CELL ORGANIZATION NUCLEUS

 In an animal cell, the nucleus is located

in the central region of the cell
 In a plant cell, the nucleus is located
THE ORGANELLES
more on the periphery due to the large
Are specialized structures inside the cell have water-filled vacuole in the center of the
characteristic shapes and perform different roles cell
in cell development, maintenance and  control center and contains DNA; It
reproduction. Each type of organelle has its own serves as the information processing
set of enzymes that perform specific reactions and administrative center of the cell. It
and serves as a functional compartment for stores cells hereditary materials (DNA),
specific biochemical processes. The numbers and coordinates cell activities which
and types of organelles vary in different cells, include growth, intermediary
depending on the function of the cell. Although metabolism, protein synthesis, and
they have different functions, organelles often reproduction
work together to maintain homeostasis.
NUCLEOLUS
 dark body in the nucleus
 storage and assembly site for RNA and
ribosomes

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 located in the cytoplasm
 synthesis, folding, modification, and
transport of proteins

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

(AGRANULAR)
 located in the cytoplasm
 steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism;
PRESENT IN BOTH ANIMAL AND PLANT synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones,
CELL and detoxification

CYTOPLASM ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

 between the cell membrane and the (GRANULAR)
nuclear envelope  located in the cytoplasm
 provide supports, housing organelles,  transports protein to the other sites in
and facilitating chemical reactions the cell-lipid synthesis; it's.main function
is to produce protein
MITOCHONDRIA
 scattered throughout the cell RIBOSOMES
 control release of of energy from food;  attached to membrane systems or
form ATP; powerhouse of the cell scattered in the cytoplasm
 synthesize proteins; building blocks of
VACUOLES membranes, structural support,
 in the cytoplasmic matrix of a cell catalyzing biochemical reactions, and
 they serve to handle waste products many more
and get rid harmful toxins to clear the
extracellular space by bringing them CHROMATIN
into the cell for conversion  threadlike genetic material found in the
nucleus
PEROXISOMES  loose DNA
 scattered in cytoplasm
 provides nutrients, and represents cell INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT
waste products  form an elaborate network in the
cytoplasm of most cells, extending from
GOLGI APPARATUS a ring surrounding the nucleus to the
 near the nucleus plasma membrane
 process, packages, modify, and sorts  create cell cohesion and prevent the
out proteins, lipid molecules or acute fracture of epithelial cell sheets
lysosomal enzymes that destined to be under tension
extorted from the cell

CELL MEMBRANE/PLASMA MEMBRANE

 external boundary of the cell

 confines cell contents; regulates entry
and exit of materials
MICROFILAMENTS MICROVILLI
 at the cell periphery where they move  projections of the plasma membrane
from the plasma membrane to the  increase the membrane surface area
microvilli
 assist with cell movement and are made
of a protein called actin. Actin works
PRESENT ONLY IN PLANT CELL
with another protein called myosin to
produce muscle movements, cell CELL WALL
division, and cytoplasmic streaming.  surrounds the cell membrane; not
Microfilaments keep organelles in place available in animal cell
within the cell  outer protective membrane in many
cells including plants, fungi, algae, and
VESICLES
bacteria; provide structure, support, and
 originating from the Golgi apparatus,
protection for the cell
travel along microtubules and fuse in a
unique manner at the center of the CHLOROPLAST
phragmoplast to give rise to the new  mesophyll cells located in the leaves of
plasma membranes of the two daughter the plants
cells. The cargo they carry contributes  site of photosynthesis, the process in
to the cell-plate matrix which light energy from the sun, is
 they can fuse with the membranes of converted into chemical energy,
other cells to carry out a specific role, resulting in the production of oxygen,
such as breaking down another cell. energy-rich organic compounds, and for
Vesicles also help store and transport growth. It converts water, carbon
materials such as proteins, enzymes, dioxide, and light energy to
hormones, and neurotransmitters carbohydrates
INCLUSIONS PLASTIDS
 scattered throughout the cell  over the cytoplasm and are found in the
 control release of energy from food and meristematic tissues within the
ATP parenchyma cells of plants
 responsible for manufacturing and
storing of food. These often contain
PRESENT ONLY IN ANIMAL CELL pigments that are used in
photosynthesis and different types of
CENTROSOME pigments that can change the colour of
 in the cytoplasm usually close to the the cell
nucleus
 organize the microtubules, so it's called PLASMODESMATA
the microtubules organizing center. The  located in the cellular wall
centrosomes duplicate before cell  are gated plant cell wall channels that
division, so they then help to organize allow the trafficking of molecules
the microtubules and the cell division between cells and play important roles
process during plant development and in the
orchestration of cellular and systemic
LYSOSOMES signaling responses during interactions
 scattered throughout the cytoplasm of plants with the biotic and abiotic
 digest old cells and organelles or environment
breaking down excess or worn-out cell
parts and used to destroy invading
viruses and bacteria; contain an array of
enzymes capable of breaking down all
types of biological polymers - proteins,
nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

CENTRIOLE
 two rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus
 direct formation of the mitotic spindle;
play a crucial role in cell division by
organizing microtubules into the spindle
apparatus, which helps separate
chromosomes during mitosis and
meiosis
 TYPES OF PROKARYOTES

TREE OF LIFE ILLUSTRATING THE THREE-

DOMAIN CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE FORM BACTERIA are microscopic, single-celled
organisms that belong to Domain Eubacteria
(true bacteria). Their cells lack a nucleus and
other subcellular compartments such as
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi
bodies. Their DNA is found in the cytoplasm
(nucleoid region) rather than inside a nucleus.

ARCHAEA belong to the Domain Archaea.

They are unicellular microorganisms that are
genetically distinct from bacteria and
eukaryotes. Similar to prokaryotes, they lack a
nucleus and other organelles. However, the
genes of archaebacterial are more similar to
eukaryotes.

CYANOBACTERIA, also called blue-green

algae, are microorganisms that are formerly
considered protists for being single-celled and
photosynthetic. However, they now belong to a
PROKARYOTES group or phylum of photosynthetic bacteria that
inhabit aquatic habitats and moist soils
Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and
other organelles. Prokaryotes are divided into
two distinct groups: the bacteria and the
archaea, which scientists believe have unique
evolutionary lineages. Most prokaryotes are
small, single-celled organisms that have a
relatively simple structure.
EUKARYOTES

Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly

defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a
nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus,
in which the well-defined chromosomes (bodies
containing the hereditary material) are located.
Eukaryotic cells also contain organelles,
including mitochondria (cellular energy
exchangers), a Golgi apparatus (secretory
device), an endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like
system of membranes within the cell), and
lysosomes (digestive apparatus within many cell
types). There are several exceptions to this,
however; for example, the absence of
mitochondria and a nucleus in red blood cells
and the lack of mitochondria in the oxymonad
Monocercomonoides species.

PROTIST

A protist or
protoctist is any
eukaryotic organism
that is not an
animal, plant, or
fungus. protists do
not form a natural group, or clade, but an
artificial grouping of several independent clades
that evolved from the last eukaryotic common
ancestor.

FUNGI/FUNGUS

is any member of the

group of eukaryotic
organisms that includes
microorganisms such as
yeasts and molds, as well
as the more familiar
mushrooms.

PLANTS

Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom

Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic.
This means that they obtain their energy from
sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from
endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria to produce
sugars from carbon dioxide and water, using the
green pigment chlorophyll.

ANIMALS

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms

in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few
exceptions, animals consume organic material,
breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to
move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a
hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during
embryonic development.