LESSON 1 Particulate Nature of Matter depend on the forces of attraction between

particles.
Matter and Its Properties
Solids have a definite volume and maintain a
I. The Particulate Nature of Matter
definite shape. There is a strong force of
The study of atom started in the fifth century attraction between the particles and little
B.C. by Greek philosophers Leucippus and free space between them making these
Democritus. They proposed the atomic particles closely packed together and rigid.
theory which holds that matter is composed Particles in a solid tend to vibrate slowly and
of a tiny, indivisible particles and was have fixed positions. They cannot move much
adopted by Roman Lucretius, but Aristotle because they are very close to one another
did not accept the theory for quite a time. In and have low kinetic energy.
the 18th century, the theory was revived
Liquids also have a definite volume, but do
which led to the study of the nature and
not have a definite shape. They take the
behavior of gases.
shape of their container. The particles in a
In 1808, John Dalton published his atomic liquid are not as closely held together as in
theory which states that atoms of a given solids. These particles have more kinetic
element have the same size and weight and energy than those in solids, which is why they
these atoms combine chemically in simple can move past each other. The movement of
ratios to form a chemical compound which the particles causes the liquid to flow.
was later known as law of multiple
Gases have no definite volume and no
proportions. This theory was also evident on
definite shape. Like liquids, they also take the
Michael Faraday’s law of electrolysis.
shape of their container. The force acting on
A major development on the discovery of the particles of a gas is weak, which is why
atom was the periodic table which was they tend to move past each other freely.
devised by Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar The particles in a gas have high kinetic energy
Meyer in which the elements are arranged in and have lot of space between them, making
order of increasing atomic weights will show the gas flow.
periodic physical and chemical properties
The particles of these three states of matter
and later known as the periodic law.
are characterized as follows:
In 1913, Henry Gowyn Jeffreys Moseley,
1. Solid particles are tightly packed in a
using X-ray spectra found out that the
regular pattern and vibrate but do not move
nucleus is characterized by atomic number
from one place to another.
and is equal to the positive charges. He also
found that elements must be arranged in 2. Liquid particles are loosely packed with no
increasing atomic number rather than regular arrangement and have the ability to
atomic weight as per the periodic law of move or past each other.
Mendeleev. In 1932, the discovery of
3. Gas particles are widely separated with no
neutron made the atomic structure picture
regular arrangement and have the ability to
complete.
vibrate and freely move at very high speed.
I. States of Matter
LESSON 2 Properties of Matter
MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE
I. Physical and Chemical Properties
AND HAS MASS.
Matter is defined or described as anything
Everything around us is made up of matter.
that takes up space, and it is composed of
Matter is composed of tiny particles called
miniscule particles called atoms. The
atoms which consist of even smaller
different types of matter can be distinguished
subatomic particles such as electrons,
through two components: composition and
protons, and neutrons. Matter can be in the
properties. The composition of matter refers
form of solid, liquid, or gas.
to the different components of matter along
The states of matter can be distinguished with their relative proportions. The
from each their because of the differences in properties of matter refer to the
their physical properties. These differences qualities/attributes that distinguish one
sample of matter from another. These
properties are generally grouped into two One is to classify it according to its physical
categories: physical and chemical. state: solid, liquid, gas. Another is to classify
it according to its composition: a pure
Physical properties can be observed or
substances or a mixture
measured without changing the composition
of matter. Physical properties are used to A pure substance contains only one kind of
observe and describe matter. Physical element or compound. It has a constant
properties of materials and systems are often composition. It cannot be separated by
describe as intensive and extensive. This physical means. Pure substances can be
classification relates to the dependency of classified into elements and compounds.
the properties upon the size or extent of the
Elements are substances composed of only
system or object in question.
one kind of atom. Elements can be classified
Intensive properties is a physical property into metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.
that will be the same regardless of the Examples of common elements are Hydrogen
amount of matter. It is a bulk property, (H), Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), and Nitrogen (N).
meaning that it is a physical property that
Metals constitute the greatest number of
does not depend on the size or the amount
elements in the periodic table. They are
of material. Extensive properties is a physical
located at the left part, the middle part, and
property that will change if the amount of
the bottom part (the lanthanide and actinide
matter changes.
groups) of the periodic table. These elements
Chemical properties of matter describe its have characteristics that are distinct from the
“potential” to undergo some chemical other elements.
change or reaction by virtue of its
Properties of Metals
composition. What elements, electrons, and
bonding are present to give the potential for Metals are lustrous in nature. They have a
chemical change. It is quite difficult to define shiny appearance.
a chemical property without using the word
Metals are malleable because their atoms
“change”.
can move past each other without breaking
II. Physical and Chemical Changes the metallic bond, therefore retaining the
structure of the metal.
Chemical change results in one or more
substances of entirely different composition Metals are ductile. It is ductile for the same
from the original substances. The elements reason that the atoms of metals have the
and/or compounds at the start of the ability to move past each other without
reaction are rearranged into new product breaking the metallic bond.
compounds or elements. A chemical change
Metals are good conductors of heat and
alters the composition of the original matter.
electricity. It has free electrons. They conduct
Different elements or compounds are
electricity well.
present at the end of the chemical change.
The atoms in compounds are rearranged to Most metals are solid at room temperature
make new and different compounds. A except mercury. Francium, cesium, Gallium,
physical change takes place without any and rubidium melt at temperature slightly
changes in molecular composition. The same higher than room temperature. Most metals
element or compound is present before and are hard.
after the change. The same molecule is
present throughout the changes. Physical Metals tend to be strong because of the
changes are related to physical properties metallic bond that keeps the atoms close
since some measurements require that together. The soft metals on the other hand,
changes be made. include tin, lead, sodium, and copper.
Mercury which is liquid at room temperature
LESSON 3 Classification of Matter is also considered a soft metal.
Classification of Matter Most metals have high densities. They are
generally dense since their atoms are closely
There are two Ways by which Matter can be
packed together because of strong attractive
classified
forces. Metals with low densities are sodium,
lithium, cesium, and rubidium.
Nonmetals are elements that lack or do not Salt is a compound that is formed when an
have the characteristics of metals. Nonmetals acid and a base react. This reaction, which
are located at the rightmost part of the forms salt and water is called neutralization.
periodic table, except for Hydrogen, which is
Mixtures are made up of two or more
at the leftmost part (the first element of the
substances which are mixed together but are
periodic table). Some characteristics of
not chemically combined. A mixture can be
nonmetals are the opposite to that of metals.
homogeneous and heterogeneous.
Properties of Nonmetals
Homogeneous Mixture has only one phase
Nonmetals have a dull appearance. They do and a uniform composition all throughout. A
not have a shiny surface or appearance. solution is a homogeneous mixture.
However, Iodine, a nonmetal, is lustrous. Substances that make up a solution are
Nonmetals are brittle. difficult to distinguish from one another.

Nonmetals are neither ductile nor malleable, There are different types of solution:
meaning they do not have the ability to be
In a solid-solid solution, two or more solids
drawn into thin wires or to be hammered
are combined to form a mixture.
into thin sheets. The atoms of nonmetals
cannot move past each other without In a solid-in-liquid solution, the solute is in
breaking their bond, which is why nonmetals solid form while the solvent is q liquid.
break easily. Because they have the same molecular
property.
Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and
electricity because they do not have free In a liquid-liquid solution, two or more
electrons that are typical of metals. liquids are mixed to create a solution in liquid
form. A gas-liquid solution involves the
Nonmetals are good insulators and can
combination of a gas and a liquid. Lastly, a
prevent the transfer of heat and electricity.
gas-gas solution is a combination of two or
Since nonmetals do not have free electrons,
more gases combined.
they can resist the flow of electric current
making them good insulators. Heterogeneous Mixture has two or more
phases. It does not have a uniform
Nonmetals may exist in three states: Solid,
composition. One substance can be
Liquid, and Gas at room temperature. Most
separated easily from the other. A
of the nonmetals exist in gaseous states.
heterogeneous mixture can be a colloid or a
Nonmetals have low densities. They have suspension.
weak attractive forces between their atoms
Colloids, which is also called colloidal
making them less dense.
dispersions, that have particles bigger than
Metalloids are elements which have the those of a solution but smaller than those of
properties of both metals and nonmetals. a suspension. These particles are evenly
They are located between the metals and distributed throughout the mixture and
nonmetals forming a staircase pattern on the remain dispersed without settling at the
periodic table. bottom of the container. A colloid appears
homogeneous, but the particles are
Compounds are substances composed of two
recognizable under a microscope. In this type
or more kinds of atoms that are chemically
of mixture, a substance is distributed in
bonded together in fixed proportions.
another substance.
Compounds can be classified as acids, bases,
or salts. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures
that have particles bigger than those of
An Acid is a compound that donates H+ ions
colloids. They contain solid particles which
in an aqueous solution. It tastes sour and
eventually settle after interacting with a
turns blue litmus paper to red.
solvent-like phase. One way to separate the
A Base is a compound that accepts H+ ions in components of a suspension is by filtration.
an aqueous solution. It tastes bitter and turns
red litmus paper to blue.