ASSIGNMENT

NAME ANU ANAND

REGISTER NUMBER 2214510749
SESSION AUG/SEPT 2023
PROGRAM MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER III
COURSE CODE & NAME DMBA301 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Assignment Set – 1 Questions

1.What do you understand by term Research, discuss and explain its various types
Research is the search for a topic or idea to find new knowledge. There is no single definition
of science because it is a very different way of discovery. For example, research can be as si
mple as finding answers to questions to which the answers are already known, or it can be as
simple as reading an article to find out why the sky is blue.

Research can also be expanded by seeking answers to questions that have not been asked bef
ore. For example, many studies seek to deepen our understanding of social, physical and biol
ogical processes. In addition to expanding human knowledge, science is also important for bu
siness and for people to learn new things.

Research Methods
Research Methods use methods to test hypotheses. Researchers prepare their preliminary stud
ies and candidate testing results to ensure the analysis is successful.

Scientific research, often called "basic science," includes most research conducted by medical
research organizations. Research conducted by MMRI falls into this category and aims to dis
cover "new knowledge and understanding for scientists and medical researchers around the w
orld."

Historical Research
Historical research involves examining the past to determine how things happened. We conne
ct with time, use historical information to explain or predict current and future events, and fill
in gaps in history. Researchers can look at past social events to see how similar events will pl
ay out in the future

User Research
User Research Research is often used in business and marketing to better understand custome
rs. Researchers and analysts use surveys, interviews, and feedback to assess the needs, wants,
and motivations of customers and consumers. Analysts can also use consumer research meth
ods to understand consumer responses to user experience (UX) design and measure the effect
iveness of advertising.marketing
Marketing Research
Marketing research is similar to consumer research, but focuses on looking at customers more
. Marketing research occurs at the intersection of business marketing and consumer decision-
making.

Market research "allows you to stay up to date on new business trends and changes so you ca
n adjust your marketing strategy accordingly," Pickett said.

2.Discuss various methods of primary and secondary data collection.

Data collection is the process of gathering information from all relevant sources to find a solu
tion to a research problem. It helps gauge the likelihood of the problem. The data collection p
rocess allows one to answer relevant questions. Most organizations use data collection techni
ques to make predictions about future trends and trends. Once information is collected, it mus
t go through the information organization process.

The essence of the data collection process is "data". Data can be divided into two groups: pri
mary data and secondary data. The main importance of data collection in any research or busi
ness is that it helps determine many important aspects of the company, especially its perform
ance. Therefore, data collection plays an important role in every process. According to differe
nt types of data, the data collection method is divided into two groups:

Primary data collection method

Secondary data collection method

Primary data collection method

Primary data Directly through experiments, observations or observations These are data obtai
ned from the primary source. The main data collection method is divided into two types. Thes
e are

Quantitative Data Collection Methods

Qualitative Data Collection Methods
Let's talk about the different methods used to collect data according to these two data collecti
on methods.

Quantitative Data Collection Methods

Closed questions are based on numerical calculations using different methods such as correlat
ion and regression, index, average or type of measurement. This method is cheaper than tradit
ional data collection methods and can be used for short periods of time.

Qualitative Data Collection Method

Does not include arithmetic. This method is very close to meaningless. This qualitative data c
ollection method includes interviews, surveys, observations, case studies, and more. There ar
e many ways to collect this information. These
Observation Method

Observation is used when researching behavior. This method is planning. It has many checks
and controls. The different types of surveys are:

Strategic and unstructured surveys

Controlled and uncontrolled surveys
Participant surveys, random surveys, participant and blind observation
Interview method

Collect data answers.

It is done in two ways like Personal Interview - In this way the person called interviewer has t
o meet others and ask questions. Personal interviews can be structured or unstructured, direct
surveys, focus interviews, etc. it could be.
Telephone Interviews - In this method, the interviewer obtains information by contacting peo
ple over the phone to ask questions or express their opinions.
Survey Method

In this method, a series of questions are sent to the respondents. They must read the survey, a
nswer it, and then submit it. The questions are printed in the order specified on the paper. A g
ood survey should have the following characteristics:

It should be based on the needs of a short

time frame
It should allow enough space for answers
It should not use technical details as the model wants, but slightly differently. These numbers
are specially designed for writing letters. Explains the purpose and objectives of the investiga
tion and clears up any misunderstandings. Journalists must be trained to do their job diligentl
y and patiently.

Secondary Data Collection Methods

Secondary data is data collected by someone other than the actual user. This means the data e
xists and someone is checking it out. Secondary data includes newspapers, magazines, books,
magazines, etc. Contains. There may be published or unpublished information.

Printed information is available from many sources; these include

Government publications
Public records
Historical records are separate
Business documents
Technical trade Journals
>Unpublished

Diaries
Letters
>Unpublished biographies etc. documents including.
3.Discuss the term questionnaire and types of questions questionnaire should have with
examples
A survey is a research tool that contains questions or other questions designed to collect infor
mation from participants. Research questions are often a mix of closed and open-
ended questions.

Open-
ended questions allow respondents to express their feelings. The survey questionnaire was cre
ated by the London Statistical Institute in 1838. Examples
What is a Survey: Examples, Features, Types and Design
What is a Survey?
A survey is a research tool that contains questions or other questions designed to collect infor
mation from participants. Research questions are often a mix of closed and open-
ended questions.

Open-
ended questions allow respondents to express their feelings. The survey questionnaire was cre
ated by the London Statistical Institute in 1838.

Understanding: Research Methods

Data collected through surveys can be qualitative or quantitative. Questions may or may not b
e checked in the survey, but the survey always has a survey.

Advantages of Well-Designed Surveys

With surveys, you can collect a lot of information and get information in a short time.
If you have questions aimed at your target audience, bias (such as biased selection) will be les
s likely to occur. You can apply logic to the questions based on the responses to the answers,
but the survey will still model for a group of respondents who belong to the same department.
Online research software is fast and affordable. It provides you with a rich set of tools to creat
e, distribute and analyze field data.
Can be changed to reflect your voice. Therefore, it can be used to strengthen your brand imag
e.
Responses can be compared to historical data to understand changes in options and experienc
es.
Respondents can answer questions without revealing themselves. Additionally, many survey
software complies with important data security and privacy laws.
Characteristics of Good Surveys
Your survey design depends on the type of information you want from your respondents. Affi
rmative questions are used when seeking information needed to help prove or disprove a hyp
othesis. Quantitative surveys are used to confirm or test previous hypotheses. However, most
questions follow certain characteristics:

Relationship: Questions are useful for gathering demographic information, personality insight
s, facts, or behaviors from respondents. One of the most important features of the research for
mat is design and structure. All respondents will see the same questions. This makes it easier
to collect and analyze data. For example, the Retail Stores Survey includes questions regardin
g the evaluation of retail stores. Questions regarding purchase price, product selection and pr
oduct quality. These questions are the same for all customers.

Research: Collecting good data requires research. There is no limit to the number of question
s that can be included in the survey. For example, you use a survey to collect information and
send it to the woman in the family to learn about her spending and saving behavior regarding
family income. Open-
ended questions allow you to learn more and allow respondents to explain their practices. A li
st of questions that is too complex may limit data collection.

Sequential questions: Usually followed by questions designed to get more answers. These qu
estions are screening questions, warm-up questions, transition questions, cross-
examination questions, difficult questions and classification questions. For example, our Best
Pro Questions guide first introduces demographic questions, then asks about time spent in var
ious areas of the store and the reason behind the purchase.
Type and definition
Questions can be structured or free, as we have previously examined. Let's explore what this
means for your search.

Structured Survey: A structured survey that collects a lot of information. The survey was prep
ared and designed to collect accurate data. It also initiates searches for additional information,
reviews previously collected information, and helps identify preconceived notions.
Improper Questions: Irregular questions gather good information. They use a simple format a
nd some questions that are challenging but do not limit the respondent's answers. These quest
ions were more open and allowed for the collection of specific information from participants.

Assignment Set – 2 Questions

4.Explain Hypothesis. Discuss various types of hypothesis.

An opinion is a description of something that has happened or something you have seen and b
elieve to be true. It can also help determine the relationship between two or more variables th
at you think may influence each other. Experts often write hypotheses in the form of “if/then”
statements; For example, if a person eats too much sugar, he will develop cavities on his teet
h. This section analyzes current trends and results. In this example, the difference is sugar and
the result is tooth decay.

When developing a hypothesis, it is best to be as complete as possible before conducting an e

xperiment or making further observations. You do this by asking questions, brainstorming ide
as, making promises, staying calm, and making sure your needs are measured within limits.
Type of Research Hypotheses
A research hypothesis should be about something that you can prove or disprove through exp
eriments or observations. This means that the theory requires a comprehensive study and cont
rol of civilizations and freedoms.

Although many experts use theories in research and other experiments, they can also help ide
ntify patterns, find solutions, or develop relationships. He is good in the office. Here are sever
al different types of hypotheses:

Simple Hypothesis: A simple hypothesis predicts the relationship between freedom and succe
ss.
Complex hypothesis: A complex hypothesis focuses on the relationship between two or more
variables and two or more variables.
Experimental Hypothesis: An experimental hypothesis, also known as a working hypothesis,
is a hypothesis accepted by experts as the basis for future research for the purpose of designin
g experimental measurements.
Null Hypothesis: Null hypothesis is a predetermined assumption that variables have no relatio
nship with each other.
Alternative Hypothesis: An alternative hypothesis is designed to refute the null hypothesis an
d correct its method and prediction based on its results.
Logical hypothesis: A logical hypothesis that provides an explanation without much evidence
.
Statistical Hypotheses: Statistical hypotheses evaluate a portion of the population and use stat
istics to evaluate the results.

5.Discuss the structure and various components of research report

Research articles have a different structure and layout than project reports. Research articl
es are for informational purposes only and are often very long forms. It should be clearly desi
gned so that readers can quickly find the information they need. Careful planning is required t
o ensure that the information provided in the report is placed in the correct heading.
Formal Research Structure
The main goals of formal research are:

Attend lectures, discussions, or debates with other writers and researchers in your field

Learn about others in your field People primary and secondary sources in your field how does
it use

Finding and understanding information is important and knowledge

For academic research projects, consider the organizational structure most commonly used in
primary research. This format includes the following: Introduction, Agenda, Contents, Discus
sion, and Conclusion/Recommendations.

In general, case studies move from the broad to the specific and from the general to the gener
al within their organization. Guidance uses the movement from the broad to the specific in its
organization, creating topics and setting the context for discussion. The methods and results s
ection is detailed and specific and provides support for the details in the manual. The discussi
on section provides a more general discussion of the topic, draws conclusions and recommen
dations, and then summarizes the discussion again.

6.A survey of farmers yields following data:

No of Farmers No of Farmers Who Total
Own Farms Rented Farms
Using Fertilizers 50 50 100
Not Using Fertilizers 30 70 100
Total 80 120 200
Can it be concluded that use of fertilizers is related to ownership of the farms?(Tabulate
value to refer is 3.84)
Expected frequency :
The expected frequency for each cell in the contingency table is calculated using the below
formula

Expected frequency=row total×column totalgrand total

Now, let's calculate the expected frequencies for each cell :

E1,1=100×80/200=40

E1,2=100×120/200=60

E2,1=100×80/200=40

E2,2=100×120/200=60

Test statistic :

X2=∑(Oi−Ei)2/Ei
=(50−40)2/40+(50−60)260+........+(70−60)260=2.5+1.66666667+......+1.66666667=8.333

The test statistic is

The critical value is 3.84 (given)

Decision rule :

Reject H0 if X2>3.84

Decision :
As X2>3.84, The decision is reject H0
Conclusion :

Reject Ho. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that use of fertilizers is related to
ownership of the farms.
ypothesis Test
The null and alternative hypothesis test is
Ho: use of fertilizers is not related to ownership of the farms.
Ha: use of fertilizers is related to ownership of the farms.

The test statistic is X2=8.333

Conclusion :

Reject Ho. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that use of fertilizers is related to
ownership of the farms.