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Stress Analysis CHP 1 and 2 Corrected

This PDF includes the slides and notes for chapter 1 and 2 for the book, Experimental Stress Analysis.

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Syed Muhammad Ukasha
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97 views41 pages

Stress Analysis CHP 1 and 2 Corrected

This PDF includes the slides and notes for chapter 1 and 2 for the book, Experimental Stress Analysis.

Uploaded by

Syed Muhammad Ukasha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRESS ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 1: ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY AND FRACTURE MECHANICS


TWO TYPES OF FORCES

Surface Forces: They act on


surface alone.

Body Forces: They act on each


element of the body. They mainly occur
due to force fields such as gravitational
field, electrical field, etc.
OUTER NORMAL

In stress analysis, the outer normal is a vector that is perpendicular to


the surface of a material and points away from the material. It is used
to define the direction of stress acting on the surface. The outer normal
is important because it determines the component of stress that is
acting perpendicular to the surface which is the normal stress. It is
represented by n.
RESULTANT FORCE

In this figure, we see a point P in a small area ∆𝑨 which may be


planar or curvilinear.

At this point P, the outer normal n can be clearly observed.

Also, the resultant of all forces acting on this small area


represented by ∆𝑭𝒏 may be seen as well. The line of action of
this resultant force vector does not coincide with the outer
normal and it isn’t necessitated to do so either.
RESULTANT STRESS

Now, another important thing is defined. In the limit as ∆𝑨


approaches zero, a quantity defined as the resultant stress 𝑻𝒏
can be observed. This is the limiting process:

It is also possible to resolve 𝑻𝒏 into two components: one is


the 𝝈𝒏 which is normal to the surface which can also be
described as the resultant normal stress, while the
remaining component τ𝒏 is the resultant shearing stress.
RESOLUTION INTO CARTESIAN COORDINATES

In this figure, we are considering the same example. Here, the outer
normal n is fixed such that it lies in the z-axis. Now, one normal stress
component 𝝈𝒛𝒛 and two shearing stress components 𝝉𝒛𝒚 and 𝝉𝒛𝒙 are
made. In 𝝈𝒊𝒋 and 𝝉𝒊𝒋 , the first subscript i is z due to the outer normal
being on the z-axis while the second subscript j is x and y due to the
direction of the vectors. Using the same procedure, we can get:
SMALL CUBIC ELEMENT

Following the above theory, we can construct the direction of


normal and shear stresses in a small cubic element as shown.
EQUILIBRIUM OF AN ELEMENTAL TETRAHEDRON

We know that the magnitude and direction of each of the resultant


stress vectors can be specified in terms of nine cartesian
components of stress:

This can be represented through the equilibrium of an elemental


tetrahedron as shown in the figure. The stresses here are average
stresses currently represented by a ~ sign above. The point P is
the origin.
Considering equilibrium in the x-direction, we get the equation:
The symbol is used to show that these formulae are important for numerical. I
will follow the same symbols in the next sections.
STRESS EQUATIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM FOR SMALL CUBIC ELEMENT
OF A BODY

In the figure, only the stress and body-force elements acting in the
x-direction are shown. The summation of forces in the x-direction
shows:
Note that the following values are equal:
LAWS OF STRESS TRANSFORMATION

The resultant stress 𝑻𝒏 is divided into three components:


1. The normal stress 𝝈𝒏𝒏 is acting in the direction of outer normal.
2. The shear stresses 𝝉𝒏𝒏′ and 𝝉𝒏𝒏′′ are directed in the perpendicular
directions from outer normal.
These stresses can be found out using:

Recall these equations:


Now, putting these equations in the above equations, we get:
THE NORMAL CARTESIAN EQUATIONS

Comparing with the above equations, we get:


THE SHEAR CARTESIAN EQUATIONS
PRINCIPLE STRESSES

In the previous examples, the resultant stress 𝑇𝑛 did not coincide with the
outer normal n. However, if the outer normal n is made to coincide with the
resultant stress 𝑇𝑛 , we will simply need to shift the planes. So, the plane in
which we will shift the n now will be principle plane and the stresses obtained
will be described as principle stresses which will only be the normal stresses.
We can now get:

Using the previously obtained equations, we get:


Cramer’s rule
THREE INVARIANTS OF STRESS

In the above cubic equation of the principal stresses, the principal stresses are independent of whether your coordinate
system is 𝑥𝑦𝑧 or 𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ 𝑧′. In this equation, just as the principal stresses are independent of the coordinate system, the
coefficients are also invariant of the coordinate systems and are, hence, known as the three invariants of stress.
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

Suppose that 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 and 𝑛3 are the planes that denote principle directions. Then, using previous equations, we get:
MOHR’S CIRCLE
STRESS ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 2: STRAIN AND THE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
DISPLACEMENT, DEFORMATION AND STRAIN

Displacement • If a body is subjected to a system of forces, individual parts of


the body will move. This movement is called displacement.

• The movement of the points of body relative to each other is


Deformation known as deformation. This doesn’t happen in rigid body
motion, where the translation or rotation of the body is
assumed to happen as a whole.

• Stain is a geometric quantity which depends on the relative


Strain movement of two or three points in the body. Rigid-body
displacements do not produce strains.
DISTORTION OF AN ARBITRARY CUBE

In this arbitrary cube, a general point P is moved to a distance u in


the x-direction, v in the y direction and w in the z-direction. Other
points in this cube are also distorted but in somewhat different
proportions. For example, you may consider the point Q, the
associated displacements could be 𝑢∗ , 𝑣 ∗ and 𝑤 ∗ . They can be
represented with Taylor-series expansion:
STRESS-STRAIN BASIC RELATION

To convert stress to strain, these relations should be followed:


σ𝑖𝑖 = ε𝑖𝑖
𝛾𝑖𝑗
= τ𝑖𝑗
2
In this way, even if we have the equations for stress, we can convert them into strain equations.
REDUCED FORM OF STRAIN-DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS
NORMAL STRAIN-TRANSFORMATION EQUATION
SHEAR STRAIN-TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
MATRIX METHOD

The transformation can also be carried out using the matrix method. The formula for it is:
[ε′ ] = 𝑞 × ε × 𝑞 𝑡

Where:
ε𝑥𝑥 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑧
ε = 𝛾𝑦𝑥 ε𝑦𝑦 𝛾𝑦𝑧
𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝛾𝑧𝑥 ε𝑧𝑧
ε𝑥′𝑥′ 𝛾𝑥′𝑦′ 𝛾𝑥′𝑧′
ε′ = 𝛾𝑦′𝑥′ ε𝑦′𝑦′ 𝛾𝑦′𝑧′
𝛾𝑧′𝑥′ 𝛾𝑧′𝑥′ ε𝑧′𝑧′
cos(𝑥 ′ , 𝑥) cos(𝑥 ′ , 𝑦) cos(𝑥 ′ , 𝑧)
𝑞 = cos(𝑦 ′ , 𝑥) cos(𝑦 ′ , 𝑦) cos(𝑦 ′ , 𝑧)
cos(𝑧 ′ , 𝑥) cos(𝑧 ′ , 𝑦) cos(𝑧 ′ , 𝑧)
PRINCIPLE STRAINS
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
From stress to strain:
From strain to stress:
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
1) Lame's parameter or constant (λ) is related to the bulk modulus of the material. It is a measure of the material's
resistance to uniform compression or expansion.
2) Shear modulus (μ) is a measure of the stiffness of a material against shear deformation. It is defined as the ratio of
shear stress to shear strain.
3) Bulk modulus (K) is a measure of the stiffness of a material against volumetric deformation. It is defined as the ratio
of hydrostatic pressure to volumetric strain. Bulk modulus is typically denoted by the letter K.
4) Young's modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of a material against tensile or compressive deformation. It is
defined as the ratio of tensile or compressive stress to tensile or compressive strain.
5) Poisson's ratio (ν) is a measure of the tendency of a material to deform in directions other than the direction of
applied stress. It is defined as the ratio of transverse strain to longitudinal strain.

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