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Math Tutorial1

This document provides an overview of trigonometric functions including their definitions, identities, and proofs using mathematical induction. It defines the basic trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant. It also lists several important trigonometric identities and provides examples of problems that can be demonstrated involving sums, products, and proofs of trigonometric equations using induction.

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22 views

Math Tutorial1

This document provides an overview of trigonometric functions including their definitions, identities, and proofs using mathematical induction. It defines the basic trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant. It also lists several important trigonometric identities and provides examples of problems that can be demonstrated involving sums, products, and proofs of trigonometric equations using induction.

Uploaded by

monkeyng.bmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

Department of Mathematics
MATH1010D&E (2016/17 Term 1)
University Mathematics
Tutorial 1

Trigonometric functions In the following, the arguments of trigonometric functions are in


radian (1◦ = 180
π
rad) and the symbol ”rad” will be omitted.
The trigonometric functions are defined by
∞
X (−1)k x2k+1
sine sin x =
(2k + 1)!
k=0
∞
X (−1)k x2k
cosine cos x =
(2k)!
k=0
sin x
tangent tan x = (when cos x 6= 0)
cos x
1
cosecant csc x = (when sin x 6= 0)
sin x
1
secant sec x = (when cos x 6= 0)
cos x
cos x
cotangent cot x = (when sin x 6= 0)
sin x
Remarks: There are many definitions for sine and cosine functions, such as unit circle, dif-
ferential equation, e.t.c..
Trigonometric identities The trigonometric functions have the following identities
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x, 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x
(Sum and difference formulas)

sin(x ± y)=sin x cos y ± cos x sin y sin(2x)=2 sin x cos x

cos(x ± y)=cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y cos(2x)=cos2 x − sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 x


tan x ± tan y 2 tan x
tan(x ± y)= tan(2x)=
1 ∓ tan x tan y 1 − tan2 x

(Sum to product and product to sum formulas)

sin x + sin y=2 sin x+y x−y


2 cos 2 sin x sin y= 12 [cos(x − y) − cos(x + y)]

cos x + cos y=2 cos x+y x−y


2 cos 2 cos x cos y= 12 [cos(x − y) + cos(x + y)]

cos x − cos y=−2 sin x+y x−y


2 sin 2 sin x cos y= 12 [sin(x − y) + sin(x + y)]

To prove these formula, one just need to show sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y and
cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y first and others are just algebraic manipulation of
these two.

1
Mathematical induction: To prove a collection of proposition P (n) concerning natural
numbers, we may use mathematical induction. In using mathematical induction, we
have to prove the base case P (1) is true and the induction hypothesis: Given a positive
integer n, if P (n) is true, then P (n+1) is true. Then by property of natural numbers, the
collection of natural numbers that P (n) is true will be equal to that of natural numbers,
that is, for all natural numbers n, P (n) is true.

Remarks: (1) There are many variants of mathematical induction but the principles are the
same.
(2) Some people think natural numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . and some people think natural
numbers are 1, 2, 3, . . .. Mathematical induction works on both of them, but the base
case need to be changed to 0 in the first scenario.

Problems that may be demonstrated in class :


nπ
Q1. Show that for all real number x not equal to 2 for any integer n, we have

(sin x + cos x)(tan x + cot x) = (sec x + csc x).


nπ
Q2. Show that for all real number x not equal to 2 for any integer n, we have
cos x 1 ∓ sin x
= .
1 ± sin x cos x
nπ
Q3. Show that for all real number x not equal to 2 for any integer n, we have

sin x − csc x = − cot x cos x.

Q4. Show that for all real number α, β, γ with α + β + γ = π, we have


α β γ
sin α + sin β + sin γ = 4 cos cos cos .
2 2 2
Q5. Prove that for all positive integer n, we have
n
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
k 2 = 1 + 2 2 + 3 2 + · · · + n2 = .
6
k=1

Q6. Prove that for all positive integer n, we have


n
X sin n+1
2 n
sin k = 1 sin 2 .
k=1
sin 2

Q7. Prove that for all positive integer n and real number x not equal to a multiple of π,
we have
n−1
Y sin(2n x)
cos(2k x) = cos x cos(2x) cos(4x) · · · cos(2n−1 x) = .
2n sin x
k=0

Q8. Prove that for all positive integer n we have

53n − 46n − 31n + 24n is divisible by 77.

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