ) (ii) 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) (iii) 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏𝒂𝒔
𝒂 𝒔
𝒔+𝒂 𝟐 𝟐
(iv) 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏(𝒔 + 𝒂) (v) 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) (vi) 𝒄𝒐𝒕 −𝟏 ( ) (vii) 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝒔+𝒃 𝒔+𝟏 𝒔𝟐

Solution:
𝑠 −1 𝑑 𝑠
(i) 𝐿 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡−1 ( )] = 𝐿 −1 [ (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( ))]
𝑎 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑎

1 1 −1 1
=
−1 −1 −1
𝐿 [ 𝑠2 ( )] = 𝐿−1 [ ( )]
𝑡 𝑎 𝑡 𝑎2 +𝑠 2 𝑎
1+
𝑎2 𝑎2
1 𝑎
= 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑡 𝑠2+𝑎2
𝑠 1
𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡−1 ( )] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑎 𝑡
𝑎 −1 𝑑 𝑎
(ii) 𝐿−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )] = 𝐿 −1 [ (𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ))]
𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑠

−𝑎 −1 1 −𝑎
=
−1
𝐿−1 [
1 ( )] = 𝐿−1 [ ( )]
𝑡 𝑎 2 𝑠2 𝑡 𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑠2
1+(𝑠) 𝑠2
1 𝑎
= 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑡 𝑠2+𝑎2
𝑎 1
𝐿−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 𝑡
−1 𝑑
(iii) 𝐿−1[𝑐𝑜𝑡−1𝑎𝑠] = 𝐿−1 [ (𝑐𝑜𝑡−1(𝑎𝑠))]
𝑡 𝑑𝑠
1 𝑎
−1 −1 −1 (𝑎)] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
= 𝐿 [ 1
𝑡 1+𝑎2𝑠2 𝑡 𝑎2(𝑠2+ )
𝑎2
1
1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
= 𝐿 −1 [ 1 ]=
1
[ 1 ]
𝑎𝑡 𝑠2+ 𝑎𝑡
𝑎2 𝑎
1 𝑡
𝐿−1[𝑐𝑜𝑡−1𝑎𝑠] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑡 𝑎

(iv) 𝐿−1[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(𝑠 + 𝑎)] = 𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝐿−1[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑠]

Laplace Transform Page 37

 −1 𝑑
= 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 [ 𝐿−1 [ (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑠)]]
𝑡 𝑑𝑠
−1 1
= 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 ( ) 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑡 1+𝑠2
−1 −𝑎𝑡 −1 1
= 𝑒 𝐿 [ 2]
𝑡 1+𝑠
𝑠 −𝑒−𝑎𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡−1 ( )] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑎 𝑡
𝑠+𝑎 −1 𝑑 𝑠+𝑎
(v) 𝐿 −1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )] = 𝐿−1 [ (𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ))]
𝑠+𝑏 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑠+𝑏
−1 𝑑
= 𝐿−1 [ (log(𝑠 + 𝑎) − log(𝑠 + 𝑏))]
𝑡 𝑑𝑠
−1 1 1
= 𝐿−1 [ − ]
𝑡 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑏
−1
= [𝑒−𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑏𝑡]
𝑡
𝑠+𝑎 −1
𝐿−1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )] = [𝑒−𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑏𝑡]
𝑠+𝑏 𝑡
2 2
(vi) 𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡−1 ( )] = 𝑒−𝑡𝐿 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( )]
𝑠+1 𝑠
−1 𝑑 2
= 𝑒−𝑡 ( ) 𝐿−1 [ (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( ))]
𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑠

−1 −1 −2 𝑒−𝑡 1 2
= 𝑒−𝑡 ( ) 𝐿−1 [ 4
( )] = − 𝐿 −1 [ ( )]
𝑡 1+ 𝑠2 𝑡 𝑠2 +4 𝑠2
𝑠2 𝑠2
𝑒−𝑡 2
=− 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑡 𝑠2+4
2 𝑒−𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( )] = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
𝑠+1 𝑡
2 −1 𝑑 2
(vii) 𝐿−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )] = 𝐿−1 [ (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))]
𝑠2 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑠2

−4 4 1 1
=
−1 −1
𝐿 [ 1 ( )] = 𝐿−1 [ ( )]
𝑡 2 2 𝑠3 𝑡 𝑠4 +4 𝑠3
1+( )
𝑠2 𝑠4
4 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑡 𝑠4+4
4 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑡 (𝑠2)2+22
4 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 [ ] ∵ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 2𝑎𝑏
𝑡 (𝑠2+2)2−(2𝑠)2
4 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑡 (𝑠2+2+2𝑠)(𝑠2+2−2𝑠)
1
4 𝑠 1 1
= 𝐿−1 [ ( − )] ∵{ (𝑠2+𝑎𝑥+𝑏)(𝑠 2+𝑎𝑥+𝑐)
1 1 }
𝑡 −4𝑠 𝑠2+2+2𝑠 𝑠2+2−2𝑠 1
− ]
= [
𝑐−𝑏 𝑠2+𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑠2+𝑎𝑥+𝑐

−1 1 1
= 𝐿−1 [( − )]
𝑡 𝑠2+2𝑠+2 𝑠2−2𝑠+2
1
=
−1 −1
𝐿 [
1 − ]
𝑡 (𝑠+1)2+1 (𝑠−1)2+1

Laplace Transform Page 38

 −1 1 1
= (𝑒−𝑡𝐿 −1 [ ] − 𝑒𝑡𝐿 −1 [ ])
𝑡 𝑠2+1 𝑠2+1
−1
= (𝑒−𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= (𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡)
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡
𝑡
2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠2 )] = 𝑡

Inverse using the formula

𝒅
𝑳−𝟏[𝒔𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)]
𝒅𝒕
𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐
Example: 5.42 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( )]
𝒔𝟐+𝒃𝟐

Solution:
𝑠2+𝑎2 𝑑 𝑠2+𝑎2
𝐿−1 [𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )] ⋯ (1)
𝑠2+𝑏 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑠2+𝑏 2
𝑠 2+𝑎2 𝑑 𝑠 2+𝑎2
𝐿−1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )] = 𝐿 −1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑠2+𝑏 2 𝑑𝑠 𝑠2+𝑏 2
−1 −1 𝑑
= 𝐿 [ (log(𝑠2 + 𝑎2) − log(𝑠2 + 𝑏2))]
𝑡 𝑑𝑠
1
=
−1 −1 1
𝐿 [2 2 2𝑠 − 2𝑠]
𝑡 𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠2+𝑏 2
−2 −1 𝑠 𝑠
= 𝐿 [2 2 − ]
𝑡 𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠2+𝑏 2
−2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡]
𝑡
2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
𝑡

Substituting in (1), we get

𝑠2+𝑎2 𝑑 2
𝐿−1 [𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )] = [ [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]]
𝑠2+𝑏 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑡

𝑡(−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡+𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)−(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡)
= 2[ 𝑡2
]
𝑠 +𝑎2 2 𝑡(−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡+𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)−(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡)
𝐿−1 [𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠2+𝑏2 )] = 2 [ 𝑡2
]

Inverse using the formula

𝑭(𝒔) 𝒕
𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = ∫𝟎 𝑳−𝟏[𝑭(𝒔)]𝒅𝒕
𝒔
𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
This formula is used when 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠(𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
𝟏
Example: 5.43 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ]
𝒔(𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐)

Solution:
𝑡 1
𝐿−1 [
1 ]= 𝐿−1 [ ] 𝑑𝑡
∫0 (𝑠2+𝑎2)
𝑠(𝑠2+𝑎2)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑡
=∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑎

Laplace Transform Page 39

 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑡
= [ ]
𝑎 𝑎 0
−1
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]𝑡
𝑎2 0
−1 −1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 1)
𝑎2 𝑎2
1 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠2+𝑎2) ] = 𝑎2
𝟏
Example: 5.44 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ]
𝒔(𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐)

Solution:
𝑡 1
𝐿−1 [
1 ]= 𝐿−1 [ ] 𝑑𝑡
∫0 (𝑠2−𝑎2)
𝑠(𝑠2+𝑎2)
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡
= ∫0 [ ] 𝑑𝑡
𝑎

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡
= [ ]
𝑎 𝑎 0
1
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡]𝑡
𝑎2 0
1 1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ0) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡 − 1)
𝑎2 𝑎2
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡−1
∴ 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠(𝑠2−𝑎2) ] = 𝑎2
𝟏
Example: 5.45 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ]
𝒔(𝒔+𝒂)

Solution:
𝑡 1
𝐿−1 [
1 ] = ∫ 𝐿−1 [ ] 𝑑𝑡
𝑠(𝑠+𝑎) 0 (𝑠+𝑎)
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑒−𝑎𝑡
=[ ]
−𝑎 0
−1
= (𝑒−𝑎𝑡 − 1)
𝑎
1 1−𝑒−𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [ ]=
𝑠(𝑠+𝑎) 𝑎

Inverse using Partial Fraction

𝒔−𝟐
Example: 5.46 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ]
𝒔(𝒔+𝟐)(𝒔−𝟏)

Solution:
𝑠−2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
𝑠(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1) 𝑠 𝑠+2 𝑠−1
𝐴(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1)+𝐵𝑠(𝑠−1)+𝐶𝑠(𝑠+2)
=
𝑠(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1)

𝐴(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐶𝑠(𝑠 + 2) = 𝑠 − 2 ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 0 in (1) Put 𝑠 = −2 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 1 in (1)
𝐴(2)(−1) = −2 𝐵(−2)(−3) = −4 3𝐶 = −1

Laplace Transform Page 40

 −4 −2 −1
⇒𝐴=1 ⇒𝐵= = ⇒𝐶=
6 3 3

𝑠−2 1 2 1
∴ = − −
𝑠(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1) 𝑠 𝑠+2 3(𝑠−1)

𝑠−2 1 1
𝐿−1 [ 1−1
] =𝐿 [1 ] − 2 𝐿 [ ] − 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1) 𝑠 −1
3 𝑠+2 3 𝑠−1
𝑠−2 2 1
𝐿−1 [ ] = 1 − 𝑒−2𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡
𝑠(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1) 3 3
2𝑠−3
Example: 5.47 Find 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2

Solution:
2𝑠−3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2)2
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2

𝐴(𝑠−2)2+𝐵(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)+𝐶(𝑠−1)
=
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2

𝐴(𝑠 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1) = 2𝑠 − 3 ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 1 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 2 in (1) Equating the coefficient of 𝑠2
𝐴+𝐵 =0
𝐴 = −1 𝐶=1 𝐵 = −𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1

2𝑠−3 −1 1 1
∴ = + +
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2 𝑠−1 𝑠−2 (𝑠−2)2

𝐿−1 [ 2𝑠−3 ]= −𝐿 [ 1 ] +𝐿 [ 1 ] +[ 1
−1 ]
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2 −1 𝑠−1 𝑠−2 (𝑠−2)2
1
= −𝑒𝑡 + 𝑒2𝑡 + 𝑒2𝑡𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠2

−1 2𝑠−3 𝑡 2𝑡 𝑡
2
∴𝐿 [(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) 2] = −𝑒 + 𝑒 +𝑒 𝑡
𝟐−𝟏𝟓𝒔−𝟏𝟏
Example: 5.48 Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝟓𝒔
(𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔−𝟐)𝟑

Solution:
5𝑠2−15𝑠−11 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶
= + 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2)2 + (𝑠−2)3
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)3 𝑠+1

𝐴(𝑠−2)3+𝐵(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)2+𝐶(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)+𝐷(𝑠+1)
=
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)3

𝐴(𝑠 − 2)3 + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)2 + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑠 + 1) = 5𝑠2 − 15𝑠 − 11 ⋯ (1)
Put 𝑠 = −1 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 2 in (1) Equating the coefficient of 𝑠3
𝐴(−27) = 9 𝐷(3) = −21 𝐴+𝐵 =0
9 −1 −21 1
𝐴= ⇒𝐴= 𝐷= = −7 𝐵 = −𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 =
−27 3 3 3

Put 𝑠 = 0 in (1), we get

−8𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷 = −11

Laplace Transform Page 41

 4
8 + − 2𝐶 − 7 = −11
3 3

4 − 2𝐶 = 7 − 11
−2𝐶 = −8 ⇒ 𝐶 = 4
5𝑠2−15𝑠−11 −1 1 4 7
∴ = + 3(𝑠−2) + (𝑠−2)2 − (𝑠−2)3
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)3 3(𝑠+1)
1 1 1 1
5𝑠2−15𝑠−11 −1 1 ] + 𝐿−1 [ ] + 4𝐿 −1 [ ] − 7𝐿 −1 [ ]
𝐿−1 [ 3
]= 𝐿−1 [
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2) 3 𝑠+1 3 𝑠−2 (𝑠−2)2 (𝑠−2)3
−1 −𝑡 1 2𝑡 1 1
= 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 4𝑒2𝑡𝐿−1 [ ] − 7𝑒2𝑡𝐿−1 [ ]
3 3 𝑠2 𝑠3
5𝑠2−15𝑠−11 −1 1 1 𝑡2
𝐿−1 [ ]= 𝑒−𝑡 + 𝑒2𝑡 + 4𝑒2𝑡𝐿−1 [ ] − 7𝑒2𝑡
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)3 3 3 𝑠2 2

Example: 5.49 Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝟒𝒔+𝟓

(𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)

Solution:
4𝑠+5 𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝑐
= +
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2+4) 𝑠+1 𝑠2+4

𝐴(𝑠2+4)+(𝐵𝑠+𝑐)(𝑠+1)
=
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2+4)

𝐴(𝑠2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝑐)(𝑠 + 1) = 4𝑠 + 5 ⋯ ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = −1in (1) Equating coefficients of 𝑠2term in (1) Put 𝑠 = 0in (1)
𝐴(1 + 4) + 0 = 4(−1) + 5 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 𝐴(4) + 𝐶 = 5
1 −1 4
𝐴(5) = 1 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐵 = −𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐶 = 5 − 4𝐴 = 5 −
5 5 5
25−4 21
= =
5 5
1 −1 21
4𝑠+5 𝑠+ 5
∴ = 5
+
5
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2+4) 𝑠+1 𝑠2+4
1 𝑠 21 1
= 5(𝑠+1) − 5(𝑠2+4) + 5 (𝑠2+4)
1 1 1 𝑠 21 1
𝐿−1 [
4𝑠+5 ] = 𝐿 −1 [ ] − 𝐿 −1 [ ]+ 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2+4) 5 𝑠+1 5 𝑠2+4 5 𝑠2+4
1 1 21 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
= 𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 +
5 5 5 2

𝐿−1 [ 4𝑠+5 ] = 1𝑒 − 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 21−𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

(𝑠+1)(𝑠2+4) 5 5 10

Exercise: 5.8
Find the Inverse Laplace transforms using partial fraction for the following
1. 1 Ans: 1 (𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑒−3𝑡)
(𝑠+1)(𝑠+3) 2

2. 1 Ans: 1 (𝑒−2𝑡 − 2𝑒−𝑡 + 1)

𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2) 2

3.
54−3𝑠−5 Ans: 2𝑒−𝑡 3𝑡
𝑡 3𝑡
𝑡
+ 2 𝑒 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 +8𝑒 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2−3𝑠+2) 2 2

5. 7 INITIAL AND FINAL VALUE THEOREMS

Initial value theorem

Laplace Transform Page 42

Statement: If𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓′(𝑡)] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)
= 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓(0)
∴ 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓′(𝑡)] + 𝑓(0)
∞
= ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
Taking limit as 𝑠 → ∞ on both sides, we have
lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim[ ∞ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)]
∫0
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞
= lim [ ∞ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡] + 𝑓(0)
∫0
𝑠→∞
∞
= lim[𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓′(𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
∫
0 𝑠→∞

= 0 + 𝑓(0) ∵ 𝑒−∞ = 0
= 𝑓(0)
= lim𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡→0
∴ lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim𝑓(𝑡)
𝑠→∞ 𝑡→0

Final value theorem

Statement: If the Laplace transforms of 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑓′(𝑡) exist and 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠),then lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓′(𝑡)] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)
= 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓(0)
∴ 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓′(𝑡)] + 𝑓(0)
∞
= ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
Taking limit as 𝑠 → 0 on both sides, we have
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim[ ∞ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)]
∫0
𝑠→0 𝑠→0
= lim[ ∞ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡] + 𝑓(0)
∫0
𝑠→0
∞
= lim[𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑓′(𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
∫
0 𝑠→0
∞
= ∫0 𝑓′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
= [𝑓(𝑡)]∞
0 + 𝑓(0)

= 𝑓(∞) − 𝑓(0) + 𝑓(0)

= 𝑓(∞)
= lim𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡→∞
∴ lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

Example: 5.50 Verify the initial value theorem for the function 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒂𝒆−𝒃𝒕

Laplace Transform Page 43

Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒−𝑏𝑡
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
= 𝐿[𝑎𝑒−𝑏𝑡]
1
=𝑎
𝑠+𝑏
𝑎𝑠
𝑠𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠+𝑏
Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑎𝑒−𝑏𝑡

𝑡→0 𝑡→0

= 𝑎 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = lim [ 𝑎𝑠 ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞ 𝑠+𝑏

𝑎𝑠 𝑎
= lim [ 𝑏
] == lim [ 𝑏
]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠(1+ ) 𝑠→∞ (1+ )
𝑠 𝑠

= 𝑎 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
From (1) and (2), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Example: 5.51Verify the initial value theorem and Final value theorem for the function
𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝒕[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕].
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑒−𝑡[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
= 𝐿[1 + 𝑒−𝑡[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]]
= 𝐿[1] + 𝐿[𝑒−𝑡[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]]
= 𝐿[1] + 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+1
1 1 𝑠
= +[ + ]
𝑠 𝑠2+1 𝑠2+1 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 1 𝑠+1
= 𝑠 + (𝑠+1)2+1 + (𝑠+1)2+1
1 1 𝑠+1
𝐹(𝑠) = + +
𝑠 𝑠2+2𝑠+2 𝑠2+2𝑠+2
𝑠 𝑠2+𝑠
𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = 1 + +
𝑠2+2𝑠+2 𝑠2+2𝑠+2

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim[1 + 𝑒−𝑡[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]]

𝑡→0 𝑡→0

= 1 + 0 + 1 = 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑠
lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [1 + 𝑠2+𝑠
+ ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞ 𝑠2+2𝑠+2 𝑠2+2𝑠+2

Laplace Transform Page 44

 1
(1+ )
= 1 + lim [ 1
2 2
+ 2
𝑠
2
]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠(1+ + 2) (1+𝑠+ 2)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

= 1 + 0 + 1 = 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
From (1) and (2), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Final value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0
lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim(1 + 𝑒−𝑡[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡])
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

= 1 + 0 = 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
𝑠
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [1 + 𝑠2+𝑠
+ ]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0 𝑠2+2𝑠+2 𝑠2+2𝑠+2

= 1 + 0 + 0 = 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
From (3) and (4), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

∴ Final value theorem is verified.

Example: 5.52 Verify the initial value theorem and Final value theorem for the function
𝟏
𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔(𝒔+𝟐 𝟐 ])

Solution:
1
Given 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 𝐿−1 [𝑠 (𝑠+2 2 ] ⋯ (1))
= 𝑡𝐿
−1 [ 1 ] 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒
−2𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 1] 𝑑𝑡
∫0 (𝑠+2)2
∫0 𝑠2
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒−2𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑡𝑒−2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑒−2𝑡 (1)𝑒−2𝑡
𝑡
= [𝑡 ( )− ]
−2 (−2)2 0
𝑒−2𝑡 𝑒−2𝑡 1
= −𝑡 − −0+
2 4 4
1 𝑡𝑒−2𝑡 𝑒−2𝑡
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = − −
4 2 4
1
From (1), 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠(𝑠+2)2
1
𝑠𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠+2)2

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞
1 𝑡𝑒−2𝑡 𝑒−2𝑡
lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim [ − − ]
𝑡→0 𝑡→0 4 2 4
1 1
= −0− =0
4 4

∴ lim𝑓(𝑡) = 0 ⋯ (2)
𝑡→0

lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim 1 =0

𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞ (𝑠+2)2

Laplace Transform Page 45

 ∴ lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = 0 ⋯ (3)
𝑠→∞
From (2) and (3), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Final value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0
1 𝑡𝑒−2𝑡 𝑒−2𝑡
lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim [ − − ]
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 4 2 4
1 1
= − 0 − 0 = ⋯ (4)
4 4
1
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [ ]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0 (𝑠+2)2
1
= ⋯ (5)
4
From (4) and (5), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

∴ Final value theorem is verified

Example: 5.53 Verify the initial value theorem and Final value theorem for the function
𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆−𝒕(𝒕 + 𝟐)𝟐
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒−𝑡(𝑡 + 2)2
= 𝑒−𝑡(𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 4)
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
= 𝐿[𝑒−𝑡(𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 4)]
= 𝐿[𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 4]𝑠→𝑠+1
= [𝐿(𝑡2) + 4𝐿(𝑡) + 4𝐿(1)]𝑠→𝑠+1
2! 1 1
=[ +4 +4 ]
𝑠3 𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+1
2 1 1
= +4 +4
(𝑠+1)3 (𝑠+1)2 𝑠+1
2𝑠 4𝑠 4𝑠
𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = + +
(𝑠+1)3 (𝑠+1)2 𝑠+1

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞
lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim[𝑒−𝑡(𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 4)]
𝑡→0 𝑡→0

= 4 ⋯ (1)
lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [ 2𝑠 + 𝑠
4 4𝑠
+ ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞ (𝑠+1)3 (𝑠+1)2 𝑠+1

2𝑠 𝑠
4
= lim [ + 4𝑠
+ 𝑠(1+1𝑠) ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠 3 (1+1) 3 1 2
𝑠 2 (1+𝑠)
𝑠

2 4 4
= lim [ + + ]
2 1 3 1 2 1
𝑠→∞ 𝑠 (1+ ) 𝑠(1+𝑠) (1+𝑠)
𝑠

= 0+0+4

Laplace Transform Page 46

 = 4 ⋯ (2)
From (1) and (2), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Final value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0
lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim[𝑒−𝑡(𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 4)]
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

= 0 ⋯ (3)
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [ 2𝑠 + 𝑠
4 4𝑠
+ ]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0 (𝑠+1)3 (𝑠+1)2 𝑠+1

= 0 ⋯ (4)
From (3) and (4), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

∴ Final value theorem is verified.

𝟏
Example: 5.54 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = , find the 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒕) and 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒕) using initial and final value
𝒔(𝒔+𝟏) 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕→∞

theorems.
Solution:
1
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ⋯ (1)
𝑠(𝑠+1)
1 1
𝑖𝑒. , 𝐹(𝑠) = => 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠(𝑠+1) (𝑠+1)

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞
1
= lim =0
𝑠→∞ (𝑠+1)

Final value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0
1
= lim =1
𝑠→0 (𝑠+1)

Exercise: 5.9
1. Verify the initial value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒−𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2. Verify the initial value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑡) = sin2 𝑡
3. Verify the initial value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑒−𝑡 + 𝑡2
4. Verify the Final value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒−𝑎𝑡
5. Verify the Final value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡2𝑒−3𝑡
5.8 CONVOLUTION THEOREM
Definition: Convolution of two functions
The convolution of two functions 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑔(𝑡) is denoted by 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) and defined by
𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢.
State and prove Convolution theorem
Statement: If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠) and 𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐺(𝑠), then 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] ∗ 𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)

Laplace Transform Page 47

Proof:
𝑡
We have 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] = ∫0 [𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] 𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
∞ 𝑡
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
∞ 𝑡
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑡 ⋯ (1)
Now we have no change the order of integration.
𝑢 = 0, 𝑢 = 𝑡; 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 = ∞
Change of order is . Draw horizontal strip PQ
At P, 𝑡 = 𝑢, At A 𝑢 = ∞
∞ ∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] = ∫0 ∫𝑢 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑢
∞ ∞
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢) [ ∫𝑢 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑒−𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]𝑑𝑢 ⋯ (2)
Put 𝑡 − 𝑢 = 𝑥 ⋯ (3)
𝑡 = 𝑢 + 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
When 𝑡 = 𝑢; (3) ⇒ 𝑥 = 0
When 𝑡 = ∞; (3) ⇒ 𝑥 = ∞
∞ ∞
(2) ⇒ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢) [∫0 𝑔(𝑥)𝑒−𝑠(𝑢+𝑥)𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑢
∞
= ∞ 𝑓(𝑢) [ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑒−𝑠𝑢𝑒−𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑢
∫0 ∫0
∞ ∞
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑒−𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 ∫0 𝑔(𝑥)𝑒−𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝐿[𝑓(𝑢)]𝐿[𝑔(𝑥)]
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)
Note: Convolution theorem is very useful to compute inverse Laplace transform of product of two terms
Convolution theorem is 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)
𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)
𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1[𝐹(𝑠)] ∗ 𝐿−1[𝐺(𝑠)]
Problems under Convolution theorem
𝟏
Example: 5.55 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] using convolution theorem.
(𝒔+𝒂)(𝒔+𝒃)

Solution:
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [ ]= 𝐿 [ ]∗𝐿 [ −1 ]
(𝑠+𝑎)(𝑠+𝑏) −1 (𝑠+𝑎) (𝑠+𝑏)

= 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑒−𝑏𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒−𝑎𝑢𝑒−𝑏(𝑡−𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
= 𝑒−𝑏𝑡 ∫0 𝑒−𝑎𝑢 𝑒𝑏𝑢𝑑𝑢
𝑡
= 𝑒−𝑏𝑡 ∫0 𝑒(𝑏−𝑎)𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Laplace Transform Page 48

 −𝑏𝑡 𝑒(𝑏−𝑎)𝑢 𝑡
=𝑒 [ ]
𝑏−𝑎 0
−𝑏𝑡
𝑒
= [𝑒(𝑏−𝑎)𝑡 − 1 ]
𝑏−𝑎
𝑒−𝑏𝑡
= [𝑒𝑏𝑡−𝑎𝑡 − 1 ]
𝑏−𝑎
1
= [𝑒−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑡−𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑏𝑡 ]
𝑏−𝑎
1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+𝑎)(𝑠+𝑏) ] = [𝑒−𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑏𝑡 ]
𝑏−𝑎
𝟐
Example: 5.56 Find the inverse Laplace transform 𝒔
by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐)(𝒔𝟐+𝒃𝟐)

Solution:
𝑠2
] = 𝐿−1 [ 2 𝑠 2 𝑠
𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)(𝑠2+𝑏 2) (𝑠 +𝑎 ) (𝑠2+𝑏 2)

= 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 ]∗𝐿 [ 𝑠
−1 ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2) (𝑠2+𝑏2)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑡 cos(𝑎𝑢+𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑢)+cos(𝑎𝑢−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑢)
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
0 2
1 𝑡
= (cos(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑢) + cos(𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢
∫
2 0𝑡
1
= [cos(𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑢 + 𝑏𝑡 + cos(𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡]𝑑𝑢
∫
2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑎+𝑏)𝑢+𝑏𝑡] 𝑡
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑎−𝑏)𝑢+𝑏𝑡] + ]
= [
2 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 0
1 sin(𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑡) sin(𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= [ + − + ]
2 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
1 sin 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= [ + − + ]
2 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
1 (𝑎+𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡+(𝑎−𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−(𝑎+𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡+(𝑎−𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= [ ]
2 𝑎2−𝑏2
1 2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−2𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
=2[ ]
𝑎2−𝑏2
1 2(𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡)
=2[ ]
𝑎2−𝑏2
𝑠2
∴ 𝐿 −1 [ ]= 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
(𝑠2+𝑎2)(𝑠2+𝑏 2) 𝑎2−𝑏2

Example: 5.57 Find the inverse Laplace transform 𝟏

by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐)(𝒔𝟐+𝒃𝟐)

Solution:
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)(𝑠2+𝑏 2) (𝑠2+𝑎2) (𝑠2+𝑏 2)

= 𝐿−1 [ 1 ]∗𝐿 [ 1
−1 ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2) (𝑠2+𝑏2)
1 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
𝑎 𝑏

Laplace Transform Page 49

 1 𝑡
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑎𝑏 0
∫
1 𝑡 cos(𝑎𝑢−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑢)−cos(𝑎𝑢+𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑢)
= 𝑑𝑢
𝑎𝑏
∫
1 0𝑡 2
= (cos(𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑢) − cos(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢
2𝑎𝑏𝑡 0
1
∫
= [cos[(a + b)u − bt] − cos[(a − b)u + bt]]𝑑𝑢
∫
2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑎−𝑏)𝑢+𝑏𝑡] 𝑡
=
1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑎+𝑏)𝑢−𝑏𝑡] − ]
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 0
2𝑎𝑏
1
= [sin(𝑎𝑡+𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑡) − sin(𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑡) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡]
2𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
1
= [sin 𝑎𝑡 − sin 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡]
2𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
1
= [(𝑎−𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−(𝑎+𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡+(𝑎−𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡+(𝑎+𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
2 2
]
2𝑎𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏
1
= [−2𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡+2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
2 2
]
2𝑎𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏
1
= [2(𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)
2 2
]
2𝑎𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏
1 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠2+𝑎2)(𝑠2+𝑏2) ] = 𝑎𝑏(𝑎2−𝑏2)

Example: 5.58 Find the inverse Laplace transform 𝒔

by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)(𝒔𝟐+𝟗)

Solution:
𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 ]= 𝐿 [ 1
−1 𝑠
]
(𝑠2+4)(𝑠2+9) (𝑠2+4) (𝑠2+9)

= 𝐿−1 [ 1 ]∗𝐿 [ 𝑠−1 ]

(𝑠2+4) (𝑠2+9)
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
2
1 𝑡
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠3(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
∫
2 0
1 𝑡 sin(2𝑢+3𝑡−3𝑢)+sin(2𝑢−3𝑡+3𝑢)
= 𝑑𝑢
1
∫ 𝑡
0
= 2 [sin(3t − 𝑢) +
2
sin(5u − 3t)]𝑑𝑢
∫
4 0
cos(5𝑢−3𝑡) 𝑡
1 −cos(3𝑡−𝑢) ]
= [ −
4 −1 5 0
1 cos(3t−t) cos(5t−3𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
= [ − − + ]
4 1 5 1 5
1 cos2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + ]
4 5 5
1 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡−5𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
= [ ]
4 5
1
= [4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡]
20
𝑠
∴ 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
(𝑠2+4)(𝑠2+9) 5
𝒔
Example: 5.59 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] by using convolution theorem.
𝟐
(𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐)

Laplace Transform Page 50

Solution:
𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 ]=𝐿 [ 1
−1 𝑠
]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2 (𝑠2+𝑎2) (𝑠2+𝑎2)

= 𝐿−1 [ 1 ]∗𝐿 [ 𝑠
−1 ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2) (𝑠2+𝑎2)
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑎
1 𝑡
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
∫
𝑎 0
1 𝑡 sin(𝑎𝑢+𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑢)+sin(𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡+𝑎𝑢)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 0 2
1 𝑡[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 + sin(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡)]𝑑𝑢
=
1 0𝑡
2𝑎
∫ 𝑡
= [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑢 + sin(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
∫ ∫
2𝑎 0 0
1 𝑡 𝑡
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 sin(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
2𝑎 0

=
1
[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡(𝑢)𝑡0 − (
cos(2𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡) )𝑡 ]
2𝑎 2𝑎 0
1
= [𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − cos(2𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
1
= [𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − cos 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
1
= 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
2𝑎
𝑠 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠2+𝑎2)2 ] = 2𝑎
𝟏
Example: 5.60 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] by using convolution theorem.
𝟐
(𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐)

Solution:
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [ ]=𝐿 [ −1 ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2 (𝑠2+𝑎2) (𝑠2+𝑎2)

= 𝐿−1 [ 1 ]∗𝐿 [ 1
−1 ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2) (𝑠2+𝑎2)
1 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑎1 𝑡 𝑎
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑎2
∫0
1 𝑡 cos(𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡+𝑎𝑢)−cos(𝑎𝑢+𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑢)
= 𝑑𝑢
∫
𝑎2 0 2
1 𝑡[cos(2𝑎𝑢
− 𝑎𝑡) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]𝑑𝑢
=
2𝑎
∫
1 2 0𝑡 𝑡
= [ cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢]
2𝑎12
∫0 ∫0
= [ 𝑡 cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑢]
2𝑎2 ∫0 ∫0
1 sin(2𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡) 𝑡 ( )𝑡
= [( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑢 0]
2𝑎2 2𝑎 0
1
= [sin(2𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑡) − sin(−𝑎𝑡) − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
2𝑎2 2𝑎 2𝑎

Laplace Transform Page 51

 1 sin𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
= [ + − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
2𝑎2 2𝑎 2𝑎
1 2sin𝑎𝑡
= [ − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
2𝑎 2 2𝑎
1 1 sin𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [ ]= [ − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2 2𝑎2 𝑎
𝒔𝟐
Example: 5.61 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] by using convolution theorem.
𝟐
(𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐)

Solution:
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2 (𝑠2+𝑎2) (𝑠2+𝑎2)

= 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 ]∗𝐿 [ 𝑠−1 ]

(𝑠2+𝑎2) (𝑠2+𝑎2)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑡 cos(𝑎𝑢+𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑢)+cos(𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡+𝑎𝑢)
= ∫0 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡)]𝑑𝑢
∫
2 0𝑡
1 𝑡
= [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑢 + cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
2 0
∫ ∫0
1 𝑡
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫𝑡 cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
2 0 0
1 sin(2𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡) ) 𝑡 ]
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑢)0𝑡 + (
2 2𝑎 0
1 sin(2𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
= [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + + ]
2 2𝑎 2𝑎
1 sin𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
= [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + + ]
2 2𝑎 2𝑎
1 2sin𝑎𝑡
= [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + ]
2 2𝑎
𝑠2 1 sin𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [ ] = [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2 2 𝑎
𝒔𝟐
Example: 5.62 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] by using convolution theorem.
𝟐
(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)

Solution:
𝑠
𝑠2 ] = 𝐿 −1 [ 𝑠
𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠2+22)2 (𝑠2+22) (𝑠2+22)

= 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 ]∗𝐿 [ 𝑠−1 ]

(𝑠2+22) (𝑠2+22)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑡 cos(2𝑢+2𝑡−2𝑢)+cos(2𝑢−2𝑡+2𝑢)
= ∫0 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + cos(4𝑢 − 2𝑡)]𝑑𝑢
∫
2 0𝑡
1 𝑡
= [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑢 + cos(4𝑢 − 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
2 0
∫ ∫0

Laplace Transform Page 52

 1 𝑡
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫𝑡 cos(4𝑢 − 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
2 0 0
1 sin(4𝑢−2𝑡)
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡(𝑢)0𝑡 + ( )𝑡 ]
2 4 0
1 sin(4𝑡−2𝑡) sin(−2𝑡)
= [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + − ]
2 4 4
1 sin2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
= [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + + ]
2 4 4
1 2sin2𝑡
= [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + ]
2 4
𝑠2 1 sin2𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [ ] = [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + ]
(𝑠2+𝑎2)2 2 2
𝟏
Example: 5.63 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] by using convolution theorem.
𝒔(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)

Solution:
1 1
𝐿−1 [ ] =𝐿 [ ]
𝑠(𝑠21−
+4)
1 𝑠 𝑠2+4
1 1
= 𝐿 −1 [ ] ∗ 𝐿 −1 [ ]
𝑠 𝑠2+4
sin2𝑡
=1∗
2
sin2𝑡
= ∗1
2
𝑡 sin2𝑢 (1)
= ∫0 𝑑𝑢
2

−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑡 1
=[ ] = (−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 1)
4 0 4
1
= (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)
4

Example: 5.64 Find the inverse Laplace transform 𝒔+𝟐

𝟐 by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔𝟐+𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟑)

Solution:
𝑠+2 𝑠+2 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠2+4𝑠+13)2 ] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2+4𝑠+13 ]
𝑠2+4𝑠+13

= 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠+2 ] ∗𝐿 [ 1
−1 ]
𝑠2+4𝑠+13 𝑠2+4𝑠+13

= 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠+2 ]∗𝐿 [ 1

−1 ]
(𝑠+2)2+9 (𝑠+2)2+9

𝑠 1
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 −1
[ 𝑠2+9] −2𝑡 −1
[𝑠2+9 ]𝐿
∗𝑒 𝐿
𝑒−2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
= 𝑒−2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 ∗
3
𝑡 −2𝑢 −2(𝑡−𝑢) 𝑠𝑖𝑛3(𝑡−𝑢)
=∫ 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑢 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
0 3
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑡−3𝑢)
= ∫ 𝑒−2𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑢 𝑒−2𝑡+2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0 3
1 𝑡 −2𝑢−2𝑡+2𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑢 sin(3𝑡 − 3𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
∫
3 0
𝑡 sin(3𝑢+3𝑡−3𝑢)−sin(3𝑢−3𝑡+3𝑢)
𝑒−2𝑡 𝑑𝑢
= ∫0
3 2

Laplace Transform Page 53

 𝑡[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 − sin(6𝑢 − 3𝑡)]𝑑𝑢
𝑒−2𝑡
= ∫0
6
𝑒−2𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑢 − 𝑡 sin(6𝑢 − 3𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
= [∫ ∫0
6 0
𝑒−2𝑡 𝑡
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − ∫𝑡 sin(6𝑢 − 3𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
6 0 0
𝑒−2𝑡 cos(6𝑢−3𝑡) 𝑡
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡(𝑢)0𝑡 + ( ) ]
6 6 0
𝑒 −2𝑡
= [𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 + cos(6𝑡−3𝑡) − cos(−3𝑡)]
6 6 6
𝑒−2𝑡
= [𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 + cos3𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡]
6 6 6
𝑒−2𝑡
= 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
6
−1 𝑠+2
∴ 𝐿𝑒−2𝑡[ ]= 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
(𝑠2+4𝑠+13)2 6

Example: 5.65 Find the inverse Laplace transform 𝟏

by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)

Solution:
1 1
𝐿−1 [
1 ] = 𝐿 −1 [ ]
(𝑠2+4)(𝑠+1) 𝑠+1 𝑠2+4

= 𝐿−1 [ 1 ]∗𝐿 [ 1
−1 ]
𝑠+1 𝑠2+4

= 𝑒−𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒−(𝑡−𝑢)𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑒 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ∵ ∫ 𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡𝑑𝑡 = (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡)
𝑒𝑢 𝑡 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
= 𝑒 −𝑡 [
12+22
(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢)] 0
𝑒−𝑡
= [𝑒𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) − 𝑒0(𝑐𝑜𝑠0 − 0)]
5
𝑒−𝑡
= [𝑒𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) − 1]
5
1 𝑒−𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [ ]= [𝑒𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) − 1]
(𝑠2+4)(𝑠+1) 5

Exercise: 5.10
Find the inverse Laplace transforms using convolution theorem for the following
1. 1
Ans: 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑠(𝑠2+1)

2. 𝑠 Ans: 1 [sin2𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]

(𝑠2+4)2 8 2
2
𝑠 sin2𝑡
3. Ans: 1 [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + ]
(𝑠2+4)2 2 2

4. 1 Ans: 1 [𝑒−𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]

(𝑠+1)(𝑠2+1) 2
1 −𝑡 1 1
5. 1 Ans: − 𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2+4) 5 5 10

Laplace Transform Page 54

5.9 SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BY LAPLACE TRANSFORM
TECHNIQUE
There are so many methods to solve a linear differential equation. If the initial conditions are known,
then Laplace transform technique is easier to solve the differential equation. The Laplace transform
transforms the differential equation into an algebraic equation.
𝐿[𝑦′(𝑡)] = 𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)
𝐿[𝑦′′(𝑡)] = 𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)
Problems using Partial Fraction
𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example: 5.66 Solve𝒅 − 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐, given 𝒙 = 𝟎and 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟓 for 𝒕 = 𝟎using Laplace transform
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

method.
Solution:
Given 𝑥′′ − 3𝑥′ + 2𝑥 = 2; 𝑥(0) = 0; 𝑥′(0) = 5
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑥′′(𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑥′(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 2𝐿(1)
2
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑥(0) − 𝑥′(0)] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑥(0)] + 2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] =
𝑠

Substituting 𝑥(0) = 0; 𝑥′(0) = 5

2
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 0 − 5] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 0] + 2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] =
𝑠
2
𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = + 5
𝑠
2
𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = + 5
𝑠

Put 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑥
2
𝑠2𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑥 = + 5
𝑠
2
[𝑠2 − 3𝑠 + 2]𝑥 = + 5
𝑠
2
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)𝑥 = + 5
𝑠
2+5𝑠
𝑥=
𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)

2+5𝑠 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Consider = + +
𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) 𝑠 𝑠−1 𝑠−2
2+5𝑠 𝐴(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)+𝐵𝑠(𝑠−2)+𝐶𝑠(𝑠−1)
=
𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) 𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)

𝐴(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶𝑠(𝑠 − 1) = 2 + 5𝑠 ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 0 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (1) Put 𝑠 = 2 in (1)
𝐴(−1)(−2) = 2 𝐵(1)(−1) = 7 𝐶(2)(1) = 2 + 10
𝐴=1 𝐵 = −7 𝐶=6
2+5𝑠 1 7 6
= − +
𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) 𝑠 𝑠−1 𝑠−2

Laplace Transform Page 55

 1 1 1
∴𝑥 = −7 +6
𝑠 𝑠−1 𝑠−2

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [1] − 7𝐿−1 [ 1

] + 6𝐿−1 [ 1
]
𝑠 𝑠−1 𝑠−2

𝑥(𝑡) = 1 − 7𝑒𝑡 + 6𝑒2𝑡

Example: 5.67 Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟐𝒆−𝒕,
with𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏 = 𝒚′(𝟎).
Solution:
Given 𝑦′′ − 3𝑦′ − 4𝑦 = 2𝑒−𝑡; with𝑦(0) = 1 = 𝑦′(0).
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑦′′(𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦′(𝑡)] − 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 2𝐿(𝑒−𝑡)
1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] − 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 2
𝑠+1

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 1 = 𝑦′(0).

2
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 − 1] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 1] − 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠+1
2
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 − 1 − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 3 − 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠+1
2
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = +𝑠−2
𝑠+1

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦
2
𝑠 2 𝑦− 3𝑠𝑦− 4𝑦= +𝑠−2
𝑠+1
2
[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 − 4]𝑦= +𝑠−2
𝑠+1

[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 − 4]𝑦= 2+𝑠(𝑠+1)−2(𝑠+1)
𝑠+1
2+𝑠2+𝑠−2𝑠−2
=
𝑠+1
𝑠 2 −𝑠
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 4)𝑦=
𝑠+1
𝑠 2−𝑠
𝑦= (𝑠+1)(𝑠+1)(𝑠−4)

𝑠 2 −𝑠
𝑦=
(𝑠+1)2(𝑠−4)
2 𝐴 𝐶
Consider 𝑠 −𝑠 = +
𝐵
+
(𝑠+1)2(𝑠−4) 𝑠+1 (𝑠+1)2 𝑠−4

𝑠2−𝑠 𝐴(𝑠+1)(𝑠−4)+𝐵(𝑠−4)+𝐶(𝑠+1)2
=
(𝑠+1)2(𝑠−4) (𝑠+1)2(𝑠−4)

𝐴(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 4) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)2 = 𝑠2 − 𝑠 ⋯ (1)

Put𝑠 = −1 in (1) Put𝑠 = 4 𝑖𝑛 (1) equating the coefficients of𝑠2, we get
12
−5𝐵 = 1 + 1 25𝐶 = 16 − 4 𝐴+𝐶 =1⇒ 𝐴 =1−𝐶 ⇒1−
25
−2 12 13
𝐵= 𝐶= 𝐴=
5 25 25
𝑠2−𝑠 25 12 2
= 25(𝑠+1) − 5(𝑠+1)2 + 25(𝑠−4)
(𝑠+1)2(𝑠−4)

Laplace Transform Page 56

 13 2 12
∴ 𝑦= − + 25(𝑠−4)
25(𝑠+1) 5(𝑠+1)2
13 −1 1 2 −1 1 12 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿 [ ]− 𝐿 [ ]+ 𝐿−1 [ ]
25 (𝑠+1) 5 (𝑠+1)2 25 𝑠−4
13 2 12
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒−𝑡 + 𝑒4𝑡
25 5 25
𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example: 5.68 Solve the differential equation𝒅 − 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒕, with𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚′(𝟎) = 𝟎using
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

Laplace transform.
Solution:
Given 𝑦′′ − 3𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑒−𝑡; with𝑦(0) = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦′(0) = 1.
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑦′′(𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦′(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑒−𝑡)
1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠+1

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦′(0) = 0.

1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 − 0] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 1] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠+1
1
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 3 + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠+1
1
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = +𝑠−3
𝑠+1

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦
1
𝑠 2 𝑦− 3𝑠𝑦+ 2𝑦= +𝑠−3
𝑠+1
1
[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2]𝑦= +𝑠−3
𝑠+1

[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2]𝑦= 1+𝑠(𝑠+1)−3(𝑠+1)
𝑠+1
1+𝑠2+𝑠−3𝑠−3
=
𝑠+1
𝑠 2−2𝑠−2
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)𝑦=
𝑠+1
𝑠 2 −2𝑠−2
𝑦= (𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)
2
Consider 𝑠 −2𝑠−2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) 𝑠+1 𝑠−1 𝑠−2

𝑠2−2𝑠−2 𝐴(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)+𝐵(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)+𝐶(𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)
=
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) (𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)

𝐴(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1) = 𝑠2 − 2𝑠 − 2 ⋯ (1)

Put𝑠 = −1 in (1) put𝑠 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (1) put𝑠 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (1)
6𝐴 = 1 + 2 − 2 −2𝐵 = 1 − 4 3𝐶 = 4 − 4 − 2
1 3 −2
𝐴= 𝐵= 𝐶=
6 2 3
𝑠2−2𝑠−2 1 3 2
∴ = + −
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) 6(𝑠+1) 2(𝑠−1) 3(𝑠−2)
1 3 2
𝑦= + −
6(𝑠+1) 2(𝑠−1) 3(𝑠−2)

Laplace Transform Page 57

 1 1 3 1 2 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ ] + 𝐿−1 [ ] − 𝐿−1 [ ]
6 (𝑠+1) 2 𝑠−1 3 𝑠−2
1 −𝑡 3 2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 + 𝑒𝑡 − 𝑒2𝑡
6 2 3

Example: 5.69 Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation𝒚′′ + 𝟐𝒚′ − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕,
with𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚′(𝟎) = 𝟎.
Solution:
Given 𝑦′′ + 2𝑦′ − 3𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 with 𝑦(0) = 0 = 𝑦′(0).
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑦′′(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦′(𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)] + 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠2+1

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 0 = 𝑦′(0).

1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 0 − 0] + 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 0] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠2+1
1
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 2𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠2+1
1
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 2𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠2+1

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦
1
𝑠 2 𝑦+ 2𝑠𝑦− 3𝑦=
𝑠2+1
1
[𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 − 3]𝑦=
𝑠2+1
1
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 3)𝑦=
𝑠2+1
1
𝑦=
(𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠2+1)

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑠+𝐷
Consider = + +
(𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠2+1) 𝑠−1 𝑠+3 𝑠2+1

1 𝐴(𝑠2+1)(𝑠+3)+𝐵(𝑠−1)(𝑠2+1)+(𝐶𝑠+𝐷)(𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)
=
(𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠2+1) (𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠2+1)

𝐴(𝑠2 + 1)(𝑠 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 3) = 1 ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 1 in (1) Put 𝑠 = −3 𝑖𝑛 (1) equating the coefficients of𝑠2, we get
−1 1
8𝐴 = 0 + 1 𝐵(−4)(10) = 1 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶 = −𝐴 − 𝐵 = +
8 40
1 −1 −1
𝐴= 𝐵= 𝐶=
8 40 10

Put𝑠 = 0in (1), we get

3 1
3𝐴 − 𝐵 − 3𝐷 = 1 ⇒ + − 3𝐷 = 1
8 40
3 1
3𝐷 = + −1
8 40
15+1−40 −24 −1
3𝐷 = ⇒𝐷= ⇒𝐷=
40 40×3 5
−1 1
1 1 1 (10)𝑠− 5
= − +
(𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠2+1) 8(𝑠−1) 40(𝑠+3) 𝑠2+1

Laplace Transform Page 58

 1 1 𝑠 1
∴ 𝑦= − − −
8(𝑠−1) 40(𝑠+3) 10(𝑠2+1) 5(𝑠2+1)
1 −1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1 𝑠 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿 [ ]− 𝐿 [ ]− 𝐿 [ ] − 𝐿 −1 [ ]
8 (𝑠−1) 40 𝑠+3 10 𝑠2+1 5 𝑠2+1
1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒𝑡 − 𝑒−3𝑡 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
8 40 10

Example: 5.70 Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒𝒆𝟐𝒕,
with𝒚(𝟎) = −𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚′(𝟎) = 𝟓.
Solution:
Given 𝑦′′ − 3𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = 4𝑒2𝑡; with 𝑦(0) = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦′(0) = 5.
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑦′′(𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦′(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 4𝐿(𝑒2𝑡)
1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 4
𝑠−2

Substituting𝑦(0) = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦′(0) = 5.

4
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 3𝑠 − 5] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 3] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
4
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 3𝑠 − 5 − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 9 + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
4
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = − 3𝑠 + 14
𝑠−2

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦
4
𝑠 2 𝑦− 3𝑠𝑦+ 2𝑦= − 3𝑠 + 14
𝑠−2
4
[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2]𝑦= + 14 − 3𝑠
𝑠−2

[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2]𝑦= 4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2)
𝑠−2

(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)𝑦= 4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2)

𝑠−2
4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2)
𝑦=
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2
4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Consider = + 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2)2
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2 𝑠−1

4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2) 𝐴(𝑠−2)2+𝐵(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)+𝐶(𝑠−1)
=
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2 (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2

𝐴(𝑠 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1) = 4 + (14 − 3𝑠)(𝑠 − 2) ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 1 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (1) equating the coefficients of𝑠2, we get
𝐴 = 4 − 11 𝐶 =4+0 𝐴 + 𝐵 = −3 ⇒ −7 + 𝐵 = −3
𝐴 = −7 𝐶=4 𝐵=4
4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2) −7 4 4
= 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2 +
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2 (𝑠−2)2
−7 4 4
∴ 𝑦= + +
𝑠−1 𝑠−2 (𝑠−2)2

𝑦(𝑡) = −7𝐿−1 [ 1 ] + 4𝐿−1 [ 1 ] + 4𝐿−1 [ 1 ]

(𝑠−1) 𝑠−2 (𝑠−2)2

Laplace Transform Page 59

 1
= −7𝑒 𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠2]

𝑦(𝑡) = −7𝑒𝑡 + 4𝑒2𝑡 + 4𝑒2𝑡𝑡

Example: 5.71 Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation 𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒚′ + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕,
with𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚′(𝟎) = −𝟐.
Solution:
Given 𝑦′′ − 4𝑦′ + 8𝑦 = 𝑒2𝑡; with 𝑦(0) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦′(0) = −2.
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑦′′(𝑡)] − 4𝐿[𝑦′(𝑡)] + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑒2𝑡)
1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)] − 4[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦′(0) = −2.

1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 + 2] − 4[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2] + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
1
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 + 2 − 4𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 8 + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
1
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 4𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = + 2𝑠 − 10
𝑠−2

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦
1
𝑠 2 𝑦− 4𝑠𝑦+ 8𝑦= + 2𝑠 − 10
𝑠−2
1
[𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 8]𝑦= + 2𝑠 − 10
𝑠−2

[𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 8]𝑦= 1+(2𝑠−10)(𝑠−2)
𝑠−2
1+(2𝑠−10)(𝑠−2)
𝑦=
(𝑠−2)(𝑠2−4𝑠+8)
1+(2𝑠−10)(𝑠−2)
=
(𝑠−2)[(𝑠−2)2+4]
1+(2𝑠−10)(𝑠−2) 𝐴 𝐵(𝑠−2)+𝐶
Consider = +
(𝑠−2)[(𝑠−2)2+4] 𝑠−2 (𝑠−2)2+4

𝐴[(𝑠−2)2+4]+𝐵[(𝑠−2)+𝐶](𝑠−2)
=
[𝑠−2][(𝑠−2)2+4]

𝐴[(𝑠 − 2)2 + 4] + 𝐵[(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶](𝑠 − 2) = 1 + (2𝑠 − 10)(𝑠 − 2) ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 2 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1) equating the coefficients of𝑠2, we get
1
4𝐴 = 1 + 0 8𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 2𝐶 = 21 𝐴+𝐵 =2⇒ +𝐵 =2
4
1 7
𝐴= 𝐶 = −6 𝐵=
4 4
1 7
1+(2𝑠−10)(𝑠−2) (𝑠−2)−6
= 4 4
+ (𝑠−2)
(𝑠−2)[(𝑠−2)2+4] 𝑠−2 2+4

1 1
∴ 𝑦= +
7 (𝑠−2) −6
4(𝑠−2) 4 (𝑠−2)2+4 (𝑠−2)2+4
1 −1 1 1
] + 7 𝐿−1 [
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿 [ (𝑠−2) ] − 6𝐿 −1 [ ]
4 (𝑠−2) 4 (𝑠−2)2+4 (𝑠−2)2+4
1
1
= 𝑒2𝑡 + 𝑒2𝑡𝐿−1 [
7 𝑠 ] − 6𝑒2𝑡𝐿 −1 [ ]
4 4 𝑠2+4 𝑠2+4

Laplace Transform Page 60

 1 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
= 𝑒2𝑡 + 𝑒2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 6𝑒2𝑡
4 4 2
1 7
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒2𝑡 + 𝑒2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 3𝑒2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
4 4

Problems without using Partial Fraction

𝟐
Example: 5.72 Solve using Laplace transform 𝒅 𝒙 −𝟐
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒕, with 𝒙 = 𝟐,𝒅𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Solution:
Given 𝑥′′ − 2𝑥′ + 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡; 𝑥(0) = 2; 𝑥′(0) = −1
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑥′′(𝑡)] − 2𝐿[𝑥′(𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑒𝑡)
1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑥(0) − 𝑥′(0)] − 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑥(0)] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] =
𝑠−1

Substituting 𝑥(0) = 2; 𝑥′(0) = −1

1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 + 1] − 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 2] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] =
𝑠−1
1
𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 2𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = + 2𝑠 − 5
𝑠−1
1
𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 2𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = + 2𝑠 − 5
𝑠−1

Put 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑥
1
𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥 = + 2𝑠 − 5
𝑠−1
1
[𝑠2 − 2𝑠 + 1]𝑥 = + 2𝑠 − 5
𝑠−1
1
(𝑠 − 1)2𝑥 = + 2𝑠 − 5
𝑠−1
1 2𝑠 5
𝑥= + −
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−1)2 (𝑠−1)2 (𝑠−1)2

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ 1 ] + 2𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 ] − 5𝐿−1 [ 1 ]

(𝑠−1)3 (𝑠−1)2 (𝑠−1)2

= 𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 1 ] + 2𝐿 [ 𝑠−1+1 ] − 5𝑒 𝐿 [ 1−]1

𝑠3 (𝑠−1)2 𝑡 −1 𝑠2
𝑡2 𝑠−1 1
= 𝑒𝑡 + 2𝐿−1 [ + ] − 5𝑒𝑡𝑡
2! (𝑠−1)2 (𝑠−1)2
𝑡2 1 1
= 𝑒𝑡 + 2𝐿 −1 [ ] + 2𝐿 −1 [ ] − 5𝑒𝑡𝑡
2! 𝑠−1 (𝑠−1)2
𝑡2 1
= 𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑒𝑡𝐿−1 [ ] − 5𝑒𝑡𝑡
2! 𝑠2
𝑡2
= 𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑒𝑡𝑡 − 5𝑒𝑡𝑡
2
𝑡 2𝑒 𝑡
∴𝑥= + 2𝑒𝑡 − 3𝑒𝑡𝑡
2

Example: 5.73 Solve the following differential equation using Laplace transform
(𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐𝒆𝒕 Given 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐 and 𝑫𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟑
Solution:
Given (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 with 𝑦(0) = 2 and 𝐷𝑦(0) = 3

Laplace Transform Page 61

𝑖𝑒. , 𝐷2𝑦 − 2𝐷𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡
𝑦′′ − 2𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 With 𝑦(0) = 2 and 𝑦′(0) = 3
Apply Laplace transform on both sides, we get
𝐿[𝑦′′(𝑡)] − 2𝐿[𝑦′(𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑡2𝑒𝑡)
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)] − 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] + 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑡2]𝑠→𝑠−1
Substituting 𝑦(0) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦′(0) = 3.
2!
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 − 3] − 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2] + 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = [ ]
𝑠3 𝑠→𝑠−1
2
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 − 3 − 2𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 4 + 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
(𝑠−1)3
2
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = + 2𝑠 − 1
(𝑠−1)3

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦
2
𝑠 2 𝑦− 2𝑠𝑦+ 𝑦= + 2𝑠 − 1
(𝑠−1)3
2
[𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 1]𝑦= + 2𝑠 − 1
(𝑠−1)3
2
(𝑠 − 1)2 𝑦= + 2𝑠 − 1
(𝑠−1)3
2 2𝑠 1
𝑦= + −
(𝑠−1)5 (𝑠−1)2 (𝑠−1)2
2 𝑠 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ ] + 2𝐿−1 [ ] − 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠−1)5 (𝑠−1)2 (𝑠−1)2
1 −1 𝑠−1+1 1
= 2𝑒𝑡𝐿−1 [ ] + 2𝐿 [ ]− 𝑒𝑡𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠5 (𝑠−1)2 𝑠2
𝑡4 𝑠−1 1
= 2𝑒𝑡 + 2𝐿−1 [ + ] − 𝑒𝑡𝑡
4! (𝑠−1)2 (𝑠−1)2
𝑡4 1 1
= 2𝑒𝑡 + 2𝐿 −1 [ ] + 2𝐿 −1 [ ] − 𝑒𝑡𝑡
24 𝑠−1 (𝑠−1)2
𝑡4 1
= 𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑒𝑡𝐿−1 [ ] − 𝑒𝑡𝑡
12 𝑠2
𝑡4
= 𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑒𝑡𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡𝑡
12
𝑡 4𝑒 𝑡
∴𝑥= + 2𝑒𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡𝑡
12
𝟐
Example: 5.74 Solve using Laplace transform 𝒅 𝒚 +𝟔
𝒅𝒚
+ 𝟗𝒚 = 𝟔𝒕𝟐𝒆−𝟑𝒕, given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎 and
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

𝒚′(𝟎) = 𝟎
Solution:
2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Given 𝑑 + 6 + 9𝑦 = 6𝑡2𝑒−3𝑡 with 𝑦(0) = 0 and 𝑦′(0) = 0
𝑑𝑡2 𝑑𝑡

𝑦′′ + 6𝑦′ + 9𝑦 = 6𝑡2𝑒−3𝑡 With 𝑦(0) = 0 and 𝑦′(0) = 0

Apply Laplace transform on both sides, we get
𝐿[𝑦′′(𝑡)] + 6𝐿[𝑦′(𝑡)] + 9𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 6𝐿(𝑡2𝑒−3𝑡)
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)] + 6[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] + 9𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 6𝐿[𝑡2]𝑠→𝑠+3

Laplace Transform Page 62

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦′(0) = 0.
2!
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 0 − 0] + 6[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 0] + 9𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 6 [ ]
𝑠3 𝑠→𝑠+3
12
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 6𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 9𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
(𝑠+3)3
12
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 6𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 9𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
(𝑠+3)3

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦
12
𝑠 2 𝑦+ 6𝑠𝑦+ 9𝑦=
(𝑠+3)3
12
[𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9]𝑦=
(𝑠+3)3
12
(𝑠 + 3)2 𝑦=
(𝑠+3)3
12
𝑦=
(𝑠+3)5

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ 12 ] = 12𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 1]

(𝑠+3)5 𝑠5
𝑡4
= 12𝑒 −3𝑡
4!
𝑡 4𝑒−3𝑡
∴𝑦=
2
𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example: 5.75 Solve𝒅 +𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕; 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟎 and 𝒙′(𝟎) = 𝟏
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

Solution:
Given 𝑥′′ + 2𝑥′ + 5𝑥 = 𝑒−𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡; 𝑥(0) = 0; 𝑥′(0) = 1
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑥′′(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑥′(𝑡)] + 5𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑒−𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑥(0) − 𝑥′(0)] + 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑥(0)] + 5𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+1
Substituting 𝑥(0) = 0; 𝑥′(0) = 1
1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 0 − 1] + 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 0] + 5𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = [ ]
𝑠2+1 𝑠→𝑠+1
1
𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 2𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 5𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 1 =
(𝑠+1)2+1
1
𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 2𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 5𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = +1
(𝑠+1)2+1

Put 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑥
1
𝑠2𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑥 + 5𝑥 = +1 1
(𝑠+1)2+1
1
(𝑠2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑠2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐)
[𝑠2 + 2𝑠 + 5]𝑥 = +1
(𝑠+1)2+1 1 1 1
1
= [ − ]
[𝑠2 + 2𝑠 + 5]𝑥 = +1 𝑐 − 𝑏 𝑠2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑠2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑠2+2𝑠+2
1 1
𝑥= +
(𝑠2+2𝑠+2)(𝑠2+2𝑠+5) 𝑠2+2𝑠+5

1 1 1 1
= [ − ]+
5−2 𝑠2+2𝑠+2 𝑠2+2𝑠+5 𝑠2+2𝑠+5

Laplace Transform Page 63

 1 1 1 1
= [ − ]+
3 𝑠2+2𝑠+2 𝑠2+2𝑠+5 𝑠2+2𝑠+5
1 1 1
= − +
3(𝑠2+2𝑠+2) 3(𝑠2+2𝑠+5) 𝑠2+2𝑠+5
1
𝑥= +
2
3(𝑠2+2𝑠+2) 3(𝑠2+2𝑠+5)
1 1 2 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ ] + 𝐿−1 [ ]
3 (𝑠2+2𝑠+2) 3 (𝑠2+2𝑠+5)
1 −1 1 2 −1 1
= 𝐿 [ ]+ 𝐿 [ ]
3 (𝑠+1)2+1 3 (𝑠+1)2+4
2 −𝑡 −1 1
1
= 𝑒−𝑡𝐿−1 [
1 ]+ 𝑒 𝐿 [ ]
3 𝑠2+1 3 𝑠2+4
1 2 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
= 𝑒−𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑒
3 3 2
1 −𝑡
∴𝑥 = 𝑒 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]
3
𝟐
Example: 5.76 Solve using Laplace transform 𝒅 𝒚 +
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕, given that = 𝟒 ,𝒚′ = −𝟐 when 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

Solution:
2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Given 𝑑 + = 𝑡2 + 2𝑡 with 𝑦(0) = 4 and 𝑦′(0) = −2
𝑑𝑡2 𝑑𝑡

𝑦′′ + 𝑦′ = 𝑡2 + 2𝑡 with 𝑦(0) = 4 and 𝑦′(0) = −2

Apply Laplace transform on both sides, we get
𝐿[𝑦′′(𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑦′(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑡2) + 𝐿(2𝑡)
2 1
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)] + [𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] = +2
𝑠3 𝑠2

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦′(0) = −2.

2 2
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 4𝑠 + 2] + [𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 4] = +
𝑠3 𝑠2
2+2𝑠
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 4𝑠 + 2 − 4 =
𝑠3
2(1+𝑠)
𝑠2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = + 4𝑠 + 2
𝑠3

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦
2(1+𝑠)
𝑠 2 𝑦+ 𝑠𝑦= + 2(2𝑠 + 1)
𝑠3
2(𝑠+1)
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 𝑠)𝑦= + 2(2𝑠 + 1)
𝑠3
2(𝑠+1)
𝑠(𝑠 + 1)𝑦= + 2(2𝑠 + 1)
𝑠3
2(𝑠+1) 2(2𝑠+1)
𝑦= + 𝑠(𝑠+1)
𝑠4(𝑠+1)
2 𝑠+(𝑠+1)
= 𝑠4
+ 2[ ]
𝑠(𝑠+1)
2 𝑠 𝑠+1
= +2[ + ]
𝑠4 𝑠(𝑠+1) 𝑠(𝑠+1)
2 1 1
= +2[ + ]
𝑠4 𝑠+1 𝑠
2 2
𝑦= + +
2
𝑠4 𝑠+1 𝑠

Laplace Transform Page 64

 2 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝐿−1 [ ] + 2𝐿−1 [ ] + 2𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠4 𝑠+1 𝑠
𝑡3
= 2 + 2𝑒−𝑡 + 2(1)
3!
𝑡3
∴𝑦= + 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 2
3
𝟐𝒙 𝝅
Example: 5.77 Solve using Laplace transform𝒅 + 𝟗𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕, if (𝟎) = 𝟏 ;𝒙 ( ) = −𝟏
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝟐

Solution:
𝜋
Given 𝑥′′ + 9𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡; 𝑥(0) = 1; 𝑥 ( ) = −1
2

Since 𝑥′(0) is not given assume 𝑥′(0) = 𝑘

Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑥′′(𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑥(0) − 𝑥′(0)] + 9𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)
𝜋
Substituting 𝑥(0) = 1; 𝑥 ( ) = −1
2
𝑠
[𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑠 − 𝑘] + 9𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] =
𝑠2+4
𝑠
𝑠2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 9𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = +𝑠+𝑘
𝑠2+4
𝑠
[𝑠2 + 9]𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = +𝑠+𝑘
𝑠2+4

Put 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑥
𝑠
[𝑠2 + 9]𝑥 = +𝑠+𝑘
𝑠2+4
𝑠 𝑠 𝑘
𝑥= + +
(𝑠2+9)(𝑠2+4) 𝑠2+9 𝑠2+9

𝑠 1 1 𝑠 𝑘
= [ − ]+ +
9−4 𝑠2+4 𝑠2+9 𝑠2+9 𝑠2+9
𝑠 1 1 𝑠 𝑘
= [2 − ]+ +
5 𝑠 +4 𝑠2+9 𝑠2+9 𝑠2+9
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑘
= − + +
5(𝑠2+4) 5(𝑠2+9) 𝑠2+9 𝑠2+9
𝑠 (5𝑠−𝑠) 𝑘
𝑥= + +
5(𝑠2+4) 5(𝑠2+9) 𝑠2+9
1 𝑠 4 𝑠 𝑘
= 5 𝑠2+4 + 5 𝑠2+9 + 𝑠2+9
1 𝑠 4 𝑠 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ ] + 𝐿−1 [ ] + 𝑘𝐿 −1 [ ]
5 𝑠2+4 5 𝑠2+9 𝑠2+9
1 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 𝑘 ⋯ (1)
5 5 3
𝜋
Given 𝑥 ( ) = −1
2
𝜋
Put 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑛 (1)
2
3𝜋
𝜋 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛
(1) ⇒ 𝑥 ( ) = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 3𝜋
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑘 2
2 5 2 5 2 3
1 𝑘
−1 = (−1) + 0 + (−1)
5 3

Laplace Transform Page 65

 𝑘 1 𝑘 −4 12
− = −1 ⇒− = ⇒𝑘=
3 5 3 5 5
1 4 12 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 +
5 5 5 3
1
∴ 𝑥(𝑡) = [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
5

Exercise: 5.11
2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. Solve using Laplace transform 𝑑 +4 − 5𝑦 = 5, given that = 0 ,𝑑𝑦 = 2 when 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 −5𝑡 5 𝑡
Ans:−1 − 𝑒 + 𝑒
6 6

2. Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation 𝑦′′ + 5𝑦′ + 6𝑦 = 2, with
𝑑𝑦 1 2
𝑦(0) = 0 = 𝑦′(0). Where 𝑦′ = Ans:𝑦(𝑡) = − 𝑒−2𝑡 + 𝑒−3𝑡
𝑑𝑡 3 3

3. Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation 𝑦′′ + 4𝑦′ + 3𝑦 = 𝑒−𝑡, with
−1 −3𝑡 5 1
𝑦(0) = 1; 𝑦′(0) = 0. Ans:𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 − 𝑒−𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒−𝑡
4 4 2
2
4. Solve using Laplace transform 𝑑 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 given = 1 ,𝑑𝑦 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡2 𝑑𝑡

Ans:𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

2𝑦 𝜋
5. Solve using Laplace transform𝑑 + 9𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡, if 𝑦(0) = 1 ;𝑦 ( ) = −1
𝑑𝑡2 2
1
Ans:𝑦(𝑡) = [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
5

Laplace Transform Page 66