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Business Statistics A First Course 7th
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Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 211
CHAPTER 6
6.1 PHStat output:
Normal Probabilities
Common Data
Mean 0
Standard Deviation 1
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 1.57
X Value 1.57 To X Value 1.84
Z Value 1.57 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=1.57) 0.9417924 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
Probability for X > P(X<=1.84) 0.9671
X Value 1.84 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value 1.84
P(X>1.84) 0.0329 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 95.00%
Probability for X<1.57 or X >1.84 Z Value 1.644854
P(X<1.57 or X >1.84) 0.9747 X Value 1.644854
(a) P(Z < 1.57) = 0.9418
(b) P(Z > 1.84) = 1 – 0.9671 = 0.0329
(c) P(1.57 < Z < 1.84) = 0.9671 – 0.9418 = 0.0253
(d) P(Z < 1.57) + P(Z > 1.84) = 0.9418 + (1 – 0.9671) = 0.9747
6.2 PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 0
X Value -1.57 To X Value 1.84
Z Value -1.57 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=-1.57) 0.0582076 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
X Value 1.84 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value 1.84
Probability for X<-1.57 or X >1.84 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<-1.57 or X >1.84) 0.0911 X Value 0.999815
(a) P(– 1.57 < Z < 1.84) = 0.9671 – 0.0582 = 0.9089
Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

212 Chapter 6: The Normal Distribution
6.2 (b) P(Z < – 1.57) + P(Z > 1.84) = 0.0582 + 0.0329 = 0.0911
cont. (c) If P(Z > A) = 0.025, P(Z < A) = 0.975. A = + 1.96.
(d) If P(–A < Z < A) = 0.6826, P(Z < A) = 0.8413. So 68.26% of the area is captured between
–A = – 1.00 and A = + 1.00.
6.3 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Normal
Probabilities
Common Data
Mean 0
X Value 1.08 To X Value 1.84
Z Value 1.08 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=1.08) 0.8599289 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
X Value -0.21 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value -0.21
P(X>-0.21) 0.5832 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Probability for X<1.08 or X >-0.21 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<1.08 or X >- 1.4431 X Value 0.999815
0.21)
P(Z < 1.08) = 0.8599
(b) P(Z > – 0.21) = 1.0 – 0.4168 = 0.5832
(c) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >0
P(X<-0.21 or X >0) 0.9168
P(Z < – 0.21) + P(Z > 0) = 0.4168 + 0.5 = 0.9168
(d) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >1.08
P(X<-0.21 or X >1.08) 0.5569
P(Z < – 0.21) + P(Z > 1.08) = 0.4168 + (1 – 0.8599) = 0.5569

6.4 PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 0
Probability for X <= From X Value -1.96
X Value -0.21 To X Value -0.21
Z Value -0.21 Z Value for -1.96 -1.96
P(X<=-0.21) 0.4168338 Z Value for -0.21 -0.21
P(X<=-1.96) 0.0250
Probability for X > P(X<=-0.21) 0.4168
X Value 1.08 P(-1.96<=X<=-0.21) 0.3918
Z Value 1.08
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >1.08 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<-0.21 or X >1.08) 0.5569 X Value 0.999815
(a) P(Z > 1.08) = 1 – 0.8599 = 0.1401
(b) P(Z < – 0.21) = 0.4168
(c) P(– 1.96 < Z < – 0.21) = 0.4168 – 0.0250 = 0.3918
(d) P(Z > A) = 0.1587, P(Z < A) = 0.8413. A = + 1.00.
Common Data
Mean 100
Probability for X <=

X Value 70
Z Value -3
P(X<=70) 0.0013499
Probability for X >

X Value 75
Z Value -2.5
P(X>75) 0.9938
X–μ 75 –100
Z= = = – 2.50
σ 10
P(X > 75) = P(Z > – 2.50) = 1 – P(Z< – 2.50) = 1 – 0.0062 = 0.9938
X–μ 70 – 100
(b) Z= = = – 3.00
σ 10
P(X < 70) = P(Z < – 3.00) = 0.00135

6.5 (c) Partial PHStat output:

cont.
Common Data
Mean 100
X Value 80
Z Value -2
P(X<=80) 0.0227501
Probability for X >

X Value 110
Z Value 1
P(X>110) 0.1587
Probability for X<80 or X >110

P(X<80 or X >110) 0.1814
X–μ 80 – 100 X–μ 110 – 100
Z= = = –2.00 Z= = = 1.00
σ 10 σ 10
P(X < 80) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228
P(X > 110) = P(Z > 1.00) = 1 – P(Z < 1.00) = 1.0 – 0.8413 = 0.1587
P(X < 80) + P(X > 110) = 0.0228 + 0.1587 = 0.1815
(d) P(Xlower < X < Xupper) = 0.80
P(– 1.28 < Z) = 0.10 and P(Z < 1.28) = 0.90
X lower –100 Xupper – 100
Z = –1.28 = Z = +1.28 =
10 10
Xlower = 100 – 1.28(10) = 87.20 and Xupper = 100 + 1.28(10) = 112.80

Common Data
Mean 50
Probability for X <= From X Value 42
X Value 42 To X Value 43
Z Value -2 Z Value for 42 -2
P(X<=42) 0.0227501 Z Value for 43 -1.75
P(X<=42) 0.0228
Probability for X > P(X<=43) 0.0401
X Value 43 P(42<=X<=43) 0.0173
Z Value -1.75
P(X>43) 0.9599 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Probability for X<42 or X >43 Z Value -1.644854
P(X<42 or X >43) 0.9827 X Value 43.42059
P(X > 43) = P(Z > – 1.75) = 1 – 0.0401 = 0.9599

6.6 (b) P(X < 42) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228

cont. (c) P(X < A) = 0.05,
A − 50
Z = −1.645 = A = 50 – 1.645(4) = 43.42
4
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Z Value 0.841621
X Value 53.36648
P(Xlower < X < Xupper) = 0.60
P(Z < – 0.84) = 0.20 and P(Z < 0.84) = 0.80
Xlower – 50 Xupper – 50
Z = –0.84 = Z = +0.84 =
4 4
Xlower = 50 – 0.84(4) = 46.64 and Xupper = 50 + 0.84(4) = 53.36
6.7 (a) P(X > 32) = P(Z > 0.02) = 0.4920

Probability for X >
X Value 32
Z Value 0.02
P(X>32) 0.4920
(b) P(10 < X < 20) = P(-2.18 < Z < -1.18) = 0.1044
From X Value 10
To X Value 20
Z Value for 10 -2.18
P(X<=10) 0.0146
P(X<=20) 0.1190
P(10<=X<=20) 0.1044
(c) P(X < 10) = P(Z < -2.18) = 0.0146
X Value 10
Z Value -2.18
P(X<=10) 0.0146
A − 31.8
(d) P(X < A) = 0.99 Z = 2.3263= A = 55.0635
10
Z Value 2.3263
X Value 55.0635
Note: The above answers are obtained using PHStat. They may be slightly different
when Table E.2 is used.

6.8 Partial PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 50
Standard
Deviation 12
Z Value -1.666667 Z Value for 34 -1.333333
P(X<=30) 0.0477904 Z Value for 50 0
P(X<=34) 0.0912
X Value 60 P(34<=X<=50) 0.4088
Z Value 0.8333333
P(X<30 or X >60) 0.2501 X Value 39.90055
(a) P(34 < X < 50) = P(– 1.33 < Z < 0) = 0.4088
(b) P(X < 30) + P(X > 60) = P(Z < – 1.67) + P(Z > 0.83)
= 0.0475 + (1.0 – 0.7967) = 0.2508
A – 50
(c) P(X > A) = 0.80 P(Z < – 0.84) ≅ 0.20 Z = –0.84 =
12
A = 50 – 0.84(12) = 39.92 thousand miles or 39,920 miles
Common Data
Mean 50
Standard
Deviation 10
Z Value -2 Z Value for 34 -1.6
P(X<=30) 0.0227501 Z Value for 50 0
P(X<=34) 0.0548
X Value 60 P(34<=X<=50) 0.4452
Z Value 1
P(X<30 or X >60) 0.1814 X Value 41.58379
The smaller standard deviation makes the Z-values larger.
(a) P(34 < X < 50) = P(– 1.60 < Z < 0) = 0.4452
(b) P(X < 30) + P(X > 60) = P(Z < – 2.00) + P(Z > 1.00)
= 0.0228 + (1.0 – 0.8413) = 0.1815
(c) A = 50 – 0.84(10) = 41.6 thousand miles or 41,600 miles

6.9 (a) P(X > 15) = PZ > 0.005) = 0.4980

Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 15
Z Value 0.005
P(X>15) 0.4980
(b) P(10 < X < 12) = P(-2.495< Z < -1.495) = 0.0612
From X Value 10
To X Value 12
P(X<=10) 0.0063
P(X<=12) 0.0675
P(10<=X<=12) 0.0612
(c) P(Xlower < X < Xupper) = 0.95
P(Z < – 1.96) = 0.0250 and P(Z < 1.96) = 0.9750
X lower –14.99 X upper –14.99
Z = –1.96 = Z = +1.96 =
2 2
Xlower = 11.0701 and Xupper = 18.9099
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 2.50% Cumulative Percentage 97.50%
Z Value -1.9600 Z Value 1.9600
X Value 11.0701 X Value 18.9099
6.10 PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 73
Z Value 2.25 Z Value for 65 -1
P(X<=91) 0.9877755 Z Value for 89 2
P(X<=65) 0.1587
X Value 81 P(65<=X<=89) 0.8186
Z Value 1
Probability for X<91 or X >81 Z Value 1.644854
P(X<91 or X >81) 1.1464 X Value 86.15883

6.10 (a) P(X < 91) = P(Z < 2.25) = 0.9878

cont. (b) P(65 < X < 89) = P(– 1.00 < Z < 2.00) = 0.9772 – 0.1587 = 0.8185
(c) P(X > A) = 0.05 P(Z < 1.645) = 0.9500
A – 73
Z = 1.645 = A = 73 + 1.645(8) = 86.16%
8
(d) Option 1: P(X > A) = 0.10 P(Z < 1.28) ≅ 0.9000
81 – 73
Z= = 1.00
8
Since your score of 81% on this exam represents a Z-score of 1.00, which is below the
minimum Z-score of 1.28, you will not earn an “A” grade on the exam under this grading
option.
68 – 62
Option 2: Z = = 2.00
3
Since your score of 68% on this exam represents a Z-score of 2.00, which is well above
the minimum Z-score of 1.28, you will earn an “A” grade on the exam under this grading
option. You should prefer Option 2.
6.11 PHStat output:

(a) P(X < 112) = P(Z < – 1.5333) = 0.0626
X Value 112
Z Value -1.533333
P(X<=112) 0.0626
(b) P(112 < X < 158) = P(–1.5333 < Z < 1.5333) = 0.8748
From X Value 112
To X Value 158
Z Value for 112 -1.533333
Z Value for 158 1.533333
P(X<=112) 0.0626
P(X<=158) 0.9374
P(112<=X<=158) 0.8748
(c) P(X > 158) = P(Z > 1.5333) = 0.0626
Probability for X >
X Value 158
Z Value 1.5333333
P(X>158) 0.0626
(d) P(X < A) = 0.01 P(Z < -2.3263) = 0.01
A = 135 – 15(2.3263) = 100.1048
Z Value -2.3263
X Value 100.1048

6.12 (a) P(X > 60) = P(Z > 1.3692) = 0.0855

Probability for X >
X Value 60
Z Value 1.3692308
P(X>60) 0.0855
(b) P(15 < X < 30) = P(-2.0923 < Z < -0.9385) = 0.1558
From X Value 15
To X Value 30
Z Value for 15 -2.092308
Z Value for 30 -0.938462
P(X<=15) 0.0182
P(X<=30) 0.1740
P(15<=X<=30) 0.1558
(c) P(X < 15) = P(Z < -2.0923) = 0.0182
X Value 15
Z Value -2.092308
P(X<=15) 0.0182
(d) P(X < A) = 0.99 Z = 2.3263 A = 72.4425
Z Value 2.3263
X Value 72.4425

From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22
Z Value for 21.99 -2.4
Z Value for 22 -0.4
P(X<=21.99) 0.0082
P(X<=22) 0.3446
P(21.99<=X<=22) 0.3364
P(21.99 < X < 22.00) = P(– 2.4 < Z < – 0.4) = 0.3364
(b) Partial PHStat output:
From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22.01
Z Value for 22.01 1.6
P(X<=21.99) 0.0082
P(X<=22.01) 0.9452
P(21.99<=X<=22.01) 0.9370
P(21.99 < X < 22.01) = P(– 2.4 < Z < 1.6) = 0.9370


cont.
Z Value 2.05375
X Value 22.0123
P(X > A) = 0.02 Z = 2.05 A = 22.0123
(d) (a) Partial PHStat output:
From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22
Z Value for 21.99 -3
Z Value for 22 -0.5
P(X<=21.99) 0.0013
P(X<=22) 0.3085
P(21.99<=X<=22) 0.3072
P(21.99 < X < 22.00) = P(– 3.0 < Z < – 0.5) = 0.3072
(d) (b) Partial PHStat output:
From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22.01
Z Value for 21.99 -3
Z Value for 22.01 2
P(X<=21.99) 0.0013
P(X<=22.01) 0.9772
P(21.99<=X<=22.01) 0.9759
P(21.99 < X < 22.01) = P(– 3.0 < Z < 2) = 0.9759
Z Value 2.05375
X Value 22.0102
P(X > A) = 0.02 Z = 2.05 A = 22.0102
6.14 With 39 values, the smallest of the standard normal quantile values covers an area under the normal
curve of 0.025. The corresponding Z value is -1.96. The middle (20th) value has a cumulative area
of 0.50 and a corresponding Z value of 0.0. The largest of the standard normal quantile values covers
an area under the normal curve of 0.975, and its corresponding Z value is +1.96.
6.15 Area under normal curve covered: 0.1429 0.2857 0.4286 0.5714 0.7143 0.8571
Standardized normal quantile value: – 1.07 – 0.57 – 0.18 + 0.18 + 0.57 + 1.07

6.16 (a) Excel output:

MPG
Mean 22.85
Standard Error 0.364728
Median 22
Mode 22
Standard Deviation 1.631112
Sample Variance 2.660526
Kurtosis -0.54229
Skewness 0.752148
Range 5
Minimum 21
Maximum 26
Sum 457
Count 20
First Quartile 22
Third Quartile 24
Interquartile Range 2
CV 7.14%
6*std.dev 9.786672
1.33*std.dev 2.169379
The mean is about the same as the median. The range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is slightly smaller than 1.33 times the standard
deviation.
(b)
Normal Probability Plot
30
25
20
MPG
15
MPG
10
0
-2 -1 0 1 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot indicates departure from normal distribution. The kurtosis is
-0.5423, indicating some departure from a normal distribution.. The skewness of 0.7521
indicates a slightly right-skewed distribution.

6.17 Excel output:

Cost($)
Mean 326.264
Median 308.74
Mode #N/A
Kurtosis 2.881548
Skewness 1.563491
Range 456.86
Minimum 203.06
Maximum 659.92
Sum 9787.92
Count 30
First Quartile 263.1
Third Quartile 344.92
Interquartile Range 81.82
CV 31.49%
6*std.dev 616.4047
1.33*std.dev 136.6364
(a) The mean is higher than the median. The range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation. The interquartile range is much smaller than 1.33 times the standard deviation.
(b)
700
600
500
400
Cost($)
300 Cost($)
200
100
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
According to the normal probability plot, the data appear to be right skewed. The kurtosis
is 2.8815 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution, with
more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.5635 indicates a right-skewed distribution.

6.18 Excel output:

Property Taxes Per Capita ($)
Mean 1332.235
Median 1230
Mode #N/A
Kurtosis 0.539467
Skewness 0.918321
Range 2479
Minimum 506
Maximum 2985
Sum 67944
Count 51
First Quartile 867
Third Quartile 1633
Interquartile Range 766
CV 43.37%
6*std.dev 3466.985
1.33*std.dev 768.515
(a) Because the mean is slightly larger than the median, the interquartile range is slightly less
than 1.33 times the standard deviation, and the range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation, the data appear to deviate from the normal distribution.
(b)
3500
3000
Property Taxes Per Capita ($)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data appear to be right-skewed. The kurtosis
is 0.5395 indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. A skewness of 0.9183 indicates a right-skewed distribution.

6.19 Excel output:

Market Cap ($billions)
Mean 155.55
Median 140.1
Mode 74.9
Kurtosis 1.064385
Skewness 0.96722
Range 374.8
Minimum 29.1
Maximum 403.9
Sum 4666.5
Count 30
First Quartile 91.5
CV 54.52%
6*std.dev 508.8801
1.33*std.dev 112.8018
(a) The mean is greater than the median; the range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is greater than 1.33 times the standard deviation.
The data do not appear to be normally distributed.
(b)
450
400
350
Market Cap ($billions)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are skewed to the right.

6.19 (c)
cont.
Histogram of Market Cap ($billions)

10
9
8
7
Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
25 75 125 175 225 275 325 375 425
Midpoints
The histogram suggests that the data are skewed to the right.
6.20 Excel output:

Error
Mean -0.00023
Median 0
Mode 0
Sample Variance 2.88E-06
Range 0.008
Minimum -0.003
Maximum 0.005
First Quartile -0.0015
1.33 Std Dev 0.002255
6 Std Dev 0.010175
(a) Because the interquartile range is close to 1.33S and the range is also close to 6S, the data
appear to be approximately normally distributed.

6.20 (b)
cont.
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
Error
0.001
0
-0.001 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-0.002
-0.003
-0.004
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data appear to be approximately normally
distributed.
6.21 Excel output:

One-Year Five-Year
Mean 0.71 1.535455
Standard Error 0.063753 0.090462
Median 0.8 1.5
Mode 0.2 1.5
Standard Deviation 0.29903 0.424306
Sample Variance 0.089419 0.180035
Kurtosis -0.94783 -0.27393
Skewness -0.68845 -0.16452
Range 0.85 1.65
Minimum 0.2 0.6
Maximum 1.05 2.25
Sum 15.62 33.78
Count 22 22
First Quartile 0.55 1.35
Third Quartile 0.95 1.94
Interquartile Range 0.4 0.59
CV 42.12% 27.63%
6*std.dev 1.794181 2.545835
1.33*std.dev 0.39771 0.564327
One-year CD:
(a) The mean is smaller than the median; the range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is about the same as 1.33 times the standard
deviation. The data do not appear to be normally distributed.

6.21 (b)
cont.
1.2
0.8
One-Year
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are left skewed. The kurtosis is
-0.9478 indicating a distribution that is less peaked than a normal distribution, with fewer
values in the tails. The skewness of -0.6884 indicates that the distribution is left-skewed.
Five-Year CD:
(a) The mean is about the same as the median; the range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is slightly greater than 1.33 times the standard
deviation. The data appear to deviate from the normal distribution.
(b)
2.5
1.5
Five-Year
0.5
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are somewhat normally distributed.
The kurtosis is -0.2739 indicating a distribution that is slightly less peaked than a normal
distribution, with more values in the tails. The skewness of -0.16452 indicates that the
distribution is slightly left-skewed.

6.22 (a) Five-number summary: 82 127 148.5 168 213 mean = 147.06
range = 131 interquartile range = 41 standard deviation = 31.69
The mean is very close to the median. The five-number summary suggests that the
distribution is quite symmetrical around the median. The interquartile range is very close
to 1.33 times the standard deviation. The range is about $50 below 6 times the standard
deviation. In general, the distribution of the data appears to closely resemble a normal
distribution.
Note: The quartiles are obtained using PHStat without any interpolation.
(b)
Normal Probability Plot of Electricity Cost
250
200
150
Utility Charge
100
50
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Z Value
The normal probability plot confirms that the data appear to be approximately normally
distributed.
6.23 Using the tables of the normal distribution with knowledge of μ and σ along with the
transformation formula, we can find any probability under the normal curve.
6.24 Using Table E.2, first find the cumulative area up to the larger value, and then subtract the
cumulative area up to the smaller value.
6.25 Find the Z value corresponding to the given percentile and then use the equation X = μ + zσ .
6.26 The normal distribution is bell-shaped; its measures of central tendency are all equal; its middle
50% is within 1.33 standard deviations of its mean; and 99.7% of its values are contained within
three standard deviations of its mean.
6.27 Both the normal distribution and the uniform distribution are symmetric but the uniform
distribution has a bounded range while the normal distribution ranges from negative infinity to
positive infinity. The exponential distribution is right-skewed and ranges from zero to infinity.

6.28 If the distribution is normal, the plot of the Z values on the horizontal axis and the original values
on the vertical axis will be a straight line.

From X Value 0.75
To X Value 0.753
Z Value for 0.753 0
P(X<=0.75) 0.2266
P(X<=0.753) 0.5000
P(0.75<=X<=0.753) 0.2734
P(0.75 < X < 0.753) = P(– 0.75 < Z < 0) = 0.2734
From X Value 0.74
To X Value 0.75
P(X<=0.74) 0.0006
P(X<=0.75) 0.2266
P(0.74<=X<=0.75) 0.2261
P(0.74 < X < 0.75) = P(– 3.25 < Z < – 0.75) = 0.2266 – 0.00058 = 0.2260
Probability for X >

X Value 0.76
Z Value 1.75
P(X>0.76) 0.0401
P(X > 0.76) = P(Z > 1.75) = 1.0 – 0.9599 = 0.0401
X Value 0.74
Z Value -3.25
P(X<=0.74) 0.000577
P(X < 0.74) = P(Z < – 3.25) = 0.00058
(e) Partial PHStat output:
Z Value -1.475791
X Value 0.747097
P(X < A) = P(Z < – 1.48) = 0.07 A = 0.753 – 1.48(0.004) = 0.7471


From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2
Z Value for 1.9 -2
Z Value for 2 0
P(X<=1.9) 0.0228
P(X<=2) 0.5000
P(1.9<=X<=2) 0.4772
P(1.90 < X < 2.00) = P(– 2.00 < Z < 0) = 0.4772
From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 1.9 -2
Z Value for 2.1 2
P(X<=1.9) 0.0228
P(X<=2.1) 0.9772
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9545
P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = P(– 2.00 < Z < 2.00) = 0.9772 – 0.0228 = 0.9544
Probability for X<1.9 or X >2.1
P(X<1.9 or X >2.1) 0.0455
P(X < 1.90) + P(X > 2.10) = 1 – P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = 0.0456

Z Value -2.326348
X Value 1.883683
P(X > A) = P( Z > – 2.33) = 0.99 A = 2.00 – 2.33(0.05) = 1.8835
Z Value 2.575829
X Value 2.128791
P(A < X < B) = P(– 2.58 < Z < 2.58) = 0.99
A = 2.00 – 2.58(0.05) = 1.8710 B = 2.00 + 2.58(0.05) = 2.1290


From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2
Z Value for 2 -0.4
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2) 0.3446
P(1.9<=X<=2) 0.3364
P(1.90 < X < 2.00) = P(– 2.40 < Z < – 0.40) = 0.3446 – 0.0082 = 0.3364
From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 2.1 1.6
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2.1) 0.9452
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9370
P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = P(– 2.40 < Z < 1.60) = 0.9452 – 0.0082 = 0.9370
From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 2.1 1.6
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2.1) 0.9452
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9370
P(X < 1.90) + P(X > 2.10) = 1 – P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = 0.0630

Z Value -2.326348
X Value 1.903683
P(X > A) = P(Z > – 2.33) = 0.99 A = 2.02 – 2.33(0.05) = 1.9035
Z Value 2.575829
X Value 2.148791
P(A < X < B) = P(– 2.58 < Z < 2.58) = 0.99
A = 2.02 – 2.58(0.05) = 1.8910 B = 2.02 + 2.58(0.05) = 2.1490


X Value 1000
Z Value -1.0780
P(X<=1000) 0.1405
P(X < 1000) = P(Z < -1.0780) = 0.1405
(b)
FromX Value 2500
To X Value 3000
Z Value for 2500 1.9220
Z Value for 3000 2.922
P(X<=2500) 0.9727
P(X<=3000) 0.9983
P(2500<=X<=3000) 0.0256
P(2500 < X < 3000) = P(1.9220 < Z < 2.922) = 0.0256
(c)
Z Value 1.2816
X Value 2179.7758
P(X < A) = P(Z < 1.2816) = 0.90 A = 1539 + 500(1.2816) = $2,179.7758
(d)
Z Value 1.2816
X Value 2179.7758
P(A < X < B) = P(– 1.2816 < Z < 1.2816) = 0.80
A = 1539 – 1.28(500) = $898.2242
B = 1539 + 1.28(500) = $ 2,179.7758

6.33 Excel output:

Alcohol % Calories Carbohydrates
Mean 5.236602564 154.3974359 11.92833333
Standard Error 0.11324748 3.528246875 0.389874965
Median 4.9 150 12.005
Mode 5 110 12
Standard Deviation 1.414460571 44.06778935 4.869536751
Sample Variance 2.000698706 1941.970058 23.71238817
Kurtosis 4.495729542 3.0694263 1.330446708
Skewness 1.442614331 1.217087045 0.49830297
Range 11.1 275 30.2
Minimum 0.4 55 1.9
Maximum 11.5 330 32.1
Sum 816.91 24086 1860.82
Count 156 156 156
First Quartile 4.4 130 8.6
Third Quartile 5.6 166 14.3
Interquartile Range 1.2 36 5.7
CV 27.01% 28.54% 40.82%
6*std.dev 8.486763423 264.4067361 29.21722051
1.33*std.dev 1.881232559 58.61015983 6.476483879
Alcohol %:
The mean is slightly greater than the median; the range is larger than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is smaller than 1.33 times the standard deviation.
The data appear to deviate from the normal distribution.
14
12
10
Alcohol %
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that data are not normally distributed. The kurtosis
is 4.4957 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution, with
more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.4426 suggests that the distribution is right-
skewed.

6.33 Calories:
cont. The mean is approximately equal to the median; the range is slightly greater than 6 times
the standard deviation and the interquartile range is much smaller than 1.33 times the
standard deviation. The data appear to deviate away from the normal distribution.
350
300
250
200
Calories
150
100
50
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are somewhat right-skewed. The
kurtosis is 3.0694 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.2171 suggests that the distribution is
right-skewed.
Carbohydrates:
(a) The mean is approximately equal to the median; the range is approximately equal to 6
times the standard deviation and the interquartile range is slightly smaller than 1.33 times
the standard deviation. The data appear to be normally distributed.
(b)
35
30
25
Carbohydrates
20
15
10
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are somewhat right-skewed. The
kurtosis is 1.3304 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. The skewness of 0.4983 indicates that the distribution is
slightly right-skewed.

6.34 (a) Waiting time will more closely resemble an exponential distribution.
(b) Seating time will more closely resemble a normal distribution.
(c)
Histogram
60 100.00%
50 80.00%
Frequency
40
60.00% Frequency
30
40.00% Cumulative %
20
10 20.00%
0 0.00%
6
14
22
30
38
---
Midpoints
45
40
35
30
Waiting
25
20
15
10
5
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
Both the histogram and normal probability plot suggest that waiting time more closely
resembles an exponential distribution.
(d)
Histogram
30 100.00%
25 80.00%
Frequency
20
60.00% Frequency
15
40.00% Cumulative %
10
5 20.00%
0 0.00%
35
43
51
59
67
---
Midpoints

6.34
cont.
80
70
60
50
Seating
40
30
20
10
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
Both the histogram and normal probability plot suggest that seating time more closely
resembles a normal distribution.
6.35 (a) PHStat output: S&P

Probability for X >
X Value 0
Z Value -1.48
P(X>0) 0.9306
P(X > 0) = P(Z > 0) = 0.9306
(b) PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 10
Z Value -0.98
P(X>10) 0.8365
P(X > 10) = P(Z > -0.98) = 0.8365
(c) PHStat output:
X Value -20
Z Value -2.48
P(X<=-20) 0.0066
P(X < -20) = P(Z < -2.48) = 0.0066
(d) PHStat output:
X Value -30
Z Value -2.98
P(X<=-30) 0.0014
P(X < -30) = P(Z < -2.98) = 0.0014

6.35 (e) NASDAQ (a)

cont.
PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0
Z Value -1.2767
P(X>0) 0.8991
P(X > 0) = P(Z > -1.2767) = 0.8991
(b) PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 10
Z Value -0.9433
P(X>10) 0.8272
P(X > 10) = P(Z > -0.9433) = 0.8272
(c)
X Value -20
Z Value -1.9433
P(X<=-20) 0.0260
P(X < -20) = P(Z < -1.9433) = 0.0260
(d)
X Value -30
Z Value -2.2767
P(X<=-30) 0.0114
P(X < -30) = P(Z < -2.2767) = 0.0114

X Value 4500
Z Value -0.37
P(X<=4500) 0.3557
P(X < 4500) = P(Z < -0.37) = 0.3557
From X Value 4300
To X Value 4700
Z Value for 4700 0.13
P(X<=4300) 0.1922
P(X<=4700) 0.5517
P(4300<=X<=4700) 0.3596
P(4300 < X < 4700) = P(-0.87 < Z < 0.13) = 0.3596


cont.
Probability for X >
X Value 5200
Z Value 1.38
P(X>5200) 0.0838
P(X > 5200) = P(Z > 1.38) = 0.0838
Z Value -2.3263
X Value 3717.4609
P(A < X) = 0.01 Z = -2.3263 A = $3,717.46
X Value 3864.0144 X Value 5431.9856
P(A < X < B) = 0.95 Z = -1.9600 A = $3,864.01
Z = 1.96 B = $5,431.99

X Value 4500
Z Value -3.426
P(X<=4500) 0.0003
P(X < 4500) = P(Z < -3.426) = 0.0003
From X Value 4300
To X Value 4700
Z Value for 4300 -3.826
Z Value for 4700 -3.026
P(X<=4300) 0.0001
P(X<=4700) 0.0012
P(4300<=X<=4700) 0.0012
P(4300 < X < 4700) = P(-3.826 < Z < -3.026) = 0.0012


cont.
Probability for X >
X Value 5200
Z Value -2.026
P(X>5200) 0.9786
P(X > 5200) = P(Z > -2.026) = 0.9786
Z Value -2.3263
X Value 5049.8261
P(A < X) = 0.01 Z = -2.3263 A = $5,049.83
X Value 5233.0180 X Value 7192.9820
P(A < X < B) = 0.95 Z = -1.9600 A = $5,233.02
Z = 1.96 B = $7,192.98
(f) Since the mean monthly pay of interns at Facebook is quite a bit higher than that at Intel
while the standard deviation is only $100 higher, the answers in (a)-(c) in Problem 6.36
for the Intel interns are quite a bit higher than those in this problem while the answers in
(d)-(e) are quite a bit lower.

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K. F. Koehler, Verlag, Leipzig Geogr. Anst. v. Wagner & Debes, Leipzig

Westlicher Teil
Östlicher Teil
Marsch des Hauptteils der Schutztruppe
vom April 1916 bis November 1918 (Waffenstillstand)
Nördlicher Teil
Südlicher Teil
Tirpitz
Erinnerungen
Ein stattlicher Band von 526 Seiten mit Bild des
Verfassers
Preis geh. M. 20.—, in vornehmem Einband,
Titelzeichnung von Prof. Tiemann, M. 25.—
Die Lektüre dieses Buches wird für jeden folgerichtig denkenden
Deutschen ein erschütterndes Ereignis bedeuten. Der gefürchtetste
Gegner unserer Feinde spricht zu uns. Der Einzige, der mit genialem Blick
den Weg zum Siege erkannte, enthüllt, wie man ihn kaltstellte. Tiefster
Schmerz um alles Große, das uns verloren ging, spricht aus diesen
Blättern, aber auch ein fester, stolzer Wille zum ehrenvollen Weiterleben.
„Vom Deutschtum zu retten, was noch zu retten ist, bleibt des
Schweißes der Edlen wert. Unsere Hoffnung aber sei das kommende
Geschlecht. Ein Sklavenvolk sind wir noch nie gewesen. Seit
zweitausend Jahren hat unser Volk nach jähem Sturz immer wieder
sich emporgehoben.“
Mögen diese Worte, in denen die „Erinnerungen“ ausklingen, im ganzen
deutschen Volke Widerhall finden.
Stein
Generalquartiermeister und Kriegsminister a. D.
Erlebnisse und Betrachtungen

aus der Zeit des Weltkrieges
Preis geh. M. 10.—, in vornehmem Einband,
Titelzeichnung von Prof. Tiemann, M. 14.50
Aus einer Zuschrift an den Verlag: Es wird Ihnen als Verleger eine Freude
sein, zu hören, daß ich seit Jahren kein Buch mit solchem Genuß und
solcher Ergriffenheit gelesen habe, als dieses. Zunächst rein äußerlich,
dieser großartige Stil, diese kurzen Sätze, wie gehacktes Eisen. Das ist
die echte deutsche Soldatensprache. Dann aber inhaltlich dieser Spiegel,
der dem deutschen Volke vorgehalten wird.
D i e s e s B u c h m u ß d i e B i b e l d e s d e u t s c h e n Vo l k e s w e r d e n .
Die Kapitel „Reichstag“, „Regierung“, „Heer“ sind das Beste, was ich über
diese Dinge je gelesen habe.
K . F. K o e h l e r Ve r l a g L e i p z i g
Generaloberst Freiherr von
Hausen
Erinnerungen an den
Marnefeldzug
Mit Bildnis des Verfassers, verschiedenen
Karten und Gefechtsskizzen und einer
einleitenden vortrefflichen historischen Studie
von
Friedrich M. Kircheisen
Preis geheftet etwa M. 10.—, gebunden etwa M. 14.50
Generaloberst von Hausen war zu Beginn des Krieges Führer der 3.
Armee, die dem Gegner an der Marne solche kraftvolle Schläge versetzte,
daß Joffre und Foch jeden Augenblick glaubten, das französische
Zentrum würde durchbrochen werden.
Hausen hat die Operationen seiner Armee musterhaft geleitet, trotzdem er
an Typhus erkrankt war. Seine Erkrankung war tatsächlich der Grund, daß
er vom Kaiser seines Kommandos enthoben wurde, während die Legende
sich bildete, daß Hausen an der nichtgewonnenen Schlacht schuld sei.
Hausens Erinnerungen bedeuten eine
Ehrenrettung der 3. Armee und ihres Führers.
Sie basieren auf den Unterlagen des Großen Generalstabes, die ihm zur
Verfügung standen, und sind untermischt mit höchst lebenswarmen
persönlichen Eindrücken, so daß nicht etwa ein militärtechnisches oder
polemisches Buch entstanden ist, sondern ä u ß e r s t s p a n n e n d e ,
fließend geschriebene Feldaufzeichnungen.
Die beiden weißen Völker!
(The two white nations!)
Deutsch-englische Erinnerungen eines
deutschen Seeoffiziers
von
Georg von Hase

Korvettenkapitän a. D.
Preis geheftet etwa M. 10.—, gebunden etwa M. 14.50
Zwei historische Zusammentreffen mit Teilen der englischen Kriegsflotte
bilden den Inhalt dieses Buches, das seine Titel einem Trinkspruch eines
englischen Admirals verdankt. Die Begegnungen fanden zu ganz
verschiedenen Zeiten und unter ganz veränderten Umständen statt: 1914
zur Kieler Woche und 1916, als die deutsche Flotte vor dem Skagerrak
ihren gefährlichsten Gegner stellte und schlug. / Korvettenkapitän von
Hase nahm an der Seeschlacht vor dem Skagerrak als Erster
Artillerieoffizier unseres größten, stärksten und schönsten
Großkampfschiffes, des Schlachtkreuzers „Derfflinger“ teil. Er ist in das
heißeste Kampfgewühl hineingeraten, hat sämtliche Phasen der Schlacht
miterlebt und dabei zu der Vernichtung der beiden englischen
Schlachtkreuzer „Queen Mary“ und „Invincible“ entscheidend beigetragen.
Es gibt zur Zeit noch keine Darstellung der Schlacht vor dem Skagerrak,
in der ein Mitkämpfer in führender Stellung die Schlacht sowohl vom
militärischen Standpunkt wie vom Standpunkt des persönlichen
Miterlebens, frei von den Fesseln der Zensur, beschrieben und beurteilt
hätte. Das vorliegende Buch berichtet als erstes vom tatsächlichen
Geschehen und wird zu einem Heldensang deutschen Mutes und
deutscher Kraft.
K . F. K o e h l e r Ve r l a g L e i p z i g
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6.1 PHStat output:

6.2 PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.3 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.4 PHStat output:

6.5 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Probability for X <=

Probability for X >

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.5 (c) Partial PHStat output:

Probability for X >

Probability for X<80 or X >110

6.6 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.6 (b) P(X < 42) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228

6.7 (a) P(X > 32) = P(Z > 0.02) = 0.4920

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.8 Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.9 (a) P(X > 15) = PZ > 0.005) = 0.4980

6.10 PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.10 (a) P(X < 91) = P(Z < 2.25) = 0.9878

6.11 PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.12 (a) P(X > 60) = P(Z > 1.3692) = 0.0855

6.13 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.13 (c) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.16 (a) Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.17 Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.18 Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.19 Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Histogram of Market Cap ($billions)

6.20 Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.21 Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.29 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Probability for X >

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.30 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.31 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.32 (a) Partial PHStat output: