Chapter-6 (Book-2)

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Discrete and Continuous
Probability Distribution

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 Class Topic

• Discrete distribution (Binomial and Poisson distribution)

• Continuous distribution (Normal distribution)

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• Distribution (A distribution in statistics is a function that
shows the possible values for a variable and how often they
occur)
• Possible values for a variable are fixed or isolated (Discrete
distribution)
• Possible values for a variable are in a given range
(Continuous distribution)

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Binomial Distribution
• The experiment consists of ‘n’ repeated trials.
• Each trial can result in just two possible outcomes. These
outcomes will be success and the other will be failure.
• The probability of success, denoted by ‘P’, is the same on
every trial.
• The trials are independent.

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Binomial Distribution
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝𝑥 𝑞𝑛−𝑥
x=0, 1, 2, 3, ………, n
Where,
n= Number of trials
p= Probability of success
q= Probability of failure
x= Number of success trial
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Binomial Distribution
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝𝑥 𝑞𝑛−𝑥

x=0, 1, 2, 3, ………, n
Mean of Binomial Distribution: Mean= 𝑛𝑝
Variance of Binomial Distribution: Variance=𝑛𝑝q = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
∴ 𝑝+𝑞 =1

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Suppose a fair coin is tossed 40 times, calculate the probability
that,
i. No head will occur?
ii. Exactly 10 times head will occur?
iii. At least 10 times head will occur?
iv. At most 10 times head will occur?
v. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation.

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Solution:
Number of trial, n=40
In fair coin, the probability of occurring head and tail are 0.5 for
both cases.
∴ 𝑝 = 0.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 = 0.5

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i. No head will occur?
Here, x=0
Binomial distribution,
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝𝑥 𝑞𝑛−𝑥

Therefore, 𝑃 𝑥 = 0 = 40𝐶0 0.50 0.540−0

−13
= 9.09 × 10

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ii. Exactly 10 times head will occur?
Here, x=10
Binomial distribution,
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝𝑥 𝑞𝑛−𝑥

Therefore, 𝑃 𝑥 = 10 = 40𝐶10 0.510 0.540−10

= 0.000770942

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iii. At least 10 times head will occur?
Here, x≥10
Binomial distribution,
𝑃 x ≥ 10 = 𝑃 x = 10 + 𝑃 x = 11 + ⋯ … … + 𝑃 x = 40
= 40𝐶10 0.510 0.540−10 + 40𝐶11 0.511 0.540−11 + ⋯……+
40𝐶40 0.540 0.540−40

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iv. At most 10 times head will occur?
Here, x≤10
Binomial distribution,
𝑃 x ≤ 10 = 𝑃 x = 0 + 𝑃 x = 1 + ⋯ … … + 𝑃 x = 10
= 40𝐶0 0.50 0.540−0 + 40𝐶1 0.51 0.540−1 + ⋯……+
40𝐶10 0.510 0.540−10

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v. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation.
Mean= 𝑛𝑝 = 40 × 0.5 = 20

Variance=𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 40 × 0.5 × 0.5 = 10

Standard deviation= 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 10 = 3.16

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p=3/100=0.03, n=20, q=1-0.03=0.97
x≥1
Binomial distribution,
𝑃 x ≥ 1 = 𝑃 x = 1 + 𝑃 x = 2 + ⋯ … … + 𝑃 x = 20
Complete the process

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Poisson Distribution

• The experiments result in outcomes that can be classified as

success or failure.
• The average number of successes (𝜇) in a specified region is
known.

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Poisson Distribution
𝑒 −𝜇 𝜇 𝑥
𝑃 𝑥 =
𝑥!
x=0, 1, 2, 3, ………, ∞
Where,
𝑒 = 2.71828
𝜇 = Mean
x= Random variable
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Suppose the average number of vehicle accidents daily on the
Asian highways from Dhaka to Manikgonj is 6. Then what is
the probability that on a given day on the highways
i. There is no vehicle accident?
ii. There are three vehicle accidents?
iii. At least three vehicle accidents?

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i. There is no vehicle accident?

Solution:
Here, x=0 and 𝜇=6
𝑒 −𝜇 𝜇0 𝑒 −6 60
Therefore, 𝑃 𝑥 = 0 = = =0.003
0! 0!

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ii. There are three vehicle accidents?

Solution:
Here, x=3 and 𝜇=6
𝑒 −𝜇 𝜇3 𝑒 −6 63
Therefore, 𝑃 𝑥 = 3 = = =0.089
3! 3!

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iii. At least three vehicle accidents?

Solution:
Here, x≥3 and 𝜇=6
Therefore,
𝑃 𝑥 ≥ 3 = 𝑃 𝑥 = 3 + 𝑃 𝑥 = 4 + ⋯ … … + 𝑃(𝑥 = ∞)
𝑒 −6 63 𝑒 −6 64 𝑒 −6 6∞
= + + ⋯……+
3! 4! ∞!

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Suppose the number of accidents per day from Dhaka to
Manikgonj is 20. The probability of occurring an accident is 0.2.
Then calculate the probability that-
i. Exactly 5 accidents will be occurred.
ii. At most 5 accidents will be occurred.
iii. More than 5 accidents will be occurred.
iv. Calculate the variance.

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i. Exactly 5 accidents will be occurred.

Solution:
Here, x=5, n=20, p=0.2 and 𝜇=np=20× 0.2 = 4

𝑒 −𝜇 𝜇5 𝑒 −4 4 5
Therefore, 𝑃 𝑥 = 5 = = =0.156
5! 5!

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 ii. At most 5 accidents will be occurred.

Solution:
Here, x≤5, n=20, p=0.2 and 𝜇=np=20× 0.2 = 4

Therefore, 𝑃 𝑥 ≤ 5 = 𝑃 𝑥 = 0 + 𝑃 𝑥 =1 +𝑃 𝑥 =2 +
𝑃 𝑥 =3 +𝑃 𝑥 =4 +𝑃 𝑥 =5
𝑒 −4 4 0 𝑒 −4 41 𝑒 −4 42 𝑒 −4 43 𝑒 −4 44
= + + + + +
0! 1! 2! 3! 4!
𝑒 −4 4 5
=
5!
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iii. More than 5 accidents will be occurred.

Solution:
Here, x≥5, n=20, p=0.2 and 𝜇=np=20× 0.2 = 4

Therefore, 𝑃 x ≥ 5 = 𝑃 𝑥=5 + 𝑃 𝑥 = 6 + ⋯……+

𝑃 𝑥=∞
𝑒 −4 4 5 𝑒 −4 46 𝑒 −4 4∞
= + + ⋯……+
5! 6! ∞!
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iv. Calculate the variance.
.
Solution:
Here, x=5, n=20, p=0.2 and 𝜇=np=20× 0.2 = 4

For Poisson distribution, mean and variance are equal.

Therefore, variance= 𝜇 = 4

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Ans: 0.1042

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Ans: 0.0487

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 Continuous Distribution
Normal Distribution
(𝑥−𝜇)2
1 −
𝑃 𝑥 = ×𝑒 2𝜎2 ; (−∞ < 𝑥 < ∞)
2𝜋𝜎 2

Where, 𝜎 2 = 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜇 =Population mean; x=random

variable

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 Characteristics of Normal Distribution

• It has a bell-shaped curve and has a single peak.

• It is symmetrical about mean (mean=median=mode).
• It falls off smoothly in either direction from the centre.
• Location is determined by 𝜇 and spread is determined by 𝜎.

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