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    Lecture 11

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    sanyamjain51150
    The document discusses energy balance and the first law of thermodynamics when using a sign convention where heat input and work output are positive and heat output and work input are negative. It also discusses constant pressure processes and defines specific heat at constant volume (cv) and constant pressure (cp). Cv is related to changes in internal energy while cp is related to changes in enthalpy. For ideal gases, cv and cp only depend on temperature. There are three ways to calculate changes in internal energy and enthalpy: using property tables, integration using cv or cp relations, or using average specific heats.

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    Lecture 11

    Uploaded by

    sanyamjain51150
    8 views14 pages
    The document discusses energy balance and the first law of thermodynamics when using a sign convention where heat input and work output are positive and heat output and work input are negative. It also discusses constant pressure processes and defines specific heat at constant volume (cv) and constant pressure (cp). Cv is related to changes in internal energy while cp is related to changes in enthalpy. For ideal gases, cv and cp only depend on temperature. There are three ways to calculate changes in internal energy and enthalpy: using property tables, integration using cv or cp relations, or using average specific heats.

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    The document discusses energy balance and the first law of thermodynamics when using a sign convention where heat input and work output are positive and heat output and work input are negative. It also discusses constant pressure processes and defines specific heat at constant volume (cv) and constant pressure (cp). Cv is related to changes in internal energy while cp is related to changes in enthalpy. For ideal gases, cv and cp only depend on temperature. There are three ways to calculate changes in internal energy and enthalpy: using property tables, integration using cv or cp relations, or using average specific heats.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views14 pages

    Lecture 11

    Uploaded by

    sanyamjain51150
    The document discusses energy balance and the first law of thermodynamics when using a sign convention where heat input and work output are positive and heat output and work input are negative. It also discusses constant pressure processes and defines specific heat at constant volume (cv) and constant pressure (cp). Cv is related to changes in internal energy while cp is related to changes in enthalpy. For ideal gases, cv and cp only depend on temperature. There are three ways to calculate changes in internal energy and enthalpy: using property tables, integration using cv or cp relations, or using average specific heats.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    Energy balance when sign convention is used: (i.e.

    , heat input and


    work output are positive; heat output and work input are negative).

    Various forms of the first-law relation


    for closed systems when sign
    convention is used.

    The first law cannot be proven mathematically, but no process in nature is known
    to have violated the first law, and this should be taken as sufficient proof.
    1
    Energy balance for a constant-pressure
    expansion or compression process
    General analysis for a closed system For a constant-pressure expansion
    undergoing a quasi-equilibrium or compression process:
    constant-pressure process. Q is to the
    system and W is from the system.

    An example of constant-pressure process

    2
    3
    Unrestrained Expansion
    of Water

    4
    SPECIFIC HEATS
    Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The
    energy required to raise the temperature of
    the unit mass of a substance by one degree
    as the volume is maintained constant.
    Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The
    energy required to raise the temperature of
    the unit mass of a substance by one degree
    as the pressure is maintained constant.

    Constant-volume
    and
    constant-pressur
    e specific heats
    cv and cp
    (values are for
    helium gas). 5
    True or False?
    cp is always greater than cv

    • The equations are valid for any


    substance undergoing any process.
    • cv and cp are properties.
    • cv is related to the changes in internal
    energy and cp to the changes in
    enthalpy.
    • A common unit for specific heats is
    kJ/kg·°C or kJ/kg·K. Are these units Formal definitions of cv and c6p.
    identical?
    INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
    AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES

    Joule showed
    Internal energy and
    using this For ideal gases,
    enthalpy change of
    experimental u, h, cv, and cp
    an ideal gas
    apparatus that vary with
    u=u(T) temperature only.
    7
    • At low pressures, all real gases approach • u and h data for a number of
    ideal-gas behavior, and therefore their gases have been tabulated.
    specific heats depend on temperature only. • These tables are obtained by
    • The specific heats of real gases at low choosing an arbitrary reference
    pressures are called ideal-gas specific point and performing the
    heats, or zero-pressure specific heats, and integrations by treating state 1
    are often denoted cp0 and cv0. as the reference state.

    Ideal-gas
    constant-pressur
    e specific heats
    for some gases
    (see Table A–2c Table A-17. In the preparation
    for cp equations). of ideal-gas tables, 0 K is
    chosen as the reference
    temperature.
    8
    Internal energy and enthalpy change
    when specific heat is taken constant
    at an average value

    (kJ/kg)

    9
    Three ways of calculating Δu and Δh
    1. By using the tabulated u and h data
    (Table A-17). This is the easiest and
    most accurate way when tables are
    readily available.
    2. By using the cv or cp relations (Table
    A-2c) as a function of temperature
    and performing the integrations. This
    is very inconvenient for hand
    calculations but quite desirable for
    computerized calculations. The results
    obtained are very accurate.
    3. By using average specific heats. This
    is very simple and certainly very
    convenient when property tables are Three ways of calculating
    not available. The results obtained are Δu.
    reasonably accurate if the
    temperature interval is not very large.
    10
    Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
    The relationship between cp, cv and R

    dh = cpdT and du = cvdT On a molar basis

    Specific
    heat ratio

    • The specific heat ratio varies with


    temperature, but this variation is
    very mild.
    • For monatomic gases (helium,
    argon, etc.), its value is essentially
    constant at 1.667.
    • Many diatomic gases, including air,
    The cp of an ideal gas can be determined have a specific heat ratio of about
    from a knowledge of cv and R. 1.4 at room temperature.
    11
    Heating of a Gas in a Tank by Stirring

    12
    Heating of a Gas by a Resistance Heater

    13
    Heating of a Gas at Constant Pressure

    14

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