L3 VECTORS

Objective oß the Aetioity

To verify that angle in the semi circle is a right angle using vector method.

Pre-equisite Knowlelge
* Knowledge about a circle and its properties, knowledge about vectors.

Materials Reguived
Leerebeard ofsutatbte size
o White chart paper
o Pins
" Thread
o Glue stick
o Paper arrow heads etc.

Logical Steps of the Actioiéy

1. Take a car la white sheet pe
2 Draw a circle on this chart paper of radius 5 cm with the centre O.
3. Draw a diameter AB of this circle.
4. Take any point P on the circumference of this circle as shown in the figure.
5. Now f
mark
at O, A, B and P.
6 Join OA, OB, OP, AP, BP using thread, stick arrow heads on threads along OA,, OB, OP,AP,
BP as shown in the figure. Arrow heads show that OA, OB, OP, AP, BP are vectors.
7 Now take another cardboard sheet of suitable dimensions and repeat steps 1, 2 and 3 which
are givern above.
8 Take any two points Q and R on the circumference of the circle as shown in the figure.
 A B

9
mark
Fix n a g t O, A, B, Q and R.
10. Now join OA, OB, OQ, OR, AQ, AR, BQ, BR using threads. Stick arrow heads on the threads
along OA, OB, OQ OR, AQ, AR, BQ, BR as shown in the figure. These arrow heads are
representing vectors.

A 8

Obseroation
1 From the above figure, we have
Case I Case II
In A OAO In A OBO In A OBR In A AOR

OA+ AQ= 00| OB+ BØ-00 OB+ BR= OR 0¢+ AR= OR

-F+AQ=Ù -+BR=Ã r+AR=¡

BQ=q-Y BR=-; AR=i+r

 2 With the help of Case I
In A OAQ

AQ. BQ=(7+)(G-7)
AQ- BQ---0 -=radius of the circle
AQL BQ’LAQB =90°
Verification by actual mneasuremnent:

Measure AQ BO and AB
A m BQ= cm and AB = Cm

Now verify |a+B -AB

Hence AQB =90° [By Pythagorous theorem]
3 From Case II in A OBR

BR AR=(? -i)-(i +?)

BR AR=P--0
BRL AR

ZARB =90°== radius of the circle

Verification by Actual measurement:

AR=. cm BR=. cm and |AB= Cm

Hence ZARB =90° by Pythagorus theorem]

Resule
With the help of above activity we conclude that the angle in a semi circle is always a right angle.

Avplication
This activity is helpful to find the angle between two vectors.
 THREE DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY

Dbjectioe of the Aetioity

To locate the points to given co-ordinates in space, measure the distance between two
points in space and then to verify the distance using the distance formula.
Dre-equisite Kneelelge
" Knowledge about the co-ordinates of a point in space. Knowledge about the formula to
calculate the distance between two points.

Mateials Requived

" White chart paper

Squared paper
" Nails of different lengths
" Paper arrows
" Geometry box

Logical Steps of the Aetioity

y, paste aWeSerum per

2. Now ongraph paper draw two mutually perpendicular lines which is bisected at point
0. The horizontal line XOX' is called x-axis and the vertical line YOY' is called y-axis. O is
called the originof the graph. On these axis take l cm = 1unit and hold them as shown in
the figure.
3. Fix a wire through O in the vertical direction representing the z-axis.
Now plot the points P(5, 2), Q(-3, 2), R(3, -6), S(-2,-4) on the graph.

5 Now fix nails of length 5 cm, 3 cm, 1 cm and 2 cm vertically at the points P, Q, R and S
respectively. The upper tips of the nail represents the points C, D, A, Brespectively.
 Z 7

6 A6.2, 6)
(-3, 2.3) 5
B
4 -

3 cm

(-3,2) es.2)
X ºX
2 4 5 6 7

3
2,4, 1)
(-2,-4)R
D
(3,-6, 2)
5

-7
S/(3.)
8
Obsevoation
1 Since the nails at points P(5, 2), Q(-3, 2), R(-2, -4) and S(3, 6) are vertical so their lengths
(heights) gives the z-coordinates of the respective points. Since A, B, C and D are the tips of
the nails. So co-ordinates of these points are given below.
A(5, 2, 5), B(-3, 2, 3), C(-2, -4, 1) and D(3, -6, 2).
2 By distance formula

AB=J(5+3 +(2-2) +(3-3f cm =J64 +0+4cm =V68 cm =8.24 cm

BC =J(3-2)' +(4-2)' +(1-3' cm =1+ 36 +4cm= V41cm=64 cm
CD= (3+2) +(-6+4'+(2-1)' cm -25 +4+1cm=V30 cm =5.47 cm
AC= (5+2) +(2+6 +(5-1 Cm = J49 + 36 + 16 cm= /105 cm = 10.24 cm

3 Actual distance which is measured by the ruler are AB = 8.3 cm, BC = 6.4 cm, CD =5.5 cm
and AC= 10.2 cm
4 From the 2and 3we see that the distance obtained by actual measurenment are approximately
same as the distance obtained by distance formula.

Resule
From the above activity we conclude that the distance formula verified.

Avplication
This activity is helpful to clarify the concept of position vector in the space.
 PROBABILITY

Objective oß the Actioity

To explain the computation of conditional probabilities of a given event A when event
B has already occurred through an example of throwing a pair of dice.

Pre-nequisite Knowledge
" Knowledge about probability, knowledge about random experiment, sample space, event,
equally likely events etc, conditional probability.

Matenials Requived
Uru sIeet
" Squared sheet
o White chart
o Glue sticks etc.

kogical Steps of the Actioity

1. Take a u v o do awhite sheet and paste a squared paper
on it which has 36 square as shown in the figure.
2 Write all possible out comes obtained
by throwing two dice on the squared (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1,6)
paper i.e. and write all the following
outcomes on the squared paper as (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
shown in the figure.
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3,5) (3, 6)
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2,
1), (2, 2), (2,3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(3,2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4,
2), (4, 3), (4,4), (4,5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(5,3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6,
3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Dbseroation
Case I: To find the conditional probability of an event E when F has already occurred where Eis
the event a number 3 appears on both the dice and F is the event 3 has already appeared on one
of the dice. Here we have to find the conditional probability
1 From the above figure
Favourable out comes of E is (3, 3)
E (3,3) i.e, n(E) =1
Favourable outcomes of F are

F= {(1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3) (5, 3) (6,3) (3, 1)(3, 2) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6))
No. of favourable outcomes of F i.e., n(B) = 11
Now the common outcomes of E and F is (3, 3)
Now no. of favourable outcomes of (Er )= n(1)
P(EOF)_1
Conditional probability P= P(E) 11
Alternate Method:

P(EOF)
P(F)
Total no. of outcomes in a single throw of two dice = 36
: n(S) = 36 and n(F) = 11

P(E) = "E)_11
n(S) 36

n(EnF)=1
1
P(EnF) =
36
1
P(EOF) 1
P(E) 11 11
36

Case II: To find the conditional probability of an event E when F has already occurred, where
E be the event getting the sum 8 and F is the event a doublet has already occured. Here also we
have to find
 2 From the figure
Favourable outcomes of Eare (3, 5) (4, 4) (5, 3) ’ (3, 5)(4, 4)(5, 3)}
No. of outcomes of (E) = n(E) =3
Favourable outcomes of F are (1, 1) (2, 2) (3,3) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6)
F=((1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6)}
No. of outcomes in Fi.e. n(F) = 6
Common outcomes of E and F is (4, 4}
No. of outcomes in (EnF)ie.n(EoF)=1
Hence P)-PEo)_1
P(F) 6

Alternative Method

We know that P(EOF)

P(F)
n(S) = 36, n(E) = 3, n(F) = 6, n(EnF)=1
P(F) ="_61
n(S) 36 6

P(EnF)= n(EnF) 1
n(S) 36
1
So
P(EnF)_36
P(E)
6

Resule
From the above activity we conclude that this activity explains how to calculate the conditional
probability of an event when another event has already occurred.

Application
This activity is helpful to clear the concept of Baye's Theorem.