PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

S.No Name of the Experiment Date of Marks Signature

conduction
1. Verification of KVL and KCL
2. Verification of Thevenin’s theorem
3. Verification of Norton’s theorem
4. Verification of Superposition
theorem
5. Analysis of single-phase RL, RC
and RLC series circuits
6. Load Test on Single Phase
Transformer (Calculate Efficiency
and Regulation)
7. Verification of voltage and current
relationships in a star connected
balanced three Phase Circuit
8. Open circuit characteristics of
separately excited DC generator
9. Simulation of series RLC circuit
(XL>XC, and XL< XC)
10. Simulation of time response of RC
circuit
11. Measurement of electrical
quantities in DC and AC circuits
 VERIFICATION OF KVL&KCL
Aim: To verify KVL & KCL practically and theoretically.

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Range Qty

1. Regulated Power Supply 0-30V/2A 1
2. Bread Board ---- 1
3. Voltmeters 0-30V 3
4. Ammeters 0-200mA 3
5. Resistors 1KΩ, .3.3 KΩ,
4.7KΩ ---
6. Connecting wires ----- Adequate

STATEMENT:

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of all branch voltages around any closed path
in a circuit is always zero at all instants of time.

Circuit Diagram:

THEORY:
When current passes through a resistor, there is a voltage drop across the resistor as per the ohm’s law.
In any element, the current always flows from higher potential to lower potential. i.e, it leaves the positive terminal
of the voltage source and enters into the negative terminal. As the current passes through the circuit, the sum of
the voltage drops across the each element around the loop is equal to the applied voltage in that loop.

VS = V1+V2+V3 (1)
Procedure (KVL):

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram shown in Fig.1.

2. Apply input voltage say 15V from the regulated power supply.
3. Note the voltage drop across each resistor and find the total voltage drop across the resistors.
4. VS = V1+V2+V3 ( V1, V2, and V3 are the voltage drop across each resistor)
5. Repeat the above step for different voltages.

Observations:
For (KVL):

S.No Vs(v) V1(v) V2(v) V3(v) Vs=V1+V2 +V3(v)

Theoretical Calculations (KVL):

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

Statement:

Kirchhoff’s current law states that the sum of the current entering in to any mode is equal to the sum
of the currents leaving that node.

Circuit Diagrams:

Theory:
The node may be an interconnection of two or more branches. In any parallel circuit, the node is a
junction point of two or more branches. The total current entering into a node is equal to the current leaving that
node.
IT = I1+I2 (2)
PROCEDURE (KCL):

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.2.

2. Give the power supply to the circuit using DC regulated power supply (RPS).
3. Record the incoming current and outgoing currents from the node shown in ammeters.
4. Verify IT=I1+I2.
5. Repeat step-3 and step-4 for different input voltages.
Observations:

For (KCL)

S.No Vs(v) IT (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) IT=I1+I2 (mA)

Theoretical Calculations (KCL):

RESULT:

. VS(v) V1(v) V2(v) V3(v) VS=V1+V2+V3(v)

KVL Theoretically

Practically

Vs(v) IT (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) IT=I1+I2 (mA)

KCL Theoretically

Practically

Hence, KVL and KCL has been verified both theoretically practically.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. State KVL.
2. KVL is based on which law?
3. State KCL
4. KCL is based on which law?
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM

Aim: To verify Thevenin’s theorem theoretically and practically.

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Qty Range

1. Regulated Power Supply 01 0-30V/2A
2. Ammeter 01 0-200 mA
3. Voltmeter 01 0-30V
4. Bread Board 01 -
5. Resistors 04 1K𝛺, 1K𝛺, 2.2 K𝛺 and 3.3K𝛺

6. Decade Resistance box 01 -

7. Patch Cards Adequate -
8. Multimeter 1 -

THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

Statement:
In any linear active two terminal network consisting of independent and or dependent voltage
sources, current sources and bilateral network elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a single voltage source Vth in series with a resistance Rth, the voltage source being the open circuited
voltage across the open circuited load terminals and the resistance being the internal resistance of the source
network looking through the open circuited load terminals.
Circuit Diagram:

a) To find out the load current IL1: b) To find out the Voc:

Fig .1 Fig. 2

c) To find out the Rth: d) Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

Fig .3 Fig .4

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.1.

2) Apply source voltage say 15V using RPS.
3) Measure the load current IL using the ammeter.
4) Connect the circuit shown in Fig.2 to measure the open circuit voltage (V oc) across the terminals AB.
5) Connect the circuit shown in Fig.3 to measure thevenin’s equivalent resistance R th by short circuit the voltage
source. (Short circuit is the internal resistance of the voltage source)
6) Connect the circuit shown in Fig .4 to measure the load current I L2, if IL2 = I L1 the Thevenin’s theorem is verified.
Observations:

S.No IL1(mA) Vth = Voc(V) Rth(𝛺) IL2(mA)

Theoretical Calculations (Thevenin’s Theorem):

Result:

IL1(mA) VTH = Voc(v) RTH(Ω) IL2(mA)

Theoretically
Thevenin’s
Theorem Practically

Hence, Thevenin’s Theorem has been verified both practically and theoretically.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. State Thevenin’s theorem.

2. What are the applications of Thevenin’s theorem
 NORTON’S THEOREM

Aim: To verify Norton’s theorem theoretically and practically.

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Qty Range

1. Regulated Power Supply 01 0-30V/2A
2. Ammeters 02 0-200 mA, 0-100 mA
3. Voltmeter 01 0-30V
4. Bread Board 01 -
5. Resistors 04 1k𝛺, 1k𝛺, 2.2 k𝛺 and 3.3 k𝛺
6. Decade Resistance Box 01 -
7. Multimeter 01 -
8. Patch Cords Adequate -

NORTON’S THEOREM:

Statement:

In any linear active two terminal network consisting of independent and or dependent voltage
sources, current sources and bilateral network elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a single current source IN in parallel with a single resistance RN, the current source being the short
circuited current across the load terminals and the resistance being the internal resistance of the source
network looking through the open circuited load terminals.
Circuit Diagram:
a) To find out the load current IL1: b) To find out the short circuit current ISC:

Fig .1 Fig. 2

c) To find out the RN : d) Norton’s equivalent circuit:

Fig .3 Fig .4

Procedure:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.1.

2) Apply input voltage say 10V from RPS and measure the load current I L1.
3) Now connect the circuit shown in Fig.2 to measure short circuit current Isc.
4) Connect the circuit shown in Fig.3 by short circuiting the input source and measure the Norton’s equivalent
resistance by keeping ohmmeter at terminals A & B.

5)Now connect the circuit as shown in Fig.4 which is Norton’s equivalent circuit to measure the required load
current IL2.

6)If IL1 = IL2 Norton’s theorem is verified.

Observations:

S.No. IL1(mA) IN(OR) IS (mA) RN(𝛺) IL1(mA)

Theoretical Calculations (Norton’s Theorem):

RESULT:
IL1(mA) IN (or) ISC (mA) RN(𝛺) IL2(mA)
Norton’s Theoretically
Theorem
Practically

Hence, Norton’s Theorem has been verified both practically and theoretically.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1.State Norton’s Theorem
2.What are applications of Norton’s Theorem
3.Distinguish between Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem
 VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

Aim: To verify superposition theorem theoretically and practically.

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Qty Range

1. Regulated Power Supply 02 0-30V/2A
2. Ammeter 01 0-200mA
3. Bread Board 01 -
4. Resistors 03 1k𝛺, 2.2 k𝛺, 3.3 k𝛺
5. Patch Cards Adequate -

Superposition Theorem Statement: In any linear bilateral network, if a number of independent

voltage (or) current sources are acting simultaneously, the resultant current in any branch is the algebraic
sum of the currents that would be produced in it, when each source acts alone replacing all other
independent sources by their internal resistances.

Note: Independent voltage source is replaced by short circuit and independent current source is replaced by open
circuit.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig .1 Circuit Diagram

Procedure:

1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.1.

2) Set V1and V2 at convenient values, say V1 =5V and V2 = 10V.

3) Note down the D.C ammeter (0 – 200 mA) reading IT.

4) Replace V2 with a short circuit and observe the ammeter reading I 1 with V1 acting alone
shown in Fig.2.

Fig.2

5) Replace V1 with a short circuit and observe the ammeter reading I 2 with V2 acting alone
shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3

6) Then according to superposition theorem I T = I1 + I2.

7) Repeat steps from 2 to 6 for different combinations of V1 and V2 to verify superposition

theorem.
Observations:

S. V1 V2 ITOTAL (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) ITOTAL =

No. (volts) (volts) (Both V1,V2 are (V1 alone (V2 alone I1+I2(mA)
present) present) present)

Theoretical Calculations:
Result:

V1 V2 ITOTAL (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) ITOTAL =

(volts) (volts) (Both V1,V2 (V1 alone (V2 alone I1+I2(mA)
are present) present) present)
Theoretically

Practically

Hence, Superposition theorem has been verified both theoretically and practically.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. State Super position theorem.

2. What are the applications of Superposition theorem?
3. What is the limitation of Superposition theorem?
 ANALYSIS OF SERIES RL, RC AND RLC CIRCUITS

AIM: To verify the Impedance and Current of RL, RC and RLC Series Circuits

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Resistor 25 ohms 01
2. Inductor 110 milli Henrys 01
3. Capacitor 50 micro farad 01
4. AC Power Supply 30 Volts AC / 1 amp 01
5. Connecting Wires ----- Adequate

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
 THEORY:
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

We have seen above that passive components in AC circuits behave very differently than
when connected in a DC circuit due to the influence of frequency, ( ƒ ). In a purely resistivecircuit,
the current is in-phase with the voltage. In a purely capacitive circuit the current in the capacitor

leads the voltage by 90o and in a purely inductive circuit the current lags the voltage by 90o. The
opposition to current flow through a passive component in an AC circuit is called:resistance, R for
a resistor, capacitive reactance, XC for a capacitor and inductive reactance, XLfor an inductor. The
combination of resistance and reactance is called Impedance. In a series circuit, the phasor sum of
the voltages across the circuits components is equal to the supply voltage, VS. In a parallel circuit,
the phasor sum of the currents flowing in each branch and therefore through each of the circuits
components is equal to the supply current, IS. For both parallel and series connected RLC circuits,
when the supply current is “in-phase” with the supply voltage the circuit resonance occurs as XL
= XC. A Series Resonance Circuit is known as an Acceptor Circuit.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

V (Volts) I (Amps) Z (Ohms)

RL Circuit
RC Circuit
RLC Circuit
MODEL CALCULATIONS: (RL, RC & RLC Series Circuit)
 PROCEDURE:

A) RL SERIES CIRCUIT:

1. Connect the mains cord to the Trainer and switch ‘On’ the mains supply.
2. Make the connections as per fig:1 as shown in above.
3. Apply some Voltage using Variac up to 30 Volts in steps wise.
4. Note down all parameters (Voltage and Current)
5. Tabulate the readings.
6. Calculate the Impedance (Z) and Current.

B) RC SERIES CIRCUIT:

1. Connect the mains cord to the Trainer and switch ‘On’ the mains supply.
2. Make the connections as per fig:2 as shown in above.
3. Apply some Voltage using Variac up to 30 Volts in steps wise.
4. Note down all parameters (Voltage and Current)
5. Tabulate the readings.
6. Calculate the Impedance (Z) and Current.

RESULT:

Review Questions
 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Aim:-

To find voltage regulation and efficiency of single phase transformer by

conducting direct load test.

Apparatus:-

S.No Equipment Range Type Quantity

Name plate details:-

Primary Voltage :-

Secondary Voltage:-

KVA rating:-

Primary current:

Secondary current:-
Theory:-

The transformer is to be operating under Load when the secondary winding is completed
through a load (any type) and voltage V1 is supplied to the primary winding. As the secondary
winding is electromagnetically linked with the primary winding, the current in the loaded
secondary winding will the automatically change the current in the primary wingding because
the magneto motive forces are always in equilibrium in any electromagnetic system.
The load is connected to the side and the voltage applied to the primary winding be kept
constant throughout the test.

Circuit Diagram:-

Redraw the circuit diagram

Procedure:-

1) Connection the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Switch on the supply and vary the single phase variac such that rated voltage is applied
to primary winding
3) Note down the values of ammeters, voltmeters &wattmeter.
4) Vary the load in steps and simultaneously tabulate the reading.
5) Load is applied up to the rated current.
6) Switch Off the load and reduce the applied voltage.
7) Applied voltage should be maintained constant throughout the experiment.

Observations:-

S.No Primary Primary Wattmeter Secondary Secondary Efficiency

Voltage Current Reading Voltage Current (%)
(V1) (I1) (W) (V2) (I2)
Calculations:-

Output Power = V2I2

Input Power = Wattmeter Reading

Efficiency= Output/Input

E2-V2

% Regulation =-----------------------X 100

V2
Model Graphs:-

Precautions:-

1) Avoid loose connections.

2) Supply voltage (primary) should be maintained constant.
3) Load is varied slowly in steps.

Result:

Review Questions:-

1) Sate the losses occurring in a transformer?

2) At what condition the maxim efficiency occurs?
3) Describe the different factors affecting the regulation of a transformer?
4) Will the regulation of a transformer be always positive? If not why?
 Verification of voltage and current relationships in a star connected balanced
3-Phase Circuit

Aim: To verify relation between phase and line quantities of voltage and current in a star connected balanced three
phase circuit

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Range Type Qty

1. 3-Phase Variac 0-470V/15A - 01
2. Ammeters 0-10A MI 02
0-5A MI 01
3. Voltmeters 0-600V MI 01
0-300V MI 01
4. Wattmeter 300/10A UPF 01

Circuit Diagram:

Star Connected Load:

Fig.1 Star connected load circuit diagram

Theoretical Calculations:

Star connection:

Line Voltage (VL) =√3 Phase Voltage (Vph)

Line Current (IL) = Phase Current (Iph)

Three phase power=3*per phase power

P 3-𝜙 =3* wattmeter reading*multiplying factor

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.1 / Fig.2.
2. Switch on the supply to the circuit by closing TPST switch or MCB, apply input
voltage (415V) using 3-phase auto transformer.
3. Switch on the star /delta connected load and observe the meter readings and noted down.
4. Repeat step-3 for different loads (Say 3 load values).
5. From the voltmeter and ammeter readings observe the line and phase relationships
between voltage and current in Star connected load.
6. Reduce the auto transformer output voltage to zero.
7. Switch off the supply by opening the TPST switch / MCB.

Observations:
Star Connected Load:
S.No Line Voltage Phase Voltage (Vph)(V) Line Current Wattmeter Reading(P) (Watts)
(VL) (V) (IL) (A) Per phase power=P*M.F

1.
2.
3.

Result:

Review Questions
Open circuit characteristics of separately excited DC generator
Aim :-

1. To obtain open circuit characteristics of a DC shunt generator and to

obtain critical field resistance (Rc) and critical speed (Nc).

2. To plot O.C.C at critical speed using the O.C.C drawn at rated speed.

Apparatus required:-
S.No Equipment Type Range Qty

Name plate details:-

Motor Generator
Terminal voltage:

Load Current: Field

Current: Speed:

Power:

Theory:-

The magnetization curve is the relation between air gap flux and the
field winding current armature Emf. The resulting curve is called magnetization
characteristic or the open circuit characteristic (O.C.C). OCC curves at several speeds can
be obtained from the characteristic at any speed by recognizing that the induced Emf is
directly proportional to the speed.

Procedure to calculate the critical field resistance:

Critical field resistance: It is that value of the field resistance at which the DC shunt
generator will fail to excite (i.e. generator builds up its voltage only when the field
resistance is below that value).

Plot the OCC curve at rated speed and draw the tangent to the linear position of the curve
from the origin. The slope of the tangent gives the critical field resistance.

Procedure to calculate the critical speed:-

Critical speed: Critical speed of a shunt generator is that speed for which thegiven shunt
field resistance represents critical resistance.

Circuit Diagram:-
Redraw the circuit diagram with blue/black pen:-

Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in minimum resistance position and the
potential divider in minimum output position, the DPST switch is closed.

3. By slowly turning the handle of starter from OFF to ON position, the motor is
started.

4. The speed of the motor is adjusted to its rated value by changing the motor field
rheostat resistance. This speed is maintained constant through out the
experiment.

5. The reading of Volt-meter at If = 0 is noted. The field current is increased

uniformly in steps by increasing the potential divider output and
simultaneously note down the readings of ammeter (If) and voltmeter.

6. The above process is continued till the saturation point is reached.

 7. Now the generator field current is decreased by decreasing potential divider
output and readings of Volt-meter for same field currents are noted down.

8. After bringing the field current to zero, the DPST is opened

Observations:-

At constant rated speed N =

Armature Voltage(E0 )

S.No If(Field current)

(Amps) Increasing Decreasing Average
mode (volts) mode (volts)
(volts)
Model Graphs:- A graph is plotted between field current (If) and no load generated
Emf (Eo) for both increasing and decreasing modes. The average of these two curves is
also drawn which called OCC is drawn at rated speed.

Model Calculations:-

a) For finding critical field resistance (Rc) and critical speed (Nc):
i) OCC is drawn for avg.values of Eo

ii) A line OG is drawn from origin through the linear portion of OCC

iii) Draw a perpendicular line AC to X-axis at any field current

iv) The slope of this line ie. AC (in volts) /OC (in amps) give critical field resistance ( Rc)

v) The rated voltage of generator is marked on y-axis as ‘E’

vi) Draw a horizontal line ED on to OCC and it cuts OCC at the point ‘D’.

vi) Draw a line OD from origin represents the shunt field resistance line.

vii) The critical speed Nc is given by Nc = ((BC)/(AC)) x Nrated

b) OCC is drawn for critical speed Nc as follows

E at Nc = E at Nrated x ( Nc / Nrated)

Field current (If)

E at Nc

.
Precautions:-

1. The speed should be maintained constant

throughout theexperiment

2. The readings are to be taken for uniformly increasing

currents and foruniformly decreasing currents.

3. Initially, the field rheostat is kept in min. resistance and

potential divider inmin. output positions.

Result:

Review Questions:-

1. What is the purpose of a starter for the motor?

2. How does the current gets limited after the starter

resistance is cut- offcompletely?

3. Draw and explain the internal connections of 3 point and 4 point starter?

4. At what speed do you start the motor and how?

5. Why should the motor field resistance and generator field

supply voltage bekept minimum at the time of starting?

6. Why the speed of the motor generator set is kept constant?

7. How the OCC characteristics are plotted at different speeds why?

8. What is critical field resistance? How do you calculate it?

9. What is critical speed? How do you calculate it?

10. How do you plot the field resistance and how do you
calculate the maximumvoltage generated?

11. Why do you say that induced emf is equal to the

terminal voltage in thisexperiment?

12. If a shunt generator fails to build up the emf, what are the
probable reasons?How do you rectify them?
 Simulation of series RLC circuit

Personal Computer Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis

(PSPICE):

Sinusoid Syntax:

Syntax SIN(VO VA FREQ TD THETA)

Example VIN 3 0 SIN(0 1 100MEG 1NS 1E10)

Parameter Description Default Units

V0 Offset Volts or Amps

VA Amplitude Volts or Amps

FREQ Frequency 1/Tstop Hz

TD Delay 0.0 Seconds

THETA Damping Factor 0.0 1/Seconds

Program:

/*Analysis of series RLC circuit using Pspice*/*/ comment line*/

vs 1 0 SIN( 0V 230V 50) /* sine waveform input syntax*/

r 1 2 1k /* Element starting end node finishing end node value*/

l 2 3 1u

c 3 0 1u

.tran 1ms 20ms /* .tran [step value] [final time value]*/

.probe /* .probe command write the results from DC, AC and transient
analysis to a data file used by probe*/

.end /* End of the circuit*/

 Simulation of Time Response of RC circuit

Personal Computer Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis

(PSPICE):

PULSE SYNTAX:

Syntax PULSE(V1 V2 TD TR TF PW PER)

Example VIN 3 0 PULSE(-1 1 2NS 2NS 2NS 50NS 100NS)

Parameter Description Default Units

V1 Initial value Volts or Amps

V2 Pulsed value Volts or Amps

TD Delay time 0.0 Seconds

TR Rise time Tstep Seconds

TF Fall time Tstep Seconds

PW Pulse width Tstop Seconds

PER Period Tstop Seconds

Program:

/*Transient response of series RC circuit using Pspice*/*/ comment line*/

vs 1 0 pulse( -20 20 1m 1n 1n 8m 20m) /* square waveform input syntax*/

r 1 2 1k /* Element starting end node finishing end node value*/

c 2 0 1u

.tran 1ms 20ms /* .tran [step value] [final time value]*/

.probe /* .probe command write the results from DC,AC and transient
analysis to a data file used by probe*/

.end /* End of the circuit*/