List of formulae

Arithmetic mean:
Direct method:
∑x
1. For raw data X = n
∑ fx
2. For discrete and continuous data X = n

Deviation method:
∑u
3. For raw data X =a+ n where, u=x-a
∑ fu
4. For discrete and continuous data X =a+ n where, u=x-a

Step deviation method:

( ∑u' )
5. For raw data X =a+ N xc where, u' = c
x−a

6. For discrete and continuous data X =a+ ( ∑Nfu ' )xc x−a
where, u' = c
n1 X 1+ n2 X 2
7. Combined A.M. X c= n1+ n2

Weighted arithmetic mean:

∑ Wx W 1 X 1+ W 2 X 2+ …+W n
8. W.A.M= W ⟹ W 1+ W 2 +…+W n
n

Median:
9. For raw M= 2 ( n+1 ) th
value.

10. For discrete data M=( N2+1 ) value. th

11. For continuous data M=( 2 ) value.

N th

[ ]
N
−C . f
M=L+ 2 ×c
f
Mode:
12. For continuous data Z=L+ 2 f −f −f ×c
1 0 2
[ f 1−f 0
]
13. Empirical relation Z=3M - 2 X

Geometric mean:
14. For raw data GM=AL [ ∑ logx
n ]
15. For discrete and continuous data GM=AL [ ∑ logfx
N ]
16. GM=√ AM × HM
17. GM= √ ab

Harmonic mean:
2ab
18. H.M= a+b
n
19. For raw data H.M.= ∑ 1
x ()
N
20. For discrete and continuous data H.M.= ∑ f
x ()
Quartiles:
21. For raw and discrete data
( n+14 ) value – raw data
Qr =r th

Q =r(
4 )
N +1 th
r value – discrete data
22. For continuous data
Qr =r ( N4 ) th
value

[ ]
N
r −C . f
Qr = L+ 4
×c
f

Deciles:
 ( n+1 ) value – raw data
23. Dr = r 10 th

D = r(
10 )
N +1 th
r value – discrete data
24. For continuous data
Dr =r( 10N ) th
value

[ ]
N
r −C . f
Dr = L+ 10
×c
f

Percentiles:
( n+1 ) value – raw data
25. Pr = r 100 th

P = r(
100 )
N +1 th
r value – discrete data

26. For continuous data

Dr =r( 100N ) th
value

[ ]
N
r −C . f
Dr = L+ 100
×c
f

Range:
27. Range = H – L
28. Interquartile range= Q3−Q1
Q3−Q1
29. Quartile deviation=
2
Q3−Q1
30. Coefficient of Q.D.= Q +Q
3 1

Mean deviation from mean:

∑|X −X|
31. For raw data M . D x=
n
∑ f |X −X|
32. For discrete and continuous data M . D x=
N
M . Dx
33. Co-efficient of M . D x=
X
Mean deviation from median:
∑|X −M|
34. For raw data M . D M =
n
∑ f |X −M |
35. For discrete and continuous data M . D M =
N
M . DM
36. Co-efficient of M . D M =
M

Mean deviation from mode:

∑|X −Z|
37. For raw data M . D Z=
n
∑ f |X −Z|
38. For discrete and continuous data M . D Z=
N
M . DZ
39. Co-efficient of M . D Z=
Z

Standard deviation:

√
2
40. For raw data S.D=σ= ∑ x −¿ ¿ or √ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
n

√
2
41. For discrete and continuous data σ= ∑ fx −¿ ¿ or √ ∑ f ¿ ¿ ¿
N
Step deviation method:

√ x−a
'2
42. For raw data σ= ∑ U −¿ ¿ ×C where, U ' = c
n

√
'2
43. For discrete and continuous data σ= ∑ fU −¿ ¿ ×C
n
x−a
where, U ' = c
44. Variance=σ 2
σ
45. Co-efficient of variation C.V= X × 100

√ n1 ( σ 1 +d 1 ) +n 2 ( σ 2 +d 2 )
2 2 2 2
46. Combined arithmetic mean σ c=
n1 +n 2
Where, d1= X 1 −X C and d2= X 2 −X C

Skewness and kurtosis:

2
μ3
47. Skewness β 1= 3
μ2
r1=√ β 1

μ4
48. Kurtosis β 2= 2
μ2
r2= β −3
2
 X−Z
49. Karl Pearson’s co-efficient of skewness S= σ
3(X −M )
50. When mode is indefined S=
σ
Q3+ Q1−2Q 2
51. Bowley’s co-efficient of skewness S= Q3 −Q1

Correlation:
cov (X , Y )
52. r xy=
√V ( X ) . V (Y )
cov (X , Y )
53. r xy= σ .σ
X Y

54. r= ∑ (X− X)¿ ¿

∑ x)(∑ y )
55. For raw data r= n ∑ xy−(
√ ¿ ¿¿
N ∑ fuv−(∑ fu)(∑ fv)
56. For tabulated data r=
√¿ ¿ ¿

Spearman’s rank correlation co-efficient:

57. Without ties ρ = 1- 3 [
6 (∑d 2 )
n −n ]
6 ( ∑ d 2 +C . F ) 3
m1−m1 m2−m2
3
58. With ties ρ = 1- 3 and C.F= +
n −n 12 12

Regression:
59. Regression equation X on Y (X- X )=b xy (Y-Y )
60. Regression equation Y on X (Y-Y )=b yx(X- X )
61. r=√ b xy .b yx
σx σy
62. Regression co-efficient b xy =γ σ and b yx= γ σ
y x
n ∑ xy−( ∑ x)(∑ y ) n ∑ xy−( ∑ x)(∑ y )
63. Regression co-efficient b xy = 2 and b yx=
n ∑ Y −¿ ¿ n ∑ X 2−¿ ¿

Cx Cy
64. b xy = C N ∑ fuv−(∑
¿¿
fu)(∑ fv)
and b yx= C N ∑ fuv−(∑
¿¿
fu)(∑ fv)
y x

Association of attributes:
( AB ) ( αβ )−( Aβ ) (αB )
65. Yuel’s co-efficient of association Q= ( AB )( αβ )+ ( Aβ ) (αB )
Probability:
m no . of favourable outcomes
66. P(A)= n = no . of outcomes
67. For non-mutually exclusive events P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B) - P(A∩B)
68. For mutually exclusive events = P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)
69. For two dependent event = P(A∩B)=P(A)+P(B/A)
70. For two independent event = P(AB)=P(A).P(B)

Random variable:
70. a. E(a)=a
b. E(ax)=aE(x)
c. E(ax+b)=aE(x)+b
71. a. V(a)=0
b. V(ax)= a2v(x)
c. V(AX+b)=a2v(x)
72. Mean = E(x)=∑xP(x)
73. Variance= v(x)=E(x2)-[E(x)2]
74. E(x+y)=E(x)+E(y)
75. E(xy)=E(x).E(y)
76. E(x2)=∑x2P(x)
77. E(xy)= ∑∑xy P(x,y)
78. cov(x,y)= E(xy) – E(x).E(y).