lOMoAR cPSD| 23878820

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

Report of Mini Project On

SPEED DETECTION USING ARDUINO

Prepared By:
Jyoti Misal – TE:36
Sonali Bansode – TE:05
Swati Jadhav – TE:27

Academic Year: 2022-2023

DHOLE PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

NEAR EON IT PARK KHARADI, DHOLE PATIL COLLAGE ROAD

WAGHOLI, PUNE, MAHARASHTRA 412207

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that following students:

Name Roll No

…………….. …

…………….. …

…………….. …

have submitted Mini Project Report on “Speed Detection using IR Sensor”

as the partial fulfillment for the requirement of Third Year of Engineering
(6th Semester) in T.E. – E&TC under my guidance during the academic
year 2022-2023.

Prof. Bhausaheb Shinde Dr. Omprakash

Rajankar Subject Incharge Head Of Department

Date of Examination:
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Table of Contents

Content -

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Proposed System

4. Hardware Requirements

5. Implementation Details and Results

6. Conclusion
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Abstract

This project is intends to develop a vehicle speed estimation using

infrared sensor. Therefore this project needs a analog input to make
the system work. The system is designed to track the vehicle
direction and calculate its moving speed. The method that uses to
estimate the speed of the moving vehicle currently is achieved using
couple of IR sensor technology.This system consists of 4 major steps:
1) Analog input
2) Analog to Digital conversion
3) Equivalent conversion of speed to Numeric
4) speed estimation.
The rate of accuracy for this system is expected to have 95%.
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Chapter 1: Introduction

In the era of technology, the number of car in India on the road is increasing.
Besides that, with the advance technology, the car manufacturers produce the
car with the best quality. At the same time also produce the car that can move
faster and faster by enhance the car engine and increase the maximum speed
of the car. Due to this, the number of cases of accident happens on highway
also increasing dramatically. So, there is a need to have a low cost vehicle
speed detector system. Currently, most of the vehicle speed detector system
for the purpose traffic light speed law enforcement is based on RADAR
(Radio Detection and Ranging) methods . This method is much more
expensive compare to static sensor system.

To limit the overall cost of the setup, we have used IR sensor which can sense
the & estimate the speed of vehicle.

Vehicle Speed Detection or Vehicle Speed Measurement using IR Sensor and

Arduino- In this tutorial, we will measure the speed of the vehicle using IR
sensor, Arduino, and 16×2 LCD. In this project, we will use two IR sensors
and place it at a certain distance. As we know that to measure the speed
we need distance and time. In order to find time, we will use the logic that the
first IR sensor will detect whether there is some vehicle is present in front of
the sensor or not. Then the timer will start and will measure the duration up to
the second IR sensor. The time we will get will be in milliseconds, so, in order
to convert milliseconds into seconds, we will divide it by 1000. In this project,
we have placed the two IR sensors at a distance of 20 centimeters which is
equal to
0.2 meters. Now, we want our measured speed to be displayed in the
kilometers per hour.

So, in order to get the values in the kilometer per hour, we will use the following
equation.
1m/s = Km/1000 x 3600/hr = 3.6Km/hr

1m/s = 3.6Km/hr
This logic will be used in our coding to measure the speed of the vehicle.
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Chapter 2: Literature Review

Vishal Pande et.al [1] has proposed a framework for autonomous

speed control of over speeding vehicle using Radio Frequency to
design a controller to control vehicles speed and display to monitor
the zones which can run on an embedded system platform.

Monika Jain [2] presented a device to detect the rash driving and
alerts the traffic authorities in case of any violation. This frame of
reference intends to design a system aimed at early detection and
alerts vehicles driving patterns which is related to rash driving. The
speed limit is by the police at very location who uses the system
depending on the traffic. This device reports, displays and data base
system for over speed violation management.

Ni Hlaing et.al [3] designed a system that detects the speed of the
vehicle in the roads, main highways and the places where the drivers
over speed. If the speed exceeds the limit, the information will be
sent to PC (Personal Computer) which starts the camera which
captures the vehicle of over speed.

Amarnarayan et.al [4] developed speed estimation system that alerts

drivers about driving conditions, robust and reliable and helps to
avoid joining traffic jams is an important problem that has attracted
lots of attention recently.

Nehal Kassem et.al [5] introduced a novel RFbased vehicle motion

and speed detection system which can detect vehicle motion
estimates the vehicle speed in typical streets with an accuracy of
90% and detects motion with an accuracy of 100%.
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Chapter 3: Proposed System

The Arduino board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts.

If supplied with less than 7 volts, however, the pin 5 may supply less
than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than
12volts is supplied, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage
the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts which is the
reason behind choosing the 9volts battery.

Fig 1: Block diagram of the Speed detection

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Chapter 4: Hardware Requirements

ARDUINO UNO:

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light
on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it
into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set
of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use
the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the
Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Fig 2: Arduino UNO

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INFRARED SENSOR –

IR sensors are basically infrared sensors it consists of two main

components one is the IR LED and the other is a photodiode. The IR
LED is like a normal LED which will emit light but in the infrared
spectrum. So therefore it is not visible to the naked eye and a
photodiode which is also called a light-dependent resistor has a very
high resistance in the absence of light and the resistance of the
photodiode drops when light falls on it as the name itself indicate the
resistance of the photodiode depends on the intensity of light falling
on it. A photodiode is a semiconductor that has a PN Junction and it
is operated in reverse bias. This is because it starts conducting the
current in the reverse direction when light falls on it. I will explain
about the IR LED photodiode and the working with the help of a
circuit diagram.

Fig 3: INFRARED SENSOR

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We have a +5 volt supply and a ground connection +5 volt is needed

for the Op-Amp which is LM358, a photodiode, and an IR LED. So
when it is powered on the IR LED emits light in the infrared
spectrum and when it falls on the photodiode the resistance of the
photodiode drops. We have used a 10 kilo-ohm resistor and a
photodiode, the resistance of the photodiode varies so the voltage
across this will be constant when there is no light. When light falls on
it the resistance drops and therefore the voltage also changes and this
is given to the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp and we have
used a 10 kilo-ohm potentiometer and the output of the potentiometer
is given to the non-inverting terminal of LM358 op-amp this
potentiometer is just used as a reference. So let’s say if it is kept at 4
kilo-ohms voltage across this will be some value and the supply
voltage is 5 volt. So 5 volt in combination with this 4 kilo-ohm
resistance gives a certain amount of voltage which is fixed. It is given
to pin 2 of the op-amp. So when light falls on this the resistance
drops and when voltage varies though if the voltage goes below this
voltage it the output will be low that is zero. If the voltage is more
than this voltage the output will be high that is 1. So this will give us
a digital output so it will be 1 or 0 and this IR and we have used the
led which is just used as an indicator that indicates the output. If it is
1 the LED glows if it is 0 then it is off and a 330-ohm resistor is just
used to protect the LED. We know LED is powered on with 3.3
voltage and here we have given +5 volts so therefore to protect the
LED 330-ohm resistor is used. If you take a look at the IR sensor as
you can see in the circuit diagram below, All the elements circuit
elements are embedded in this tiny IR Sensor module which consists
of IR leds, LM358 op-amp, and having three pins VCC, ground, and
output and the potentiometer which can vary and this is photodiode
IR LED resistors op-amp LM358 op-amp and we have 3 connection
VCC ground and the output. So we can use IR sensors in different
applications projects like line follower robots.
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Breadboard:

Breadboards are temporary work boards for electronic circuits. The

general shape of a breadboard is Compatible with most breadboards,
24-gauge wire is used to connect circuits; solid wire, not stranded.
Sometimes, kits may be available with various colors of fixed lengths
to specifically fit breadboards. These are a nice convenience.
Breadboard has sets of miniature sockets laid out on a 0.1 inch grid
which will accept the manual insertion of component leads and tinned
copper wire (TCW) links. It has rows of contacts interconnected in
groups placed either side of the center line of the board, where the
integrated circuits (ICs) are inserted, giving multiple contacts on each
IC pin.

Fig 4: Breadboard
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5v Buzzer :

Specifications :
Rated Voltage : 6V DC
Operating Voltage : 4 to 8V DC
Rated Current* : ≤30mA
Sound Output at 10cm* : ≥85dB
Resonant Frequency : 2300 ±300Hz
Tone : Continuous
Operating Temperature : -25°C to +80°C
Storage Temperature : -30°C to +85°C
Weight : 2g *Value applying at rated voltage (DC)
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Chapter 5: Implementation Details and Results

As per the circuit diagram we built the circuit connection. After that
we upload the programin Arduino then all functions start to run with
program. After uploading the program, we will give the external power
supply to the Arduino. then we will swipe our hands from both IR
sensor, this will result in speed detection & estimation.

This proposed system used for many ongoing & upcoming

applications in national highways, vehicle movements etc.

Fig 6. Circuit Diagram

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Arduino Specification
Symbol Description Min Typ Max Unit

VINMax Maximum input voltage from VIN pad 6 - 20 V

VUSBMax Maximum input voltage from USB connector - 5.5 V

PMax Maximum Power Consumption - - xx mA

Ref. Description Ref. Description

X1 Power jack 2.1x5.5mm U1 SPX1117M3-L-5 Regulator

X2 USB B Connector U3 ATMEGA16U2 Module

PC1 EEE-1EA470WP 25V SMD Capacitor U5 LMV358LIST-A.9 IC

PC2 EEE-1EA470WP 25V SMD Capacitor F1 Chip Capacitor, High Density

D1 CGRA4007-G Rectifier ICSP Pin header connector (through hole 6)

J-ZU4 ATMEGA328P Module ICSP1 Pin header connector (through hole 6)

Y1 ECS-160-20-4X-DU Oscillator
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Chapter 6: Conclusion

The existing model presents an Integrating feature of all the hardware

components which has been used and developed in it with Arduino.
The Presence of each and every module has been reasoned out and
placed very carefully. Hence the contributing to the best working unit
for “Vehicle speed detection using Arduino and IR sensors” has been
designed perfectly. The device provides an automated solution to
continuously monitor the vehicle speed and display the vehicle speed
on LCD module and the system able to give the over speed alerts
through buzzer. Thus the project has been successfully designed and
tested. By using this project we can reduce the road accidents. In
future, this system can be extended by integrating a camera which
could capture the image of the number plate of the vehicle and sends
to the traffic authorities or the corresponding vehicle owner.