1/27/2023

SLO # 5:
Network Communication and Protocols

Sub topic:
5.3 TCP/ IP Protocol Architecture

Adapted by: Younus Bashir

Define Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet

Protocol (TCP/ IP) architecture;
Cognitive level: Knowledge
Student Learning outcome # 5.3.1

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TCP/IP Protocol
[Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol]

TCP/IP was developed by Department of Defense in USA. It is used on the largest network,
the internet but is available in all the small and big computers.

It provides communication between two or more computer systems used for communication
over the internet.

TCP/IP Protocol
[Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol]
Internet Protocol Suite is a set of communication protocols used on Internet and many other
computer networks.

It is defines the functions of each layer during communication between computers on the
internet.

Every computer on internet has a unique number assigned to it called IP address.

IP address recognizes a particular computer out of millions of computers.

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TCP/IP Protocol
[Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol]

The two main protocols in the internet protocol suite serve specific functions.

TCP defines how applications can create channels of communication across a network. It also
manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets before they are then transmitted
over the internet and reassembled in the right order at the destination address.

IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure it reaches the right destination.
Each gateway computer on the network checks this IP address to determine where to
forward the message.

Describe function of each layer of TCP/ IP

protocol architecture;
Cognitive level: Understanding
Student Learning outcome # 5.3.2

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TCP/IP Architecture
TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four layers, unlike seven layers
in the OSI model. The layers are:
• Application Layer (Process)
• Transport Layer (Host-to-Host)
• Network Layer (Internet Layer)
• Network Access Layer (Link Layer)

The first layer is the Process layer(Application) on the behalf of the sender and Network
Access layer on the behalf of the receiver.

During this article, we will be talking on the behalf of the receiver.

1. Network Access Layer (Link Layer)

This layer corresponds to the combination of Data Link Layer and Physical Layer of the
OSI model.
It looks out for hardware addressing and the protocols present in this layer allows for the
physical transmission of data.
consists of protocols that operate only on a link -- the network component that
interconnects nodes or hosts in the network.

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2. Network Layer (Internet Layer)

This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer. It defines the protocols which are
responsible for logical transmission of data over the entire network.
The main protocols residing at this layer are :

IP (Internet Protocol) it is responsible for delivering packets

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is responsible for providing hosts with
information about network problems.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Its job is to find the hardware address of a host
from a known IP address.

3. Host-to-Host Layer (Transport Layer)

This layer is analogous to the transport layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for
end-to-end communication and error-free delivery of data. The transport protocols include
TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP),

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

It is known to provide reliable and error-free communication between end systems
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
It is the go-to protocol if your application does not require reliable transport as it is very
cost-effective

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Application Layer (Process Layer)

This layer performs the functions of top three layers of the OSI model:
Application, Presentation and Session Layer.
It is responsible for node-to-node communication and controls user-interface specifications.
Some of the protocols present in this layer are: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP

HTTP and HTTPS – HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. It is used by the
World Wide Web to manage communications between web browsers and servers.

Compare the TCP/ IP model with the OSI model;

Cognitive level: Understanding
Student Learning outcome # 5.3.3

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Difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model:

Difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model:

OSI Model TCP/IP Model
It is developed by ISO (International Standard It is developed by ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency
Organization) Network).
OSI model provides a clear distinction between TCP/IP doesn't have any clear distinguishing points between
interfaces, services, and protocols. services, interfaces, and protocols.

OSI follows a vertical approach. TCP/IP follows a horizontal approach.

OSI is less reliable and has strict boundaries. TCP/IP is more reliable and does not have very strict boundaries.
OSI layers have seven layers. TCP/IP has four layers.

In the OSI model, the data link layer and physical are In TCP, physical and data link are both combined as a single host-
separate layers. to-network layer.
Session and presentation layers are a part of the OSI There is no session and presentation layer in the TCP model.
model.
The minimum size of the OSI header is 5 bytes. The minimum header size is 20 bytes.

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Differentiate between circuits switching and

packet switching with examples
Cognitive level: Understanding
Student Learning outcome # 5.3.4

Circuit switching and packet switching are the two switching methods that are used to connect
the multiple communicating devices with one another.

Circuit Switching was particularly designed for voice communication and it was less suitable
for data transmission. So, a better solution evolved for data transmission called
Packet switching.

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Circuit Switching
• Circuit Switching establishes a physical path between the sender and receiver of the message
• before a message is delivered.

• When a connection is established between a sender and a receiver, the entire message travels
through the established path from sender to the receiver.

• Once the message is delivered to the receiver, the source informs the network about the
completion of transmission and all the switches released.

• Circuit switching is always implemented at the Physical Layer.

• Circuit switching can be explained with an example of a telephone conversation.

Packet Switching
Packet Switching is connectionless as it doesn’t establish any physical connection before the
transmission starts. In packet switching before the message is transmitted, it is divided into
some manageable parts called packets.

These packets are routed one by one from source to destination.

In packet switching, each packet may follow a different route to reach the destination.
Packets arrived at the destination are out of order but, they are assembled in order before
the destination forward it to the upper layer.

It is always implemented on Network Layer

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Difference between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching :

Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Circuit Switching is connection oriented that means a Packet Switching is Connectionless that means a dynamic route is
path is established between source and destination decided for each packet while transmission.
before the transmission occurs
Circuit Switching was originally designed for voice Packet Switching was originally designed for data
communication communication.

Circuit Switching is inflexible as once a path is Packet Switching is flexible as each packet may travel through a
established for transmission, it doesn’t change while different route to reach its destination.
the duration of the session.
In packet switching, as each packet travels a different path
Message is received in the order, sent from the
hence, the packet are received out of order at the receiver side
source.
and later arranged in order
Circuit Switching is always implemented at physical Packet Switching is implemented on the network layer.
layer

Difference between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching :

Conclusion
For Data transmission, Packet Switching is the more efficient than Circuit
Switching.

When it comes to voice transmission Circuit switching is more efficient than

packet switching.

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Differentiate between Internet Protocol version 4

(IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6);
Cognitive level: Understanding
Student Learning outcome # 5.3.5

What is IP?

IP (short for Internet Protocol) specifies the technical format of packets and the addressing
scheme for computers to communicate over a network.

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What is IP Address?

An IP address is binary numbers but can be stored as text for human readers. For example, a
32-bit numeric address (IPv4) is written in decimal as four numbers separated by periods.

Each number can be zero to 255. For example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address.

Internet Protocol Versions

There are currently two version of Internet Protocol (IP):

IPv4 and a new version called IPv6.
IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol.

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IPV4
IPv4 is the most widely deployed Internet protocol used to connect devices to the Internet.
IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing for a total of 2^32 addresses (just over 4 billion
addresses).

With the growth of the Internet it is expected that the number of unused IPv4 addresses will
eventually run out because every device -- including computers, smartphones and game
consoles -- that connects to the Internet requires an address.

IPV6
IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) is also called IPng (Internet Protocol next generation) and it
is the newest version of the Internet Protocol (IP)

It was designed as an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol and will, in fact, coexist
with the older IPv4 for some time.

IPv6 is designed to allow the Internet to grow steadily, both in terms of the number of hosts
connected and the total amount of data traffic transmitted.

IPv6 was born out of concern that the demand for IP addresses would exceed the available
supply

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IPV4 VS IPV6
IPV4 IPV6

IPv4 has 32-bit(4-bytes) address length IPv6 has 128-bit(16 bytes) address length

Security feature is dependent on It has inbuilt security feature in the IPv6

application protocol e.g IPSEC
Address representation of IPv4 in Address Representation of IPv6 is in
decimal hexadecimal
In IPv4 checksumfield is available In IPv6 checksumfield is not available

IPv4 has header of 20-60 bytes. IPv6 has header of 40 bytes fixed

In IPv4 Packet flow identification is not In IPv6 packet flow identification are
available Available.

*checksumfield is used to detect the corruption in the header of IPV4 packets.

Identify the class of an IPv4 address on the basis of

IP range.
Cognitive level: Understanding
Student Learning outcome # 5.3.6

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IPv4 address class

An IPv4 address class is a categorical division of internet protocol addresses in IPv4-based
routing. Separate IP classes are used for different types of networks.

Some are used for public internet-accessible IPs and subnets, that is, those networks behind
a router
(as in classes A, B and C)

If any ip is given to you192.168.0.1

Class of IP?
Host ID?
Network ID?

IPv4 address class

classes are mainly differentiated by the number of bits they have for the network and the
number of bits used for hosts.

IP addresses are notated in four groups of three-digit representations of 8 bits of binary

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Class Addressing
The 32 bit IP address is divided into five sub-classes. These are:
Class A first byte range: 1-127, first byte is network id
Class B first byte range: 128-191, first two bytes is network id
Class C first byte range: 192-223, first three bytes is network id
Class D
Class E

179.8.0.1

Each of these classes has a valid range of IP addresses.

Classes D and E are reserved for multicast and experimental purposes respectively.
The order of bits in the first octet determine the classes of IP address.
IPv4 address is divided into two parts:
Network ID i.e., to which network a computer belongs. Systems belonging to same physical network have
same network id.
Host ID i.e., it uniquely identifies the system within that network. The host address for each device must be unique to the
network id.
169.0.255.1

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IPv4 address class

Class A IP addresses, where the 1st bit is 0, encompass the range of 0.0.0.0 to
127.255.255.255.
This class is for large networks and has 8 bits for network and 24 bits for hosts.
120.178.12.1

Address Class First Byte Decimal Host assignment range Network Address Host Address
Range in dotted decimal

A 1 to 127 1.x.x.x – 126.x.x.x xxx xxx.xxx.xxx

Note: Class A addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 cannot be used and is reserved for loopback and
diagnostic functions

IPv4 address class

Class B IP addresses, where the 1st two bits are 10, are in the range of 128.0.0.0 to
191.255.255.255. This class is for medium networks and has 16 bits for network and 16 bits
for hosts.

Address Class First Byte Host assignment Network Host Address

Decimal Range range in dotted Address
decimal

B 128 to 191 128.0.x.x xxx.xxx xxx.xxx

–
191.255.x.x

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IPv4 address class

Class C IP addresses, where the 1st three bits are 110, are in the range of 192.0.0.0 to
223.255.255.255. This class is for smaller networks and has 24 bits for network and 8 bits for
hosts.

Address Class First Byte Host assignment Network Host Address

Decimal Range range in dotted Address
decimal

C 192 to 223 192.0.0.x – xxx.xxx.xxx xxx

223.255.255.x.

IPv4 address class

Class D or multicast IP addresses, where the 1st four bits are 1110 are in the range of
254.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.

Address Class First Byte Decimal Host assignment range Network Address Host Address
Range in dotted decimal

D 224 to 239 224.0.0.0 – Reserved for Multicasting

239.255.255.255

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IPv4 address class

Class E or experimental IP addresses, where the 1st four bits are 11110, are in the range of
192.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.255.

Address Class First Byte Decimal Host assignment range Network Address Host Address
Range in dotted decimal

E 240 – 254 240.0.0.0 – Experimental; used for research

255.255.255.254

IPv4 address class

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IPv4 address class

Review question:

[Not in SLO]

Static vs. dynamic IP addresses

IP addresses are assigned in two different ways. They may be dynamically assigned (they can
change automatically) or statically assigned (they're intended not to change, and must be
changed manually). Most home networks use dynamic allocation. Your router uses DHCP to
temporarily assign, or "lease," an IP address to your device.

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[Not in SLO]

Range of special IP addresses:

169.254.0.0 – 169.254.0.16 : Link local addresses
127.0.0.0 – 127.0.0.8 : Loop-back addresses
0.0.0.0 – 0.0.0.8 : used to communicate within the current network.

[Not in SLO]

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Resources
Computer Science grade 11
National Book Foundation

Difference between Packet switching vs circuit switching

https://techdifferences.com/difference-between-circuit-switching-and-packet-
switching.html

Ip Address Classes
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/ip.htm

Difference between ipv4 vs ipv6

https://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Internet/ipv6_ipv4_difference.html

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