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Data Communication Part 1

This document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It defines key terms like data, data communication, components of a data communication system, and types of communication channels. It also discusses network models, standards organizations, regulatory agencies, common network types, data transmission methods, and communication protocols. The document serves as a comprehensive introduction to concepts in data communication and computer networking.

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Arthur Aguilar
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43 views4 pages

Data Communication Part 1

This document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It defines key terms like data, data communication, components of a data communication system, and types of communication channels. It also discusses network models, standards organizations, regulatory agencies, common network types, data transmission methods, and communication protocols. The document serves as a comprehensive introduction to concepts in data communication and computer networking.

Uploaded by

Arthur Aguilar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another.

Categories of Communication
1. Verbal communication
2. Non-verbal communication
3. Written Communication
4. Visualization

 Communication theory states that communication involves a sender and a receiver (or

receivers) conveying information through a communication channel.

Type of communication Channel

1. Simplex communication - that sends information in one direction (one way communication)
2. Duplex communication - communication channel requires two simplex channels operating in
opposite directions.

3. Half duplex communication is a communications channel that operates in one direction at a


time, but that may be reversible

Data – distinct pieces of information

Data communication – the exchange of data between two (or more) devices via some form of
transmission medium.

Note: In computer information systems, data are represented by binary information units (bits)
produced and consumed in the form of 0s and 1s.

Three fundamental characteristics of Data Communication


1. Delivery –
2. Accuracy
3. Timeliness

Components of a Data Communication System


1. Message – information (data) to be communicated.
2. Sender – the device that sends the data message.
3. Receiver – the device that receives the message.
4. Medium – a path by which message travels from sender to receiver
5. Protocol – a set of rules (conventions) that govern all aspects of information communication.

Means of Communication
1. Twisted-pair wire – used for telephone
2. Modem ( Modulation/Demodulation)
3. Coaxial cable / UTP cable – commonly used for LAN application
4. Optical fiber – High capacity, fast
5. Microwave – data can be transmitted via microwave radio signals
Radio signals – travel in a direct line from one relay station to next
Relay stations – usually on tops of hills and towers
6. Satellite – data can be transmitted from one location to any locations on Earth

Network – collection of computers, printers, and other devices (nodes) that is able to communicate with
each other over some transmission medium

Network Criteria
1. Performance – depends on a number of factors like
- Number of users
- Type of transmission medium
- Hardware
- Software

2. Reliability – measured by
- Frequency of failure
- Recovery time of a network after a failure
- Catastrophe
3. Security – protection of data from
- Unauthorized access
- Viruses

Applications
- electronic messaging
- directory services
- information services
- teleconferencing
- cellular telephone
- cable television
- marketing and sales
- financial services
- electronic data interchange
- manufacturing

Key Elements of a Protocol


1. Syntax – refers to the structure or format of the data
2. Semantics – refers to the meaning of each section of bits
3. Timing – refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast they can be
sent.

Categories of Data Communication Standards


1. De jure standards – those that have legislated by an officially recognized body
2. De facto standards – can be further subdivided into classes: proprietary and non-proprietary.
Proprietary standards are those originally invented by a commercial organization as basis for operation
of its products. Nonproprietary standards are those originally developed by groups or committees that
have passed them into the public domain.

Standards Organization
Standards are developed by cooperation among standards creation committees, and
government regulatory agencies.

Standards Creation Committees


1. International Standards Organization (ISO) – an organization dedicated to worldwide agreement
on international standards in a variety of fields.
2. International Telecommunications Union –Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T) –
formerly known as CCITT; an international standards organization related to the United Nations that
develops standards for organizations. Best known ITU-T standards:
a) V - series – define data transmission over phone lines
b) X- series – define transmission over the public digital networks (PDN)
c) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) – defines emerging international digital network.
3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)– a non-profit organization; the U.S. voting
representative to both the ISO and the ITU-T.
4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) – the largest national professional group
involved in developing standards for computing, communication, electrical engineering and
electronics.
5. Electronic Industries Association (EIA) – an association of electronics manufacturers in the
United States; a non-profit organization devoted to the promotion of electronics manufacturing
concerns.
6. Internet Activities Board (IAB) – a group of internetwork researchers who discuss issues
pertinent to the Internet and set Internet policies through decisions and task forces. The IAB
designates some Request for Comments (RFC) documents as Internet standards like the TCP/IP

Regulatory Agencies
All communications technology is subject to regulation by government agencies like the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) in the US.

Specific responsibilities include:


- to review rate and service-charge applications mage by telegraph and telephone providers
- to review technical specifications of communications hardware
- to divide and allocate radio frequencies
- to assign carrier frequencies for radio and television broadcasts.

Contribution of Data Comm.


1. Transmission Technology
2. Packet Switching Technology
3. Internet
4. LAN Technology

Type of Network
1. HAN
2. LAN
3. CAN
4. MAN
5. WAN
6. GAN

Code Set – is the set of codes representing the symbol

Common Code

1. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) – ASCII code(7 bit) is often used
with 8th bit known as parity bit used for detecting errors during Data transmission

*Parity bit is added to the MSB


* defined in ANSI X3.4
*Total 128 codes
-96 codes are graphic symbols
-94 codes are printable , 2 codes (SPACE and DEL characters are non-printable
- 32 codes control symbols
- all non-printable
Extended ASCII (code 128 – 255) additional 128 codes

2. EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code – this is IBM’s 8bit
- It is 8bit code with 256 symbol
- No parity bit for error checking
- The graphic symbols are almost same as ASCII
- Several different in Control characters as compared to ASCII
3. Baudot Teletype code – it is a 5 bit code also known as ITA2 (international Telegraph Alphabet
No.2)
- 32 codes are possible , maximum symbols in this code are 58
- Used in Telegraphy/ Telex
Data Transmission – movement of the bits over a transmission medium connecting two devices

Two Type of Data Transmission

1. Parallel Transmission – all bits of s byte are transmitted simultaneously on separate wires
2. Serial Transmission –transmitted one after the other
- Usually the LSB has been transmitted first
- Serial Transmission requires only one circuit interconnecting two devices
- Suitable for Transmission over Long distance

Bit Rate – number of bits that can be transmitted in 1 second (bps)

Mode of transmission (two methods for Timing control for receiving bits)
1. Asynchronous Transmission – data transmitted one character at a time
- Timing only needs maintain with each character
2. Synchronous Transmission – block data transmitter without start/stop bits
- Clock must be synchronized
- Can use separate clock line

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