Phase Sequence Indicator
•We have three phase system and by convention we write three phases as
RYB. Phase sequence indicator is the indicator that determines the phase
sequence of the three phase supply system.
•When we give conventional three phase supply (i.e. RYB) to the induction
motor, we see that the direction of the rotation of the rotor is in clockwise
direction.
•Now what will happen to direction of rotation of rotor if the phase
sequence is reversed, the answer to this question is that the rotor will
rotate in the anticlockwise direction. Thus, we see that the direction of
rotation of rotor depends on the phase sequence.
•Now there are two types of phase sequence indicators and they are:
1. Rotating type
2. Static type.
Rotating Type Phase Sequence
Indicators
• It works on the principle of induction motors. In this coils are connected in
star form and the supply is given from three terminal marked as RYB as
shown in the figure. When supply is given the coils produces the rotating
magnetic field and these rotating magnetic fields produces eddy emf in
the movable aluminum disc as shown in the diagram.
• These eddy emf produces eddy current on the aluminum disc, eddy
currents interact with the rotating magnetic field due this a torque is
produced which causes the light aluminum disc to move. If the disc moves
in the clockwise direction then chosen sequence is RYB and if the direction
of rotation is in anticlockwise the sequence is reversed
Static Type Phase Sequence Indicators
• When the phase sequence is RYB then the lamp B will glow
brighter than the lamp A and if the phase sequence is
reversed then the lamp A will glow brighter than the lamp
B. Now let us see how this happens. Here we assume that
the phase sequence is RYB. Let us mark voltage as Vry, Vyb
and Vbr as per the diagram. We have
• Here we have assumed balance operation such that we
have V ry =V br =V yb =V. Since algebraic sum of all the phase
currents is also equal, therefore we can write
It implies that the voltage across the lamp A is only 27
percent of that of lamp B.
Hence from this we can conclude that the lamp A will glow
dimmer in case of RYB phase sequence while in case of
reversed phase sequence we have lamp B is dimmer than
lamp A.
• There is another kind of phase indicator also that works
similar to that of the previous one. However here inductor
is replaced by the capacitor as shown in the diagram given
below.
Two neon lamps are used, along with them two series
resistor are also used to limit the current and to protect
the neon lamp from breakdown voltage. In this indicator if
the supply phase sequence is RYB then lamp A will glow and
lamp B will not glow and if the reversed sequence is applied
then the lamp A will not glow while lamp B will glow.
Electrical Tachometer
• The tachometer use for measuring the rotational speed or
angular velocity of the machine which is coupled to it. It
works on the principle of relative motion between the
magnetic field and shaft of the coupled device. The relative
motion induces the EMF in the coil which is placed between
the constant magnetic field of the permanent magnet. The
develops EMF is directly proportional to the speed of the
shaft.
• Mechanical and elect ri cal are t he t wo t ypes of t he
tachometer. The mechanical tachometer measures the
speed of shaft regarding revolution per minutes.
• The electrical tachometer converts the angular velocity into
an electrical voltage. The electrical tachometer has more
advantages over the mechanical tachometer. Thus it is
mostly used for measuring the rotational speed of the shaft.
Depends on the natures of the induced voltage the
electrical tachometer is categorized into two types.
• AC Tachometer Generator
• DC Tachometer Generator
DC Tachometer Generator
• Permanent magnet, armature, commutator,
brushes, variable resistor, and the moving coil
voltmeter are the main parts of the DC
tachometer generator. The machine whose speed
is to be measured is coupled with the shaft of the
DC tachometer generator.
• The DC tachometer works on the principle that
when the closed conductor moves in the
magnetic field, EMF induces in the conductor.
The magnitude of the induces emf depends on
the flux link with the conductor and the speed of
the shaft.
• The armature of the DC generator revolves between the
constant field of the permanent magnet. The rotation
induces the emf in the coil. The magnitude of the induced
emf is proportional to the shaft speed.
• The commutator converts the alternating current of the
armature coil to the direct current with the help of the
brushes. The moving coil voltmeter measures the induced
emf. The polarity of the induces voltage determines the
direction of motion of the shaft. The resistance is
connected in series with the voltmeter for controlling the
heavy current of the armature.
The emf induces in the dc tachometer generator is given
as
Where, E – generated voltage
Φ – flux per poles in Weber
P- number of poles
N – speed in revolution per minutes
Z – the number of the conductor in armature
windings.
a – number of the parallel path in the armature
windings.
Advantages of the DC Generator
• The polarity of the induces voltages indicates the direction
of rotation of the shaft.
• The conventional DC type voltmeter is used for measuring
the induces voltage.
Disadvantages of DC Generator
• The commutator and brushes require the periodic
maintenance.
• The output resistance of the DC tachometer is kept
high as compared to the input resistance. If the large
current is induced in the armature conductor, the
constant field of the permanent magnet will be
distorted.
AC Tachometer Generator
• The DC tachometer generator uses the commutator and brushes
which have many disadvantages. The AC tachometer generator
designs for reducing the problems. The AC tachometer has
stationary armature and rotating magnetic field. Thus, the
commutator and brushes are absent in AC tachometer generator.
• The rotating magnetic field induces the EMF in the stationary coil
of the stator. The amplitude and frequency of the induced emf are
equivalent to the speed of the shaft. Thus, either amplitude or
frequency is used for measuring the angular velocity.
• The below mention circuit is used for measuring the speed of the
rotor by considering the amplitude of the induced voltage. The
induces voltages are rectified and then passes to the capacitor filter
for smoothening the ripples of rectified voltages.
Drag Cup Rotor AC Generator
• The stator of the generator consists
two windings, i.e., the reference and
q u a d ra t u r e w i n d i n g . B o t h t h e
windings are mounted 90° apart from
e a c h o t h e r. T h e r o t o r o f t h e
tachometer is made with thin
aluminium cup, and it is placed
between the field structure.
• The rotor is made of the highly
inductive material which has low
inertia. The input is provided to the
reference winding, and the output is
o b t a i n e d f ro m t h e q u a d ra t u r e
w i n d i n g . T h e ro ta t i o n o f ro t o r
between the magnetic field induces
the voltage in the sensing winding.
The induces voltage is proportional to
the speed of the rotation.
Advantages
• The drag cup Tachogenerator generates the ripple free
output voltage.
• The cost of the generator is also very less.
Disadvantage
• The nonlinear relationship obtains between the output
voltage and input speed when the rotor rotates at high
speed.
