by Eingel Joy Pangilinan

INTRODUCTION TO THE DESIGN PROCESS

- The graphical representation of any object or idea can be termed as drawing. A
Drawing drawing can be prepared using freehand or using engineering instruments or using
computer programs.
TYPES OF DRAWING
- Purpose: To convey emotion or artistic sensitivity in some way
- Can be understood by all
1. Artistic Drawing - Scale maintaining is not necessary
- No special requirement of engineering instruments
- An artistic drawing may not be numerically specific and informative
- Standard drawing code need not to be followed
- Purpose: To convey information about engineering object or idea
- Need some specific knowledge or training to understand
- Scale maintaining is necessary
2. Engineering Drawing
- Engineering drawing instruments is used to make the drawing precise
- An engineering drawing must be numerically specific and informative
- Standard drawing code (like ISO, ANSI, JIS, BS etc.) must be maintained
Drawing Standards
- An engineering drawing should be well specified and universally acceptable
Country/Region Code/Standard Full Meaning
Worldwide ISO International Organization for Standardization
USA ANSI American National Standards Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standards
UK BS British Standards
1. To develop the ability to produce civil engineering drawing and sketches based on
current practice
PURPOSE OF STUDYING
2. To develop the skills to read and understand the drawings used in civil engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING
projects
DRAWING
3. To develop a working knowledge of the layout of buildings, bridges, highways, and
other structures

TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERAING DRAWING

A) Plan
- Shows the position of different objects and
elements of the structure in a two dimensional
view. Only length and width of objects are shown
here.
1. Architectural Drawing

B) Elevation and Section

- Shows the view along the height of
structure. Elevation can be presented in 2D or 3D.
In 2D elevation view, either height and length or
height and width is showed.

- Shows the detail requirement of reinforcement

and their arrangement in structure. It also show
2. Structural Drawing
the specification and properties of construction
materials like concrete, steel, timber, etc.
 DRAWING TOOLS
1. Drafting Table
- Multipurpose desk used by architects, engineers, and artists. It
is a stable platform for drawing and reading blueprints.
- Technical drawing instruments used by draftsmen primarily as
a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table.
2. T-Square
- It may also guide a set square to draw vertical or diagonal
lines.

- An object used in engineering and technical drawing, with

3. Set Square the aim of providing a straightedge at a right angle or other
particular planar angle to a baseline.

4. Adhesive Tape

I. HB – Thick Line
II. 2H – Thin Line
5. Pencils III. H – Hard
IV. B – Black
V. F – Fine Point

6. Technical Pens

- A compass also known as pair of compasses is a technical

drawing instrument that can be used for inscribing circles or
7. Drawing Compass arcs.
- As dividers, they can also be used as tools to measure
distances, in particular on maps.

8. Pencil Eraser

9. Sharpener

10. Clean Paper

- Generally thinner than a desk ruler, which means they are

more accurate since the measurement markings are closer to
11. Steel Ruler the surface being measured.
- It is used in engineering, math and geometry, and technical
drawing for their accuracy.
- A measuring instrument, typically made of transparent plastic
12. Protractor
or glass, for measuring angles
- These fantastic, adjustable tubes enable you to carry your
13. Drawing Tube
drawings without the paper getting torn and/or damaged.
- Has labeled cutouts to quickly add precisely measured circle
14. Circular Template and arc elements to a drawing without the aid of a scaled ruler
or compass.

15. French Curve Sets - Used to produce curved lines through a set of points.

- A tool for measuring lengths and transferring measurements at

16. Scale Ruler
a fixed ratio of length.
 Drawing Set-up

1. Great care should also be taken to ensure that the paper does not move.
2. Check that the paper has not moved by placing the T-square at the bottom edge
of the paper.
NOTE
3. Check that the paper rests level against the T-square and that the paper is not at
an angle.
4. Ensure that the T-square is also firmly against the edge of the board.
1. Clear your table
2. Prep your tools
SPEED DRAFTING TIPS
3. Directional Inking
4. Ink by line weight
LINES AND LETTERING
- Used to read and understand information to supplement a drawing in the form of
notes and annotations.
Lettering - Information on drawing cannot be represented graphically by lines.
- It is important these lettered items to be exact, reliable, and legible.
- Poor lettering ruins a good drawing.
CLASSIFICATION OR LETTER STYLES BY DIVISIONS OF GROUPS
1. Gothic - All letters having the elementary strokes or even width are
classified as Gothic.
- All letters having the elementary strokes “accented” or
2. Roman
consisting of heavy and light lines are classified as Roman.
- All slanting letters are classified as italics. These may be
3. Italic further designated as Roman-Italics, Gothic Italics, or Text
Italic.
- This term includes all styles or old English, German Text,
4. Text Bradley Text or others of various trade names. Text Styles are
too illegible for commercial purposes.
Single-Stroke Gothic - Standard Font for lettering established in 1935 by the American National Standard
Lettering Institute (ANSI).
Font - It refers to a complete assortment of any size and style or letters.
- Each letter is made up of a single straight or curved line element.
Single-Stroke
- One movement, one motion, one strike, or single blow.
1. Uppercase Vertical
2. Lowercase Vertical
GOTHIC FOUR VARIATIONS
3. Uppercase Inclined
4. Lowercase Inclined
 - The minimum recommended lettering size on engineering drawing is 0.12 in (3 mm)
on all lettered information except titles which are 0.24 in (6 mm) high.
Lettering Legibility

1. Straight Lines – Start from Top to Bottom

Basic Strokes 2. Horizontal Lines – From Left to Right
3. Curve Lines – From Top to Bottom
UPPERCASE LETTERS AND NUMERALS

1. Straight Line and

Slanted Letters

2. Curved Line Letters

3. Curved Line Letters and

Numerals

4. Curved Line and Straight

Numerals

- The text’s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital letter

Lower-case Letters
 GOOD AND POOR LETTERING
- GOOD
- Not Uniform in STYLE

- Not uniform in HEIGHT

- Not uniformly VERTICAL OR INCLINED

- Not uniform in THICKNESS OF STROKE

- AREA BETWEEN LETTERS not uniform

- AREA BETWEEN WORDS not uniform
1. Extremely light horizontal lines that are necessary to regulate the height of letters
2. Guidelines are drawn using 2H with light pressure
GUIDELINES
3. 2H with hard pressure for lettering (0.4)
4. HB medium pressure for titles (0.6)
1. Space between words approximately equal to letter height
2. When lettering notes, sentences, or dimensions requires more than one line, the
vertical space between the lines should be a minimum of one-half the height of the
STANDRADS
letters
3. Maximum of space equal to height of the letters (for clarity)
4. Edge of text should line up
- Fractions are always made with a division line that is horizontal (side to side)
- The whole fractions is usually twice the height of regular numbers
- The numbers in the fraction never touch the division line

Fractions

1. Most companies are now only using uppercase lettering

2. Inclined lettering should slope at an angle of about 67.5° from the horizontal
LETTERING TIPS
3. Lettering must be done on drafting table. Align and tape the paper.
4. Layout guidelines using you scale
LINE SYMBOLS
- Lines are the critical component of sketching.
Alphabet of Lines - Lines have different types, thickness, and shape and has its own meaning.
- Alphabet of Lines are also known as “Line Symbols”

ALPHABET OF LINES

1. Object/Visible Lines - Thick, dark line used to show the outline of the object.
Define features you can see in a particular view
- 0.6
 - Lines that are very light and very thin
2. Construction Lines - Used to construct layout work
- 0.2
- Short dash lines used to show non-visible surfaces that
are not visible in orthographic view.
3. Hidden Lines
- Usually shows as medium thickness
- 0.4

- Long and short dash lines

- Usually indicated center of holes, circles, and arcs.
4. Center Lines
- Line is thin and dark.
- 0.4
- A light line that extends from the edge or end of a main
object line on a drawing.
5. Extension Line - Used in conjunction with dimension lines to help
determine the dimension of a particular feature
- 0.4
- Thin and dark lines used to show the size (span) of an
object with a numeric value.
6. Dimension Line
- Usually terminates with arrowheads or tick markings
- 0.4
- Extra thick line used to show cutaway views or plane of
projection where a section view is taken.
7. Cutting Plane Line
- Arrow indicates direction of view
- 0.6
- Used to indicate the plane from which a surface or
8. Viewing Plane Line several surfaces are viewed.
- 0.6

- A thin line used to connect a dimension line with a

particular area or point on the drawing.
9. Leader Line
- It is also used to show notes or labels.
- 0.4

- Long line followed by two short dashes

10. Phantom Line - It is used to show alternate position of a moving part.
- 0.4
- Thick wavy line that is used to break the edge of a
surface of a part for clarity on a hidden surface.
11. Short Break Line
- Pipes
- 0.6
- Long, thin lines that is used to show that the middle
section of an object has been removed so it can be
12. Long Break Line drawn on smaller piece of paper
- Metal, Wood
- 0.4
- Are usually used where a surface is illustrated as cut.
- It normally is used in a sectional view.
13. Section Lines
- The lines are normally drawn diagonally.
- 0.4
 SCALES
- Science of accurate measurement
Drafting - The drawing must accurately communicate all the information needed by the
product’s fabricator
- The term scale has two distinct meanings in drafting
- The actual measuring instrument which is the ruler
- The size to which the object is drawn
- All scale drawings are given by ratios
Scale
- The ratio scale 1:5 means the drawing is 5 times smaller than the actual object
(reduce) (1:X)
- The ratio scale 5:1 means the drawing is 5 times larger than the actual object
(enlarge) (X:1)
1. Full Size (1:1)
THE SCALE CAN BE DRAWN
2. Larger than the object (Enlarge) (Watch Parts)
IN ONE OF THREE WAYS:
3. Smaller than the object (Reduce) (Floor Plan)
Representative Form - The ratio of the dimension of the object shown on the drawing to the actual size

FORMULA

10 mm = 1 cm 10 dam = 1 hm
10 cm = 1 dm 10 hm = 1 km
METRIC MEASURMENTS
10 dm = 1 m 1 hectare = 10 000 sq. m
10 m = 1 dam
TYPES OF SCALES
- It is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of equal parts, the first of
which is further sub-divided into small parts.
- It is used to represent either two units or a unit and its fraction such as km, m and dm,
1. Plain Scale cm and mm etc.

PROBLEM 1
On a survey map, the distance between two places, 1 km apart, is 5 cm. Construct the scale to read 4.6 km and
3.1 km
 PROBLEM 2
In a map. A 36 km distance is shown by a line 45 cm long. Calculate the RF and construct a plain scale to read km
and hm for max 12 km. Show a distance of 8.3 km on it.

PROBLEM 3
Construct a plain scale of convenient length to measure a distance of 1 cm and mark it on a distance of 0.94 cm.

- They are used to represent either three units or measurements such as m, dm, cm, or
to read with accuracy up to two decimals.

2. Diagonal Scales

PROBLEM 4
On a plan, a line of 22 cm long represents a distance of 440 m. Draw a diagonal scale for the plan to read up to a
single meter. Measure and mark a distance of 187 m on the cale.
 PROBLEM 5
An area of 144 sq. cm on map represents an area of 36 sq. m on the field. Find the RF of the scale of the map and
draw a diagonal scale to show km, hm, and dam and to measure up to 10 km. Indicate on the scale a distance
7km, 5 hm, and 6 dam = 7.56 km

- It is a short auxiliary scale constructed along the plain scale which can read up to
two decimal places.

3. Vernier Scale

PROBLEM 6
Construct a Vernier scale to read meters, dm, and cm long enough to measure up to 4 m. The RF of the scale in
1:20. Mark on it a distance of 2.28 m.

MSD - Main Scale Division

Problem 7
Construct a plain scale of 1:50 to measure a distance of 7 meters. Mark a distance of 3.6 meters on it.
 Problem 8
Construct a diagonal scale of RF = 1/50, to read meters, decimeters and centimeters. Mark a distance of 4.35 m on
it.

Problem 9
15 cm of a Vernier scale represents 1 cm. Construct a backward reading Vernier scale of RF 1:4.8 to show
decimeters cm and mm. The scale should be capable of reading up to 12 decimeters. Mark on the scale 2.69
decimeters and 5.57 decimeters.

Problem 10
Construct a forward reading Vernier scale to read kilometers, hm, and dam long enough to measure up to 4 km.
The RF of the scale in 1:40 000. Mark it on a distance of 3.34 km and 0.59 km.

Scale 1:40 000

Dimensioning
- It is the process of specifying part’s information by using of figures, symbols and
Dimensioning
notes.
1. Accuracy
2. Clearness
- Components or Guidelines in Dimensioning
3. Completeness
4. Readabilitty
DIMENSIONING SYSTEM
- ISO and JIS standards
1. Metric System
- Examples: 32, 32.5, 32.55, 0.5 (not.5)
- What we use in this course
 2. Decimal-Inch System - Example: 0.25 (not .25), 5.375
1 3
3. Fractional-Inch System - Example: ,58
4
A. Extension Lines
B. Dimension Lines (with DIMENSIONING COMPONENTS
arrowheads) - Drawn with 2H pencil
C. Leader Lines
A. Visible Line
B. Cutting Plane Line - Lettered with HB pencil
C. Break Lines

- Indicate the location on the object’s features that are

Extension Lines
dimensioned.

1. Leave a visible gap (≈ 1 mm) from a view and start drawing an extension line.
2. Extend the lines beyond the (last) dimension line 1-2 mm.

RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES FOR EXTENSION
LINES 3. Do not break the lines as they cross object lines.

- Indicate the direction and extent of a dimension, and

Dimension Lines
inscribe dimension figures.

1. Dimension lines should not be spaced too close to each other and to the view.

RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES FOR
DIMENSION LINES

1. The height of figures is suggested to be 2.5~3 mm.

2. Place the numbers at about 1 mm above dimension line and between extension
lines.

RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES FOR
3. When there is not enough space for figure or arrows, put it outside either of the
DIMENSION FIGURES
extension lines.
 DIMENSION FIGURES: UNITS (JIS and ISO standards adopt the unit of)
1. Length
- Dimension in millimeters without specifying aunit symbol “mm”.
- -Dimension in degree with a symbol “°” placed behind the figures (and if necessary
2. Angular
minutes and seconds may be used together).
DIMENSION FIGURES: ORIENTATION
- The dimension figures are placed so that they are readable
from the bottom and right side of the drawing.
- Standard method (saatin)
LENGTH ANGULAR

1. Aligned method

Do not use both

system on the same
drawing or on the
same series of
- The dimension figures are placed so that they can be read drawing (JIS Z8317)
from the bottom of the drawing.
LENGTH ANGULAR

2. Unidirectional method

1. Place the notes near to the feature which they apply, and should be placed
outside the view.
2. Always read horizontally.

Local Notes

Leader Lines - Indicate details of the feature with a local note.

- It is accomplished by adding size and location information necessary to

manufacture the object.
- This information have to be:
1. Clear
Dimensioning
2. Complete
3. Facilitate the
- manufacturing method
- measurement method
 - To manufacture this part we need to know:
1. Width, length and thickness of the part.
2. Diameter and depth of the hole.
3. Location of the holes.

EXAMPLE

“S” denotes size dimension.

“L” denotes location dimension.
BASIC CONCEPT
- To dimension an angle use circular dimension line having the center at the vertex of
the angle.

1. Angle

- Arcs are dimensioned by giving the radius, in the views in which their true shapes
appear.
- The letter “R” is always lettered before the figures to emphasize that this dimension is
radius of an arc.

- The dimension figure and the arrowhead should be inside the arc, where there is
2. Arc
sufficient space.

- Give the radius of a typical fillet only by using a local note.

- If all fillets and rounds are uniform in size, dimension may be omitted, but it is
necessary to add the note “All fillets and round are Rxx.”

3. Fillets and Rounds

 - The curve constructed from two or more arcs, requires the dimensions of radii and
center’s location.

4. Curve

- Size dimensions are diameter and length.

- Location dimension must be located from its center lines and should be given in
circular view.

5. Cylinder
- Diameter should be given in a longitudinal view with the symbol “Ø” placed before
the figures.

- Size dimensions are diameter and depth.

- Location dimension must be located from its center lines and should be given in
circular view.

6. Holes

HOLES
- Use leader line and local note to specify diameter and hole’s depth in the circular
view.
1. Through thickness hole

Small Size

2. Blind Hole
 Large Size

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE:
1. Extension lines, leader lines should not cross dimension lines.

2. Extension lines should be drawn from the nearest points to be dimensioned.

PLACEMENT OF
DIMENSIONS

3. Extension lines of internal feature can cross visible lines without leaving a gap at the
intersection point.

4. Do not use object line, center line, and dimension line as an extension lines.

PLACEMENT OF
DIMENSIONS
5. Avoid dimensioning hidden lines.

6. Place dimensions outside the view, unless placing them inside improve the clarity.

7. Apply the dimension to the view that clearly show the shape or features of an
object.

8. Dimension lines should be lined up and grouped together as much as possible.

9. Do not repeat a dimension.