LR Chapter 10-Logical Connectivities

CHAPTER – 10
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
There have been some questions coming in entrance more simple statements and arrive at more complicated
exams based on logical statements and logical or compound statements.
connectives. A proper understanding of some basics in
Logic will make answering such questions very easy. Logical Connective OR
These questions can be answered easily and very quickly
on the basis of some of the basics that we will look at in Two or more statements can be connected using the
the following sections. Also, please note that these basics connective OR. The following is an example using OR.
are useful not just for questions asked in CAT but are
useful for other varieties of questions that you may come It is raining or I will go to my friend’s house.
across in other entrance exams as well. The same statement can also be written as:
In Logic, we deal with statements that are essentially
Either it is raining or I will go to my friend’s house.
sentences in the English language. However, in Logic we
are not interested in or worried about the factual Both the statements above mean the same. The
correctness of the sentence. We are interested only in the additional word “either” does not change the meaning of
Logical “truthfulness” of the statements. the statement.
For example, consider the statement:
When two (or more) statements are connected using OR,
“If the sun rises in the west, then the moon rises in the at least one of them is true.
north.”
Suppose we have a statement “Either p or q”, since at
Here, we are not concerned with whether the sun rises in the least one of the two statements p, q must be true, we have
east or west or with the direction in which the moon rises. p alone is true or q alone is true or both are true.
We will only look at whether the moon will rise in the north
or not depending on whether the part of the statement “The This is the interpretation to be given to an OR statement
sun rises in the west” is true or not. If we are given that the (irrespective of the meaning of the sentence as per
sun rises in the west (which, incidentally, is factually English language).
incorrect), we can then conclude that the moon rises in the For example, the statement “Either I will go for a movie or
north (which again does not concern with the direction in I will go to my friend’s house” means
which the moon actually rises).
I will go for a movie
We can represent statements in Logic using symbols like or
p, q, etc, the way we represent variables/unknowns in I will go to a friend’s house
Algebra using symbols like x, y, z, etc. or
I will go both for a movie and to a friend’s house.
Statements like “I will go for a movie”, “It is a sunny day”,
Let us take the statement “Either he is dead or he is alive.”
etc are called simple statements. When two or more such
This statement means
simple statements are connected together to form a single
He is alive
statement, such a statement is called a compound
or
statement.
He is dead
The simple statements are combined using logical or
connectives to form compound statements. We should He is both alive and dead.
know some of the important logical operators/connectives
In this case, the possibility “He is both alive and dead”
to be able to effectively tackle questions that involve
does not make sense if we look at the meaning in English
compound statements and logical operations on
language because a person cannot be dead and alive at
compound statements.
the same time. However, as discussed earlier, we will not
be concerned about the meaning of the statements.
Negation (“NOT”)
Hence, we will always interpret the statement “(Either)
Any statement can be negated by using the words “not” or p or q” as “p alone is true or q alone is true or both are
“no.” In layman’s language, negation is like the opposite true” (unless otherwise explicitly stated that both are not
of a statement. true at the same time). In other words, in a statement
For example, the negation of the statement “It is raining” “p or q”, we can say that at least one of the two statements
is “It is NOT raining.” The negation of the statement “He is true.
will pass the exam” is “He will not pass the exam.” This is
equivalent to saying “He will fail in the exam.” So, when Given “p or q”, we get four different possibilities that follow:
you are looking at negating the given statement, you
(i) Given “p or q”, we are then told “p is true”:
should keep in mind the English equivalents of the
statements also. Since we need at least one of the two statements p or q
to be true and here we already know that p is true, we
Having defined simple statements, we shall now study cannot conclude anything about q, that is, we cannot
about a few common operators (also called connectives) conclude whether q is true or false – both possibilities
that can be used to combine (or operate upon) two or exist.
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(ii) Given “p or q”, we are then told “q is true”: is true or not, i.e., q may be true or it may be false. So, we
cannot have any statement following A which can be
Since we need at least one of the two statements p or q concluded from A and is consistent with the main
to be true and here we already know that q is true, we statement. Hence, this cannot be the answer choice.
cannot conclude anything about p, that is, we cannot
conclude whether p is true or false – both possibilities Take choice (B). The first statement is D which says “The
exist. lion is not cruel.” This is the negation of statement q, that
is to say, “Not q” is the first of the two statements in the
(iii) Given “p or q”, we are then told “p is NOT true”: choice. Since q is negated, p must be true (for at least one
of the two statements to be true). But the second
Since we need at least one of the two statements p or q statement in this choice is “The elephant is not big” which
to be true and here we already know that p is not true, q is “Negation p.” Hence, this is not the correct choice.
has to be true so that at least one of the two statements
will then be true. So, here we can conclude that q is true. Take choice (C). The first statement is B which is “The
elephant is not big,” that is, Negation p. Since p is
(iv) Given “p or q”, we are then told “q is NOT true”: negated, q must be true (for at least one of the two
Since we need at least one of the two statements p or q statements to be true). The second statement in the
to be true and here we already know that q is not true, p choice is C which is “The lion is cruel,” that is, q. Thus, in
has to be true so that at least one of the two statements this choice, we have Negation p followed by q. So, this is
will then be true. So, here we can conclude that p is true. the correct answer choice.
There is one particular category of questions that has Let us also take a look at choice (D). The first statement
appeared in CAT for three years in a row. These questions in this choice is A, which is “The lion is big,” that is p is
are based on the concepts that we looked at in the true. Since the first statement is true, we cannot conclude
previous section. We will take two or three examples to anything about statement q.
understand these questions.
The directions of the questions asked were as follows: Approach in the exam
“Each question has a main statement followed by four In an exam, for these types of questions, we do not need
statements labelled A, B, C and D. Choose the ordered to go from the answer choices and check each and every
pair of statements where the first statement implies the one of them. We can directly identify the correct
second, and the two statements are logically consistent combinations of statements that will satisfy the directions
with the main statement.” given.
Example 1: We know that if the first statement out of the two

Either the elephant is big or the lion is cruel. statements in the choice is either p or q (that is one of the
a. The elephant is big. two statements given in the question), then we cannot
b. The elephant is not big. draw any conclusion.
c. The lion is cruel.
d. The lion is not cruel. We also know that if p or q is negated, then the other
(A) ac (B) db (C) bc (D) ad statement should definitely be true. So, “Negation p followed
by q” and “Negation q followed by p” will be correct
Explanation: combination of statements. Hence, we directly check out for
NOT p q or NOT q p in the answer choices.
The main statement has two simple statements In the above example, we should look for BC or DA.
“The elephant is big” and “The lion is cruel” connected by
“OR.” Let us call these two statements p and q Logical Connective AND
respectively for the purpose of our discussion. Then the
main statement can be represented as “p OR q.” Two or more statements can be connected using the
connective AND. The following is an example using AND.
First, let us look at each choice and understand the logic
discussed above. Once we do that, we will also see how It is raining and I will go to my friend’s house.
to answer such questions in a much shorter time.
The two statements connected by and have to be true for
At least one of these two statements has to be true in any the compound statement to be true. In general, if we have
ordered pair we look at. As per the discussion we had a statement “p and q”, then we can conclude that p should
above, from among the choices, if we have an ordered be true as well as q, that is, both the statements should
pair where the first part of the ordered pair in the choice is be true. Even if one of the two statements is false, the
one of the two statements true, then we cannot conclude compound statement is false.
anything about the second part of the ordered pair.
However, if the first part of the ordered pair in the choice Negation of compound statements formed with OR,
is not true, then the second part should contain the second AND
statement as given in the main statement (that is, the
second statement has to be “true”). A compound statement formed with OR or AND can be
Take choice (A) for the above question. The first negated in the following manner:
statement is A which says “The elephant is big.” This is p “Negation (p OR q)” is the same as “Negation p AND
(as we denoted above) which is given in the main Negation q.”
statement. Since p is true, we cannot conclude whether q
“Negation (p AND q)” is the same as “Negation p OR “In an implication statement, negation of the right hand
Negation q.” side will always imply the negation of the left hand side.”
We can summarise the above three points as follows:
As can be seen in the above example, when a compound
statement consisting of two simple statements (connected
pq Given
with OR or AND) is negated, the result will consist of each
of the individual statements negated. In addition to that, qp Cannot be concluded
the following will also have to be observed: q Negation p Cannot be concluded
Negation p Negation q Cannot be concluded
OR will become AND Negation p q Cannot be concluded
AND will become OR Negation q Negation p Is always true
Logical connective IF-THEN In certain CAT papers, there were questions on “if—then”
concepts discussed above – questions similar to those on
This is a very important connective. This is represented Either—or that we looked at above. Let us take an
by p q (and is read as “p implies q”). This means that example and understand these questions. The directions
if we know that p has occurred, q has to occur or must are the same as that we looked at above:
have occurred. For example, the statement “If it is raining,
then I wear a raincoat” means that if we know that it is “Each question has a main statement followed by four
raining, we can conclude that I must be wearing a statements labelled A, B, C and D. Choose the ordered
raincoat. pair of statements where the first statement implies the
second, and the two statements are logically consistent
The statement “p implies q” is called an implication with the main statement.”
statement. The term on the left hand side in p q is
Example 2:
called the “antecedent” and the term q is called the
If the elephant is big, then the lion is cruel.
“consequent”.
a. The elephant is big.
b. The elephant is not big.
Let us look at the following cases when we are given that c. The lion is cruel.
p q. d. The lion is not cruel.
(A) ca (B) bd (C) bc (D) db
(i) Given that p q, we are then told that q has
occurred. Can we conclude that p must have occurred? Explanation:
We cannot conclude that p must have occurred. This is The main statement has two simple statements “The
because while whenever p occurs, q will definitely occur, elephant is big” and “The lion is cruel” connected by “IF—
q may occur even otherwise, that is, even without the THEN.” Let us call these two statements p and q
occurrence of p. So, both p and Negation p are possible respectively for the purpose of our discussion. Then the
and hence, we cannot conclude anything when we know main statement can be represented as “p implies q” or
that q has occurred. “pq”.
(ii) Given that p q, we are then told that p has not First, let us look at each choice and understand the logic
discussed above. Once we do that, we will also see how
occurred. Can we conclude that q will also not occur?
to answer such questions in a much shorter time.
We cannot conclude that q will not occur. This is because
Take choice (A). In terms of p and q, this can be
while whenever p occurs, q will definitely occur, q may represented as qp. As per the table above, we know
occur even when p does not occur (as discussed above). that this cannot be concluded, given pq. Hence, this is
So, both q and Negation q are possible, and hence we not the correct answer.
cannot conclude anything when we know that p has not
occurred. Take choice (B). In terms of p and q, this can be
represented as “Negation p Negation q”. Again, as per
(iii) Given that p q, we are then told that q has not the table above, we know that this cannot be concluded,
occurred. Can we conclude that p must not have given p q. Hence, this is not the correct answer.
occurred?
Take choice (C). In terms of p and q, this can be
We can conclude that p must not have occurred. This is represented as “Negation p q”, As per the table above,
because had p occurred, q would have occurred. But we we know that this cannot be concluded, given p q.
Hence, this is not the correct answer.
know that q has not occurred, so p must not have
occurred. So, we can conclude that “Negation p” follows
Since we eliminated three answer choices, the fourth has
“Negation q.” to be the correct answer. Let us take choice (D) and look
at it. In terms of p and q, it can be represented as
So, if we are given that p q, then “Negation q “Negation q Negation p”. As per the table above, we
Negation p.” This is a very important relationship. We can know that this can definitely be concluded. Hence, this is
express it in words as the correct answer choice.
Approach in the exam Hence, the two correct combinations are p q (because
this is the given statement itself) and “Negation q
In an exam, for these types of questions, we do not need Negation p.”
to go from the answer choices and check each and every So, in the above example, we should look for ac or db.
one of them. We can directly identify the combinations of Hence, the correct answer is choice (D).
statements that will satisfy the directions given.
Given that p q, we know that “Negation q Negation p”.
Other forms of IF-THEN

There are different types of statements which can be reduced to or represented as pq. Let us look at these statements
in descriptive form and the representation by using ““ sign.
S. No. Statement Representation using Also equivalent to Remarks

1. If p, then q pq Neg. q Neg. p Already discussed above
2. q, if p pq Neg. q Neg. p Identical to 1 above
When p, then q
3. pq Neg. q Neg. p Identical to “if p, then q”
Whenever p, then q
q, when p
4. pq Neg. q Neg. p Same as 3 above
q, whenever p
5. Everytime p, q pq Neg. q Neg. p Same as “If p, then q”
6 q, everytime p pq Neg. q Neg. p Same as 5 above
7. q, only if p qp Neg. p Neg. q
8. Unless p, q Negation p q Neg. q p
9. q, unless p Negation p q Neg. q p Same as 8 above
10. p, otherwise q Negation p q Neg. q p Same as “Unless p, q”
Another model of questions: statements in the main statement given and represent the
main statement as well as the choices with these symbols
There is one particular model of questions that appeared in connected with logical connectives like OR, NOT and IF.
the XAT exam in the recent past. These questions are
based on the logic that has been discussed above. We will Let us denote
take an example and see how to solve such questions. “It is raining” by p
“I will go for a movie” by q
Directions: Each question below consists of a main and “I will visit my friend’s house” by r
statement followed by four statements. From the choices,
select the one that is logically consistent with the main Then, the main statement will read as
statement. p q OR r
(Please note that the directions, instead of asking you to The choices can be represented as:
find out the choice that is “logically consistent with the
main statement”, may ask you to find out the choice that (A) Negation p Negation q OR Negation r
is “logically equivalent to the main statement” or “Which of (B) Negation p Negation q AND Negation r
the following statements is true?”) (C) Negation q OR Negation r Negation p
(D) Negation q AND Negation r Negation p
Example 3:
If it is raining, then I will go for a movie or I will visit my Let us take the main statement p q OR r. We know that
friend’s house. in any implication statement, the negation of the right hand
(A) It is not raining, means that I will not go for a movie or side will imply the negation of the left hand side. That is,
I will not visit my friend’s house. we can write
(B) It is not raining, means that I will not go for a movie Negation (q OR r) Negation p
and I will not visit my friend’s house.
(C) I will not go for a movie or I will not visit my friend’s We also know that negation of a compound statement
house, means that it is not raining. formed by two simple statements combined by an OR will
(D) I will not go for a movie and I will not visit my friend’s be equal to the negation of the two individual statements
house, means that it is not raining. combined by an AND. By applying this principle to the left
hand side of the above statements, we have
Explanation:
Solving this question involves the application of simple Negation q AND Negation r Negation P
concepts/rules about IF—THEN, OR, AND and
NEGATION which we have already looked at. This, we find is the same as choice (D). Hence, choice (D)
Let us use symbols like p, q to denote the simple is the correct answer.
Exercise – 10(a)
Directions for questions 1 to 5: In each question, there 7. Whenever Bhiru and Basanti go for long drive, Joy
is a main statement followed by four statements (a), (b), follows them.
(c) and (d). From the choices, choose the ordered pair (A) Joy follows Bhiru and Basanti but they are not
where the first statement implies the second statement going for a long drive.
and the two are logically consistent with the main (B) Bhiru and Basanti are going for long drive and
statement. Joy follows them.
(C) Joy does not follow Bhiru and Basanti even when
1. Swati would be selected in the first company, if she they go for long drive.
has an excellent academic record. (D) None of these
(a) Swati is selected in the first company.
(b) Swati is not selected in the first company. 8. Pratap Rana will attend the class, only if his father
(c) Swati has an excellent academic career. allows him to go by bike.
(d) Swati does not have an excellent academic (A) Pratap Rana is not attending the classes even
record. his father allows him to come by bike.
(B) Pratap Rana’s father did not allow him to go by
(A) ac (B) bd (C) db (D) ad bike but he was attending the class.
(C) Pratap Rana is not attending the classes because
2. Only if Abhijeet has good knowledge in classical
his father did not allow him to go on bike.
music, he would be elected as Musical Idol.
(D) None of these
(a) Abhijeet does not have good knowledge in
classical music. 9. Unless Aiswariya plays the role of Paro, Madhuri will
(b) Abhijeet is elected as Musical Idol. not play the role of Chandramukhi.
(c) Abhijeet is not elected as Musical Idol. (A) Madhuri is not playing the role of Chandramukhi,
(d) Abhijeet has good knowledge in classical music. but Aiswariya is playing the role of Paro.
(B) Aiswariya is playing the role of Paro, Madhuri is
(A) ca (B) db (C) bd (D) ba acting the role of Chandramukhi.
(C) Madhuri is playing the role of Chandramukhi but
3. Unless the Indian government seals the borders Aiswariya is not playing the role of ‘Paro’.
illegal migration in India will not stop. (D) None of these
(a) Indian government sealed the border.
(b) Illegal migration in India stopped. 10. Unless the change happens, the problem will not be
(c) Indian government had not sealed the borders. solved.
(d) Illegal migration in India will not stop. (A) The problem is solved and the change did not
happen.
(A) cd (B) ab (C) cb (D) ad (B) The change happened but the problem is not
solved.
4. Whenever Sandeep receives a message from (C) The change happened and the problem is solved.
Sangeeta, he seems to be on cloud nine. (D) The problem is solved implies, the change
(a) Sandeep did not receive a message from happened.
Sangeeta.
(b) Sandeep is on cloud nine. 11. The presentation was lengthy but simple.
(c) Sandeep is not on cloud nine. (A) The presentation was not lengthy and not simple.
(d) Sandeep received a message from Sangeeta. (B) The presentation was lengthy but not simple.
(C) The presentation was not lengthy or not simple.
(A) ba (B) bd (C) cd (D) ca (D) The presentation was simple but not lengthy.
5. If the inflation is high the GDP will touch a record low. 12. Unless Tarun learns the basics, he cannot solve
(a) The inflation is high. connectives.
(b) The inflation is not high. (A) Tarun learned the basics but he could not solve
(c) The GDP will touch a record low. connectives.
(d) The GDP will not touch a record low. (B) Tarun did not learn the basics, but he could solve
connectives.
(A) cb (B) ad (C) ca (D) db (C) Tarun learned basics and solved connectives.
(D) Tarun did not learn basics and he did not solve
Directions for questions 6 to 15: Each question given connectives.
below is a statement followed by four different statements.
Choose the one which is the correct negation of the given 13. He either goes to US or he will join in a job.
statement. (A) He went to US and did not join in a job.
(B) He went to US but joined in a job.
6. Either Anand will marry Vandana or Madhavi will (C) He did not go to US and joined in a job.
marry Kollol. (D) He did not go to US and did not join in a job.
(A) Anand does not marry Vandana, so Madhavi
marries Kollol. 14. If you share your sorrow with your friends, you will be
(B) Neither Anand marries Vandana nor Madhavi happy.
marries Kollol. (A) You did not share your sorrow with your friends
(C) Madhavi does not marry Kollol but Anand and you are happy.
marries Vandana. (B) You shared your sorrow with your friends but you
(D) None of these are not happy.
(C) You did not share your sorrow with your friends (B) You are not affected by radiation or your mental
and you are not happy. health did not detiorate, implies that you did not
(D) You shared your sorrow with your friends so you return from the planet in less than a week.
are happy. (C) You are affected by radiation and your mental
health detiorated implies that you did not return
15. Every mind works at its best, only if it is open. from the planet in less than a week.
(A) Mind worked at its best when it is open. (D) You are not affected by radiation and your mental
(B) Mind did not work at its best because it is not health detiorated, means that you returned from
open the planet in less than a week.
(C) Mind worked at its best even though it is not
open. 21. If the teacher is in the class, then the children will
(D) Mind did not work at its best even when it is open. either read or keep quiet.
Directions for questions 16 to 25: Each question below (A) The children will not read or will not keep quiet,
consists of a main statement followed by four numbered implies that the teacher is not in the class.
statements. From the numbered statements, select the (B) If the teacher is not in the class, then the children
one that logically follows the main statement. will not read and will not keep quiet.
(C) The children will not read and will not keep quiet,
16. If it is a Sunday, then I will go to a movie or I will read implies that the teacher is not in the class.
a novel. (D) If the teacher is not in the class, then the children
(A) It is not a Sunday, implies that I am not going to will not keep quiet or will not read.
a movie and I am not reading a novel.
(B) It is a Sunday and I am not reading a novel 22. Whenever an earthquake occurs, either a tsunami or
means that, I am watching a movie. a volcanic eruption takes place.
(C) I am not watching a movie and I am reading a (A) If a volcanic eruption or a tsunami takes place,
novel, means that it is a Sunday. then an earthquake must have occurred.
(D) None of these (B) If a volcanic eruption did not occur and a tsunami
did not occur, then an earthquake did not occur.
17. Unless Sangeeta’s boss sanctions her leave and (C) If an earthquake does not occur, neither
books the tickets, Sangeeta cannot go home for Diwali. a tsunami nor a volcanic eruption takes place.
(A) Sangeeta is going home for Dipawali, hence, her (D) If earthquake occurs and volcanic eruption takes
boss booked her tickets but did not sanction leave. place, then tsunami does not occur.
(B) Sangeeta is going home for Dipawali, implies
that her boss sanctioned leave but the tockets 23. Whenever India plays Pakistan, I will either bite my
are not booked. nails or my BP rises.
(C) Sangeeta’s ticket was not booked implies, she is (A) India is not playing Pakistan, means that I will
not going home for Diwali. neither bite my nails nor my BP does rise.
(D) More than one of the above (B) I am biting my nails or my BP rises, implies that
18. If Meera is dynamic or creative, she will be ahead in India is playing Pakistan.
the competition. (C) I am not biting my nails or my BP did not rise,
(A) Meera is dynamic implies that she will be ahead means that India is not playing Pakistan.
in the competition. (D) If India is playing Pakistan but my BP is not rising,
(B) Meera is creative means, she will be ahead in the means that I must be biting my nails.
competition.
(C) Meera is not ahead in the competition means that 24. If it is a holiday, then I will draw the curtains and sleep
she is neither creative nor dynamic. all day.
(D) All of the above (A) I did not draw the curtains or I did not sleep all
19. If the number of retail outlets is increased, then the day, means that it was not a holiday.
prices will decrease or the consumption will increase. (B) It is not a holiday, means that I will not draw the
(A) The prices did not decrease or the consumption curtains and I will not sleep all day.
did not increase implies that the number of retail (C) I did not draw the curtains and I did not sleep all
outlets is not increased. day, means that it was not a holiday.
(B) The number of retail outlets is not increased (D) I have drawn the curtains and I slept all day,
means that the prices will not decrease and the means that it was a holiday.
consumption will not increase.
(C) The prices decreased or the consumption 25. Whenever pollution is on the rise, vehicles will be
increased means that the number of retail outlets stopped and their emission levels will be checked.
was increased. (A) Vehicles are not stopped or their emission levels
(D) The prices did not decrease and the
are not checked, means that the pollution is not
consumption did not increase implies that the
on the rise.
number of retail outlets is not increased.
(B) If vehicles are not stopped but pollution is on the
20. Unless you return from the planet in less than a week, rise, then the emission levels of vehicles will
you will be affected by radiation and the mental health definitely be checked.
will deteriorate. (C) If vehicles are stopped but their emission levels
(A) You did not return from the planet in less than are not checked, it means that the pollution is not
a week, you will be affected by radiation and the on the rise.
mental health will deteriorate. (D) Both (A) and (C) above
Directions for questions 26 to 30: Select the correct (B) the coding is not tested.
alternative from the given choices. (C) the company implement the coding
(D) None of these
26. If Ali has good knowledge of JAVA, he will be selected
in Satyam Computers. Unless Ali is not selected in 29. When the Infosys team’s performance is excellent,
Satyam Computers, he will not be selected in CTS. then Infosys will become the top IT company. Either
Ali is selected in CTS implies that Infosys does not become the top IT company or TCS
(A) Ali has good knowledge in JAVA. remains in the top rank.
(B) Ali is selected in Satyam Computers. The Infosys team’s performance is excellent, means
(C) Ali does not have good knowledge of JAVA. that
(D) None of these (A) TCS remains in the top rank.
(B) TCS will not remain in the top rank.
27. The H.R. manager of TCS will come, if the strike does (C) Infosys will be in the top rank.
not effect the flight timings. Only if the HR manager (D) None of these
of TCS comes, TCS will recruit people.
TCS is recruiting people implies that 30. If a person follows the conventional methods, he
(A) the strike effects the flight timings. cannot be successful. Unless a person is successful,
(B) the strike does not effect the flight timings. he cannot be a part of successful company.
(C) the HR manager of TCS does not come. Mr. Prasad has become a part of P & G, a successful
(D) None of these company. Hence, it can be concluded that
(A) Mr. Prasad is not successful.
28. Unless the coding is not tested, the company can
(B) Mr. Prasad follows conventional methods.
implement it. If the company can implement the
(C) Mr. Prasad does not follow conventional methods.
coding, the network system will work properly.
(D) None of these
The network is not working properly, implies that
(A) the coding is tested.
Exercise – 10(b)
Directions for questions 1 to 5: Each question below (B) If there is pollution and you did not get fruits, then
consists of a main statement followed by four statements you did not plant trees.
as answer choices. From among the choices, select the (C) If there is pollution or you did not get fruits, then
one that logically follows the main statement. you did not plant trees.
1. If I am not paid, I will not work and I will not take leave. (D) Both (B) and (C)
(A) If I have worked and I took leave, then I am paid.
(B) If I have worked and I have not taken leave, then 5. If there is no traffic, then I will not drive slow but I will
I was paid. go on a long drive.
(C) If I have worked or I have taken leave, then I was (A) If there is traffic, then I will drive slow but I will not
paid. go on a long drive.
(D) More than one of the above. (B) If there is traffic, then I will not drive slow but I will
not go on a long drive.
2. If Rama leaves Ayodhya, then he will go to forest or
to Sri Lanka. (C) If I drive slow or I do not go on a long drive, it
(A) Rama did not go to forest and did not go to means that there is traffic.
Sri Lanka, implies that he did not leave Ayodhya. (D) If I did not drive slow and I went on a long drive,
(B) Rama did not leave Ayodhya, implies that he will it means that there is traffic.
not go to forest or will not go to Sri Lanka.
(C) Rama went to forest or to Sri Lanka, implies that Directions for questions 6 to 21: Each question has a
he did not leave Ayodhya. main statement followed by four statements labelled a, b, c
(D) Rama did not leave Ayodhya, implies that he will and d. Choose the ordered pair of statements where the
not go to forest and will not go to Sri Lanka. first statement implies the second, and the two statements
are logically consistent with the main statement.
3. Unless the party gets a majority, the house will be
dissolved and the President’s rule will be imposed. 6. If the desert is vast, then the ocean is hollow.
(A) The party got a majority, it means that either the (a) The desert is vast.
house will not be dissolved or the President’s rule (b) The desert is not vast.
will not be imposed. (c) The ocean is hollow.
(B) The house is not dissolved or the President’s rule (d) The ocean is not hollow.
is not imposed, means that the party got a
(A) ca (B) bd (C) bc (D) db
majority.
(C) The house is not dissolved and the President’s
7. If the bird flies, then the fly swims.
rule is not imposed, means that the party got a
majority. (a) The bird did not fly.
(D) Both (B) and (C). (b) The fly did not swim.
(c) The bird flew.
4. If you plant trees, then there will be no pollution and (d) The fly swam.
you get fruits.
(A) If there is no pollution and you did not get fruits, (A) ca and db (B) bc and ba
then you planted trees. (C) ba and cd (D) ab and dc
8. If the hut is tall, then the skyscraper is short. 17. Either the dog is not barking or the donkey is braying.
(a) The hut is tall. (a) The dog is barking.
(b) The hut is not tall. (b) The dog is not barking.
(c) The skyscraper is short. (c) The donkey is braying.
(d) The skyscraper is not short. (d) The donkey is not braying.
(A) ca (B) bd (C) bc (D) db (A) ac (B) ca (C) cb (D) ad
9. If the bowler can bat, then the captain cannot bat. 18. Either the helmet is heavy or the belt is not tight.
(a) The bowler cannot bat. (a) The helmet is heavy.
(b) The captain cannot bat. (b) The helmet is not heavy.
(c) The bowler can bat. (c) The belt is tight.
(d) The captain can bat. (d) The belt is not tight.
(A) cb and da (B) ba and cd (A) ac (B) ca (C) cb (D) ad
(C) Only cb (4) Only ba
19. Either they use the computer or they use the Abacus.
10. The umpire gives a break, only if the audience get bored. (a) They use the computer.
(a) The umpire gave a break. (b) They do not use Abacus.
(b) The umpire did not give a break. (c) They do not use the computer.
(c) The audience do not get bored. (d) They use Abacus.
(d) The audience got bored. (A) ab (B) ba (C) dc (D) ad
(A) cd (B) ad (C) bc (D) db
20. Either he catches the snake or he catches the
11. The Titan is cold, if the Moon is hot. mangoes.
(a) The Titan is not cold. (a) He caught the snake.
(b) The Moon is hot. (b) He did not catch the mangoes.
(c) The Titan is cold. (c) He caught the mangoes.
(d) The Moon is not hot. (d) He did not catch the snake.
(A) ca (B) ad (C) cb (D) da
(A) ab and cd (B) ac alone
(C) dc alone (D) ba and dc
12. Whenever the employees want a hike, they go on strike.
(a) The employees do not want a hike.
21. Either the wind is strong or the building is weak.
(b) The employees want a hike.
(a) The building is weak.
(c) The employees went on strike.
(b) The wind is not strong.
(d) The employees did not go on strike.
(c) The building is not weak.
(A) cb (B) bd (C) da (D) db (d) The wind is strong.
(A) ad and cb (B) dc and ba
13. The inflation does not fall, if the prices do not fall.
(C) ab and cd (D) cd and ba
(a) The inflation fell.
(b) The inflation did not fall.
Directions for questions 22 to 28: Each question below
(c) The prices did not fall.
consists of a statement followed by four numbered
(d) The prices fell.
statements as answer choices. From among the choices,
(A) ca (B) bd (C) bc (D) ad select the one that logically negates the main statement.
14. Unless the farmer ploughs the land, the crop will not 22. Bhavya reads aloud, if her friends are not there.
grow. (A) Bhavya is not reading aloud and her friends are
(a) The farmer ploughed the land. there.
(b) The crop grew. (B) Bhavya’s friends are there and she is reading
(c) The farmer did not plough the land. aloud.
(d) The crop will not grow. (C) Bhavya is not reading aloud and her friends are
not there.
(A) cd (B) ab (C) bc (D) da
(D) Bhavya is reading aloud and her friends are not
there.
15. Unless the sun sets, the moon does not rise.
(a) The moon rises.
23. Sourav goes in, whenever Dravid comes back.
(b) The sun sets.
(A) Sourav went in and Dravid did not come back.
(c) The moon does not rise.
(d) The sun did not set. (B) Sourav did not go in and Dravid did not come
back.
(A) ad (B) cd (C) cb (D) ab (C) Sourav did not go in and Dravid came back.
(D) Sourav goes in and Dravid comes back.
16. Either the thief is not busy or the police is not active.
(a) The thief is not busy. 24. Either the batsman is out or the decision is wrong.
(b) The police is active. (A) The batsman is not out and the decision is wrong.
(c) The police is not active. (B) The decision is not wrong and the batsman is not out.
(d) The thief is busy.
(C) The batsman is out and the decision is not wrong.
(A) cd (B) ba (C) bd (D) ac (D) The decision is not wrong and the batsman is out.
25. The boy plays, unless he is hungry. Directions for questions 29 and 30: Each question
(A) The boy is hungry and he does not play. consists of a set of statements in alphabetical order. Assume
(B) The boy is playing and he is not hungry. that each one of these statements is individually true. Each
(C) The boy is hungry and he is playing. of the four choices consists of a subset of these statements.
(D) The boy is not playing and he is not hungry. Choose the subset as your answer where the statements
therein are logically consistent among themselves.
26. The plant will grow, only if the soil is fertile and it has water.
(A) The plant did not grow and the soil is neither 29. (a) Only if the water level in the coastal areas rises,
fertile nor it has water. then the people change their life style.
(B) The plant grew and the soil is not fertile or it has (b) People change their life style only if they are rewarded.
no water. (c) If people are rewarded, then they will not change
(C) The soil is fertile and it has water and the plant their life style.
did not grow. (d) If the temperatures rises, then the water level in
(D) The plant grew, the soil is fertile and it has water. the coastal areas rises.
(e) Whenever the water level in the coastal areas
27. Sailaja went to watch movie and she had ice-cream. rises, then the temperature rises.
(A) Sailaja did not go to watch movie but she had ice- (f) Unless the people change their life style,
cream. temperature rises.
(B) Sailaja went to watch movie but she did not have (g) People are rewarded.
ice-cream. (h) Water level in the coastal area does not rise.
(C) Sailaja neither went to watch a movie nor she (A) c, d, f, g and h (B) g, f, d, b and h
had ice-cream. (C) a, c, d, g and h (D) e, f, g, h and b
(D) Sailaja did not go to watch movie or did not have
ice-cream. 30. (a) If Gulam sings, then audience sleep.
(b) If Gulam sings, then audience dance.
28. Sraddha will complete the work by Saturday only if (c) Unless audience do not dance, the concert will
she gets leave from Monday. be successful.
(A) Sraddha completed the work by Saturday and (d) Only if audience dance, the concert will be successful.
she did not get leave from Monday. (e) If Vani dances, then Gulam sings.
(B) Sraddha did not complete the work by Saturday (f) Gulam sings, only if Vani dances.
and she did not get leave from Monday. (g) Vani dances.
(h) The concert is successful.
(C) Sraddha did not complete the work by Saturday
and she got leave from Monday. (A) c, f, g, b and h (B) a, c, f, g and h
(D) Both (A) and (B) (C) e, c, g, b and h (D) d, f, g, h and b
Key
Exercise – 10(a)
1. B 6. B 11. C 16. B 21. C 26. C
2. C 7. C 12. B 17. C 22. B 27. D
3. A 8. B 13. D 18. D 23. D 28. B
4. D 9. B 14. B 19. D 24. A 29. A
5. D 10. A 15. C 20. A 25. D 30. C
Exercise – 10(b)
1. D 6. D 11. B 16. B 21. D 26. B
2. A 7. C 12. C 17. A 22. C 27. D
3. D 8. D 13. D 18. B 23. C 28. A
4. D 9. A 14. A 19. B 24. B 29. B
5. C 10. B 15. D 20. D 25. D 30. C

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CHAPTER – 10

Example 1: We know that if the first statement out of the two

Other forms of IF-THEN

S. No. Statement Representation using Also equivalent to Remarks

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