Introduction to

Communication Systems
(ECEg4101)
Chapter III
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

Prepared by: Fisiha Abayneh

Email: [email protected] 1
 Chapter III
Amplitude Modulation and
Demodulation
3.1 Introduction

3.2 Basic Concepts of Amplitude Modulation

3.3 Frequency spectrum and Bandwidth of AM wave

3.4 Power Content of AM wave

3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude Modulation

3.6 AM Transmitter and Receiver Circuits

3.7 Demodulation of AM wave

3.8 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

2
 3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation

Outline:-

Multi-tone AM Modulation

Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed Carrier

Modulation)

SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

3
 Multi-tone AM Modulation

So far, standard AM Modulation with a message signal

of single frequency is analyzed.
This type of modulation is known as single-tone
modulation.

But, in practice, modulation is performed with message

signals having multiple frequencies and using a
single carrier.
In which case, the modulation is termed as Multi-
tone modulation.
4
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

Let’s analyze the case for modulating signal with two

frequency components.
 For the purpose of analysis, each component is treated as
independent message signal.
Let the two components be:-
𝑺𝒎𝟏 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒎𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝟏 𝒕
𝑺𝒎𝟐 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒎𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝟐 𝒕
Then, the modulating signal will have a form:-
𝑺𝒎 𝒕 = 𝑺𝒎𝟏 𝒕 + 𝑺𝒎𝟐 𝒕
𝑺𝒎 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒎𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝟏 𝒕 + 𝑨𝒎𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝟐 𝒕
5
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

Let the carrier signal be:-

𝑆𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

Then, the equation for AM envelop will be:

𝐴𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑆𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝑆𝑚2 𝑡
𝐴𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑚1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑚2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡

And, the AM signal equation can be found as:-

𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝐴𝑀 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

6
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) =[𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑚1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑚2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡 ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝐴𝑚1 𝐴𝑚2
𝑆𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 [1 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡 ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐

Multi-tone modulation has multiple modulation

indexes.

In this case:-

𝑨𝒎𝟏
𝒎𝟏 = (modulation index due to 𝑆𝑚1 𝑡 )
𝑨𝒄

𝑨𝒎𝟐
𝒎𝟐 = (modulation index due to 𝑆𝑚2 𝑡 )
𝑨𝒄

7
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

Using the modulation indexes, the AM signal equation

will take a form:
𝑆𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 [1 + 𝑚1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝑚2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡 ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝑆𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚1 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 +

𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

Expanding the terms which contain multiples of sin

functions using trigonometric identity:

1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = [𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 ]
2

8
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

𝑺𝑨𝑴 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 +

𝟏 𝟏
𝒎 𝑨 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 −𝒇𝒎𝟏 )𝒕 − 𝒎𝟏 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 +𝒇𝒎𝟏 )𝒕 +
𝟐 𝟏 𝒄 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 −𝒇𝒎𝟐 )𝒕 − 𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 +𝒇𝒎𝟐 )𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
So, the frequency spectrum has 5 components:-
The carrier component at 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄
Two in the lower side bands at 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎𝟏 & 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎𝟐
Two in the upper side bands at 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎𝟏 & 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎𝟐

9
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

Generally, for n frequency components in the message

signal, the AM modulated wave will have 2n+1
components in it’s spectrum.

Source: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/RadCom/part16/fig3.gif 10
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

Total Modulation Index:

The total modulation index of multi-tone AM modulation is

defined as:-

𝒎𝒕 = 𝒎𝟐𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝟑 + . . .

Where:
𝒎𝒕 is the total modulation index.
𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟐 , . . . are modulation indexes due to individual
frequency components of the message signal.
11
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

Total Power:-

The total power for the case of two message frequency

components can be defined as:

𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏2 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏2

𝐴2𝑐 2𝑚12 𝐴2𝑐 2𝑚22 𝐴2𝑐

𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = + +
2𝑅 8𝑅 8𝑅

𝐴2𝑐 𝑚12 𝑚22

𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 1+ +
2𝑅 2 2

12
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

𝒎𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝑨𝑴(𝒕𝒐𝒕) = 𝑷𝒄 𝟏 + +
𝟐 𝟐

This equation can be generalized for multiple

modulating signals as:-

𝑚12 𝑚22 𝑚32

𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 𝑃𝑐 1 + + + + ...
2 2 2

𝒎𝟐𝒕
𝑷𝑨𝑴(𝒕𝒐𝒕) = 𝑷𝒄 𝟏 +
𝟐

13
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

Example:-

A certain AM transmitter radiates 11.8kW power when a

carrier signal with 10kW power is sinusoidally
modulated.
i. Calculate the modulation index.
ii. If another signal with 30% modulation is
transmitted simultaneously, determine the total
radiated power?

14
 Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .

Solution:-
Given:- 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝐴𝑀 = 11.8𝑘𝑊 & 𝑃𝑐 = 10𝑘𝑊

𝑃𝐴𝑀 11.8
i. 𝑚= 2
𝑃𝑐
−1 = 2(
10
− 1) = 𝟎. 𝟔

ii. 𝑚2 = 30% = 0.3 ; 𝑚1 = 0.6

𝑚𝑡 = 𝑚12 + 𝑚22 = 0.62 + 0.32 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕

𝑚𝑡2 0.672
𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 𝑃𝑐 1+ = 10𝑘𝑊 1 + = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝒌𝑾
2 2
15
 3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation

Outline:-

Multi-tone AM Modulation

Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed Carrier

Modulation)

SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

16
 Drawbacks of Conventional AM
Modulation
The AM modulation discussed so far is known as a
conventional or standard AM modulation.

Conventional AM signal contains lower and upper

sidebands and a carrier component in its spectrum.

As a result, it is also called full AM, or sometimes,

DSB-FC (Double Side-Band Full Carrier) modulation.

17
 Drawbacks of Standard AM
Modulation . . .
One way of comparing communication systems is based
on how they use the two primary resources of
communication, which are:-
Channel bandwidth, and
Transmitted power

In this regard, conventional AM modulation suffers two

main drawbacks.

18
 Drawbacks of Standard AM
Modulation . . .
i. Inefficient use of transmission power:-
Conventional AM signal spectrum includes a carrier
component which consumes high power for transmission but
do not contain any message element.
So, it is wasted power!

ii. Spectral inefficiency:-

The two side bands in conventional AM signal spectrum
carry similar information.
So, the bandwidth could have been reduced by half if this
redundancy is removed.

19
 Drawbacks of Standard AM
Modulation . . .
To overcome the above drawbacks, some variants of AM
modulation have been developed.

These include:-
DSB-SC (Double Side-Band Suppressed Carrier)
modulation
SSB (Single Side-Band) modulation
VSB (Vestigial Side-Band) modulation

20
 3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation

Outline:-

Multi-tone AM Modulation

Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed Carrier

Modulation)

SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

21
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)
In DSB-SC, as the name implies, the carrier is removed
(suppressed) from AM signal spectrum.

Only two sidebands are available for transmission.

This is achieved by using product modulator, also

known as balanced modulator.

Balanced modulator simply multiplies the message

signal with carrier signal.

22
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)…
Let, the modulating (message) signal be:
𝑆𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡

And, the carrier signal be:

𝑆𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

Then, using product modulator, the DSB-SC signal can

be developed as:-

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑆𝑚 𝑡 𝑆𝑐 𝑡

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

23
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)…
DSB-SC signal equation can be expanded using the
following trigonometric identity:-

1
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 = [𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝐵 ]
2

Let 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 & 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

1 1
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2 2

24
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)…
Replacing 𝐴𝑚 = 𝑚𝐴𝑐 .

1 1
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑚𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑚𝐴2𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2
2 2
As it is evident in the equation, the DSB-SC signal
spectrum has only two components:-
The lower side band at 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚
The upper side band at 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚

25
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)…
…

Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/15031602/91/images/6/Single+Tone+DSB-SC+Modulation+and+its+Spectrum.jpg 26
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)…
Bandwidth:-

𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑏 − 𝑓𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚

𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐 𝒇𝒎

Power and efficiency:

𝑚𝐴2
𝑐 )2
( 𝑚2 𝐴4𝑐 𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝟒𝒄 𝟐
2√2 𝟐 𝑨𝒄 𝟐
𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 = ×2= ×2= = 𝒎 (𝟐𝑹) 𝑹
𝑅 8𝑅 𝟒𝑹

𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝟒𝒄
𝑷𝑫𝑺𝑩−𝑺𝑪 = = 𝒎𝟐 𝑷𝟐𝒄 𝑹
𝟒𝑹

𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 +𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏
𝜼𝑫𝑺𝑩−𝑺𝑪 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶

27
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)…
Note that, for DSB-SC modulation:-
The DSB-SC signal shifts its phase at zero-crossings
of the message signal.
Overmodulation will not have the same effect as in
the case of conventional AM.
The bandwidth is still the same as the conventional
AM.
The power efficiency jumps up to 100%!

28
 3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation

Outline:-

Multi-tone AM Modulation

Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed Carrier

Modulation)

SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

29
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation)
DSB-SC technique removes the carrier component from
the signal spectrum, which results in huge improvement
in transmission efficiency.

A simple observation in to the sidebands can reveal

that they are actually mirror images of each other and
carry similar information.

Therefore, transmitting one of the sidebands would be

enough, and this can highly improve the spectral
efficiency.
30
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
SSB modulation, as its name imply, is a technique to
transmit only one of the sidebands.

This means, the signal spectrum of SSB wave will have

only one component:
Either lower sideband or upper sideband.

In order to achieve this, one of the sidebands has to be

suppressed in addition to the carrier component.

31
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
There are several methods to carry out SSB
modulation, which include:
Filter method
Phase shift method
Weaver’s method

Each of them will be briefed below.

32
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Filter Method:-

This method involves:-

Suppressing the carrier. (doing DSB-SC modulation)
Filtering out one of the sidebands, using appropriate
band pass filter.

Commonly, the usb is retained and lsb is discarded,

but the choice may vary from service to service.

In any case, the choice should be known by the receiver.

33
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Filter Method:- . . .

DSB-SC signal

34
Source: Louis Frenzel, p-142
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Filter Method:- . . .

The output of the Balanced Modulator is a DSB-SC

signal with an equation:

1 1
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑚𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑚𝐴2𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2
2 2
If the usb is chosen, the SSB signal will be:

𝟏
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑩 = 𝒎𝑨𝟐𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 𝒕
𝟐

35
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:-

This method involves two DSB-SC modulations

working in two branches parallelly:
In one branch, the message signal is product
modulated (DSB-SC) using a sin or cosine carrier
wave.
In the other branch, both the message and carrier
signals will be shifted by 90° and product modulation
is done.
36
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:- . . .
The outputs of both branch, which are both DSB-SC
signals, will be summed up.
The resulting signal will be SSB signal, and it’s
spectrum will contain only one component.

The following diagram illustrates the phase shift

method.

37
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:- . . .

38
Source: Louis Frenzel, p-144
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:- . . .

At modulator – 1:

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶1 = 𝑆𝑚 𝑡 𝑆𝑐 𝑡

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶1 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

So, using the following identity and considering 𝐴 =

2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 and 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 :

1
Sin𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = [𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 ]
2

39
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:- . . .

𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑫𝑺𝑩−𝑺𝑪𝟏 = 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒕 − 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐

At modulator – 2:

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶2 = 𝑆𝑚 𝑡 𝑆𝑐 𝑡

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶2 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑫𝑺𝑩−𝑺𝑪𝟐 = 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒕 + 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐

40
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:- . . .

 Then, at the output of summer:

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶1 + 𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶2

1 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2 𝑚 𝑐 2

1 1
+ 𝐴 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2 𝑚 𝑐 2

𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑩 = 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒕

Only the lower side component is left!

41
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Weaver’s method:-

This method involves the following steps:-

The side band of interest is frequency translated to be
centered at zero frequency, using quadrature mixers.
The resulting signal is applied to a low pass filter. (other
frequency components will get filtered out)
Then, the SSB signal, which was centered at zero in step-
1, will be upconverted to appropriate center frequency.

This method is common in digital applications.

42
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Bandwidth:-

The bandwidth of SSB signal is just a bandwidth of a

single side band:
𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝒎

Power:

The total power is also the power of a single side band.

But, the formula for SSB signal power depends on

which method is used to generate the SSB signal.
43
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Case – I: Filter Method:

In this case, the SSB signal is just one of the sidebands
of a DSB-SC signal. As a result:

𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏

𝑨𝟐𝒎 𝑨𝟐𝒄 𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝟒𝒄 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐

𝑷𝑺𝑺𝑩 = = = 𝒎 𝑷𝒄 𝑹
𝟖𝑹 𝟖𝑹 𝟐

44
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Case – II: Phase Shift Method:

Recall the SSB signal equation of this method:

𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑩 = 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒕

So, the signal power shall be calculated as:

2
𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐
2 𝐴2𝑚 𝐴2𝑐 𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝟒𝒄
𝑷𝑺𝑺𝑩 = = = = 𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝑷𝟐𝒄 𝑹
𝑅 2𝑅 𝟐𝑹

Note the difference in the signal power!

45
 3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation

Outline:-

Multi-tone AM Modulation

Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed Carrier

Modulation)

SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

46
 VSB (Vestigial Side Band
Modulation)
Due to imperfections in filters, SSB modulation loses
some data at edge frequencies near fc.

This may not affect radio broadcasting, but TV signals

have broader bandwidth and may contain rich
information of color and intensity at around fc.

As a result, if SSB modulation is to be used for TV

broadcasting (AM TV), the information loss will
significantly affect the TV broadcast quality.

47
 VSB (Vestigial Side Band
Modulation) . . .
This leads to another variant of AM, called Vestigial
Side Band Modulation (VSB).

In VSB modulation:

The carrier is totally suppressed.
One of the side band is partially suppressed.

So, the VSB signal contains one sideband and part of

the other sideband.

48
 VSB (Vestigial Side Band
Modulation) . . .

fc -fv fc+fm

𝒇𝒗 < 𝒇𝒎

𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 − 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒗 = 𝒇𝒎 + 𝒇𝒗
49
Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/principles_of_communication/images/vsb.jpg
 Comparison of AM Variants.

But, note that SSB needs less power for transmission

than DSB and VSB.

50
 Examples:-

1. In a conventional AM system, the transmitter emits an output

power of 10KW through an antenna with characteristic
impedance of 10Ω after passing through an RF amplifier of gain
20dB. If the employed modulation depth is 95%,
a) Calculate the carrier power.
b) Determine the total output power if DSB-SC system is used (with out
the RF amplifier).
c) Determine the total output power if DSB-SC system is used and the
modulation depth is reduced to 50%. (with out the RF amplifier).
d) Compare the total powers of case ‘b’ and ‘c’ with the conventional
system case.

51
 Examples:- …

Solution:-

a) The carrier power:-

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 10𝐾𝑊 ; 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵 = 20𝑑𝐵; 𝑚 = 0.95; 𝑅 = 10Ω
𝐺 𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10 𝐺 = 20 ⇒ 𝐺 = 100
10000𝑊
⇒ 𝑃𝐴𝑀 = 100
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑾

The carrier power can be calculated from this as:

𝑚2 0.952
𝑃𝐴𝑀 = 100𝑊 = 𝑃𝑐 1 + = 𝑃𝑐 1 + = 𝑃𝑐 (1.45)
2 2

100𝑊
⇒ 𝑃𝑐 = = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟗𝟕𝑾
1.45

52
 Examples:- …

b) The power of DSB-SC with m=0.95, 𝑅 = 10Ω :-

𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝟒𝒄
𝑷𝑫𝑺𝑩−𝑺𝑪 = = 𝒎𝟐 𝑷𝟐𝒄 𝑹
𝟒𝑹
⇒ 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 0.952 × 68.972 × 10 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟗𝟑𝑲𝑾

c) The power of DSB-SC with m=0.5, 𝑅 = 10Ω :-

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 0.52 × 68.972 × 10 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝑲𝑾

53
 Examples:- …

d) Comparison of total Powers:-

𝑚2 0.52
𝑃𝐴𝑀 (𝑚 = 0.5) = 𝑃𝑐 1+ = 68.97 × 1+ = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟗𝑾
2 2

Conventional AM Power / DSB-SC Power

Case
Total Amplified Power (without Amplification)

m = 0.95
100W / 10KW 42.93KW

m = 0.5
77.59W / 7.759KW 11.9KW

54
 Examples:- …

2. An old radio broadcaster used to transmit at a power level

of 25.6KW using standard AM Modulation with a depth of
75%, RF Amplifier of gain 20dB and an antenna of
characteristic impedance 10Ω. However, It decided to
improve the transmission system using other power
efficient AM modulation techniques and aims to transmit
at the same power level without RF amplifier. Calculate
the required modulation index if:-
a) DSB-SC technique is used.
b) SSB modulation is used using filter method and phase shift
method.

55
 Examples:- …

Solution:-

For the standard modulation:-

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 25.6𝐾𝑊; 𝐺 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵 = 20𝑑𝐵 ⇒ 𝐺 = 100 & 𝑚 = 75% = 0.75
25600𝑊
⇒ 𝑃𝐴𝑀 = 100
= 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝑾

The carrier power shall be calculated 1st as follows:

𝑚2 0.752
𝑃𝐴𝑀 = 256𝑊 = 𝑃𝑐 1+ = 𝑃𝑐 1+ = 𝑃𝑐 (1.28)
2 2

256𝑊
⇒ 𝑃𝑐 = = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑾
1.28
56
 Examples:- …

a) Modulation index when DSB-SC is used:-

(No RF Amplifier…)
⇒ 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 25.6𝐾𝑊 = 25600𝑊 = 𝒎𝟐 𝑷𝟐𝒄 𝑹

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 25600
⇒𝑚= 2 = 2
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟑
𝑃𝑐 𝑅 200 × 10

57
 Examples:- …

b) Modulation index when SSB (filter method) is

used:-

(No RF Amplifier…)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 25.6𝐾𝑊 = 25600𝑊 = 𝒎 𝑷𝒄 𝑹
𝟐

2 ∗ 𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 2 × 25600
⇒𝑚= 2 = 2
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟖
𝑃𝑐 𝑅 200 × 10

58
 Examples:- …

b) Modulation index when SSB (phase shift

method) is used:-

(No RF Amplifier…)
𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 25.6𝐾𝑊 = 25600𝑊 = 𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝑷𝟐𝒄 𝑹

𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 25600
⇒𝑚= 2 = 2
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟗
2 × 𝑃𝑐 × 𝑅 2 × 200 × 10

59