Lecture 14 & 15 - Single Row Functions
Lecture 14 & 15 - Single Row Functions
Systems
Subject Teacher: Zartasha Baloch
2
Disclaimer: The material used in this presentation to deliver the lecture i.e., definitions/text and
pictures/graphs etc. does not solely belong to the author/presenter. The presenter has gathered this
lecture material from various sources on web/textbooks. Following sources are especially
acknowledged:
1. Connolly, Thomas M., and Carolyn E. Begg. Database systems: a practical approach to design, implementation,
and management. Pearson Education, 2005.
2. Gorman, Tim, Inger Jorgensen, Melanie Caffrey, and Lex deHaan. Beginning Oracle SQL: For Oracle Database
12c. Apress, 2014.
3. Greenberg, Nancy, and Instructor Guide PriyaNathan. "Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL." ORACLE, USA (2001).
Objectives
Input Output
Function
arg 1 Function
performs action
arg 2
Result
value
arg n
Two Types of SQL Functions
Functions
Single-row Multiple-row
functions functions
Single-Row Functions
Character
General Number
Single-row
functions
Conversion Date
Character Functions
Character
functions
Case-manipulation Character-manipulation
functions functions
LOWER CONCAT
UPPER SUBSTR
INITCAP LENGTH
INSTR
LPAD | RPAD
TRIM
REPLACE
Case Manipulation Functions
Function Result
LOWER('SQL Course') sql course
UPPER('SQL Course') SQL COURSE
INITCAP('SQL Course') Sql Course
Using Case Manipulation Functions
Function Result
CONCAT('Hello', 'World') HelloWorld
SUBSTR('HelloWorld’,-3,3) Hello
LENGTH('HelloWorld') 10
INSTR('HelloWorld’, ‘W') 6
LPAD(salary,10,'*') *****24000
RPAD(salary, 10, '*') 24000*****
TRIM('H' FROM 'HelloWorld') elloWorld
Using the Character-Manipulation
Functions
1
SELECT employee_id, CONCAT(first_name, last_name) NAME,
job_id, LENGTH (last_name), 2
INSTR(last_name, 'a') "Contains 'a'?"
FROM employees 3
WHERE SUBSTR(job_id, 4) = 'REP';
1 2 3
Number Functions
1 2
1 2 3
DUAL is a dummy table you can use to view results
from functions and calculations.
Using the TRUNC Function
1 2
1 2 3
Using the MOD Function
Oracle database stores dates in an internal numeric format: century, year, month, day,
hours, minutes, seconds.
The default date display format is DD-MON-RR.
Allows you to store 21st century dates in the 20th century by specifying only the last two digits of
the year.
Allows you to store 20th century dates in the 21st century in the same way.
Function Description
• MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')
19.6774194
• NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY')
'08-SEP-95'
• LAST_DAY('01-FEB-95') '28-FEB-95'
Using Date Functions
Data type
conversion
For assignments, the Oracle server can automatically convert the following:
From To
NUMBER VARCHAR2
DATE VARCHAR2
Implicit Data Type Conversion
For expression evaluation, the Oracle Server can automatically convert the following:
From To
TO_NUMBER TO_DATE
TO_CHAR TO_CHAR
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates
TO_CHAR(date, 'format_model')
HH24:MI:SS AM 15:45:32 PM
ddspth fourteenth
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates
SELECT last_name,
TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'fmDD Month YYYY')
AS HIREDATE
FROM employees;
…
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Numbers
TO_CHAR(number, 'format_model')
These are some of the format elements you can use with the
TO_CHAR function to display a number value as a character:
9 Represents a number
0 Forces a zero to be displayed
$ Places a floating dollar sign
L Uses the floating local currency symbol
. Prints a decimal point
, Prints a thousand indicator
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Numbers
TO_NUMBER(char[, 'format_model'])
TO_DATE(char[, 'format_model'])
0–49 50–99
If two digits The return date is in The return date is in
of the 0–49 the current century the century before
current the current one
year are: The return date is in The return date is in
50–99 the century after the current century
the current one
37
MySQL Format
Syntax STR_TO_DATE(string, format)
Error Returns NULL if the format is not matched, or datetime value is not valid
To find employees hired prior to 1990, use the RR format, which produces
the same results whether the command is run in 1999 or now:
F3(F2(F1(col,arg1),arg2),arg3)
Step 1 = Result 1
Step 2 = Result 2
Step 3 = Result 3
Nesting Functions
SELECT last_name,
NVL(TO_CHAR(manager_id), 'No Manager')
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
General Functions
1 2
Using the NVL2 Function
1 2
Using the NULLIF Function
1
SELECT first_name, LENGTH(first_name) "expr1",
last_name, LENGTH(last_name) "expr2", 2
NULLIF(LENGTH(first_name), LENGTH(last_name)) result 3
FROM employees;
1 2 3
Using the COALESCE Function
The advantage of the COALESCE function over the NVL function is that the COALESCE
function can take multiple alternate values.
If the first expression is not null, it returns that expression; otherwise, it does a COALESCE
of the remaining expressions.
Using the COALESCE Function
SELECT last_name,
COALESCE(commission_pct, salary, 10) comm
FROM employees
ORDER BY commission_pct;
…
Conditional Expressions
…
The DECODE Function
…
Using the DECODE Function