2858/2859 | AR 4151/D

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5

ACTIVITY NO.:
REPORT MT-01
ACTIVITY TITLE:
SHELL STRUCTURE

DATE ISSUED:
13 OCTOBER 2023
DATE DUE:
20 OCTOBER 2023
DATE SUBMITTED:
20 OCTOBER 2023

SUMBITTED BY:
GROUP 3
BRAVO, IANA VERONICA Z.
DERILON, MARK AUGUST D.
DE VERA, MA. CATHERINE R.
MANGALINDAN, FERNANDO JOSE B.
NONOG, NICOLE C.

SUMBITTED TO:
AR. ARDELYN S. LANUZA-FAUSTINO, uap
INSTRUCTO
 ACTIVITY NO.: REPORT MT-01
ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

WHAT ARE SHELL STRUCTURES?

Shell structures are composed of slender, curved, or bent elements that serve to enclose space and bear
loads. These elements are typically constructed from materials such as concrete, steel, or wood, and are
commonly utilized in diverse structures like buildings, bridges, and ships. Concrete stands out as the predominant
choice due to its robustness and cost-effectiveness, while steel offers a combination of strength and lightness.
Wood, on the other hand, is favored for its sustainability and aesthetic appeal. The distinctive slenderness of
shell structures contributes to their lightweight and efficient nature. Moreover, their curvature plays a crucial
role in ensuring an even distribution of the applied load. This makes shell structures an excellent choice for a
wide range of projects, including sports stadiums, concert halls, airports, suspension bridges, guy bridges, and
maritime vessels.

HISTORY

Shell structures have roots in ancient Roman and Egyptian civilizations, with examples like the Pantheon dome
and Mastaba Tombs arched ceiling. In the 19th century, the development of new materials and construction
techniques led to a revival of interest in shell structures. Engineers and architects began to experiment with new
ways to create thin, lightweight shell structures that could span large distances.In the 20th century, international
architects like Antoni Gaudí, Buckminster Fuller, and Félix Candela developed new approaches and technologies
for shell construction. In the mid-20th century, advancements in technology and computation tools enabled the
creation of complex shell structures. Engineers and architects like Heinz Isler, Frei Otto, and Jørn Utzon
contributed to this field, which continues to be celebrated worldwide, reflecting historical influences and modern
technology innovations.
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

EVOLUTION

1. PRE- HISTORY, ANTIQUITY AND MIDDLE AGES

Megalithic shell structures. A. The nuraghe Goni, Sardinia (Image: Camedda 2008). B. The corbel vault of the
Nuraghe Is Paras (Image: Consorzio Turistico dei Laghi 2014)

Materials: Early shell structures were constructed using stone or brick masonry, with common forms like arches,
vaults, and domes.

Construction Methods: Masonry techniques, such as the Roman arch and the Gothic rib vault, were prevalent,
relying on the compressive strength of materials.

2. MODERN THIN CONCRETE SHELLS (RENAISSANCE TO EARLY 20TH CENTURY)

Historical shell structures. A. View of the Temple of Mercury in Baiae, Italy (Image: Bongers 2011). B. View of
the Pantheon in Rome (Image: Primann 2009)

Materials: Modern thin concrete shells emerged, utilizing reinforced concrete for added strength and flexibility.
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

Construction Methods Advancement: The thin-shell technique involved casting concrete into curved forms,
exploiting the tensile strength of reinforced concrete.

3. CONTEMPORARY SHELL STRUCTURES

Sydney Opera House, Australia (1973)

Materials: Contemporary shell structures use advanced materials, including steel, glass, and reinforced concrete.

Construction Advancement: Construction techniques have become precise and computer-assisted, allowing
complex and innovative designs.

4. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS

Shell-like bench by Obayashi Technical Research Institute Kiyose Japan (2019)

Materials: Advanced composites and sustainable materials are increasingly used in shell construction.

Construction Methods Advancement: Cutting-edge methods like digital fabrication and 3D printing have
revolutionized the creation of intricate shell structures.
 ACTIVITY NO.: REPORT MT-01
ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

PRINCIPLES

The principle of shell structure is that Shell structures are thin, curved, and efficient load-bearing structures that
can be used in various applications. Here are some principles and characteristics of shell structures:

● Efficiency: Shell structures are the most efficient way of using materials, making them attractive for
lightweight construction in both building and industrial applications

● Complex Geometry: The intricate geometry of shell structures often presents challenges in the structural
framing. Creating a formwork that firmly replicates the complex curves and shapes requires precision
and expertise. However, with the use of computational tools and processes, designers are better able to
design and construct complex shell geometries

● Structural Stability: Shell architecture offers a balance between aesthetics and structural stability,
creating visually striking spaces and expansive interiors

● Load Distribution: Shell structures exhibit exceptional structural efficiency, distributing forces along
their curved or domed surfaces. This efficient load-bearing capability is due to the balance between
compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface

● Applications: Shell structures have a wide range of applications, including industrial structures (e.g.,
silos, tanks, cooling towers, and reactor vessels) and aesthetic and architectural special structures. Shell
structures are versatile and can be adapted to serve various functions. They are used in industrial
structures such as silos, tanks, and cooling towers, as well as in architectural special structures like
auditoriums and food courts
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

● Form Finding: Architects and engineers use advanced techniques to figure out the best shape and curve
for the shell. They use methods like graphic statics, finite element analysis, and physical/computational
modeling to refine the design for stability and distributing weight. This process blends art and science to
create impressive and efficient shapes.
● Material Selection: Picking the right materials is crucial for the strength and longevity of shell structures.
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) is commonly used due to its strong and long-lasting properties. Steel
is also popular for its lightweight nature, versatility, and easy assembly. Additionally, timber and bamboo,
being robust and eco-friendly, are used for certain shell constructions.
● Construction Technique: Building shell structures requires precision, skill, and specific methods. In the
case of reinforced thin concrete shells, steel reinforcement is strategically placed within the formwork
as per the design. Concrete is then poured, compressed, and allowed to set to achieve the desired
strength. For steel shells, pre-made elements are put together and connected using welding or bolting
for precise alignment.
● Collaboration and Quality Control: Making a shell structure is a team effort involving architects,
structural engineers, and construction crews. Regular checks, quality control steps, and following
construction standards are crucial throughout the process. This teamwork ensures the accuracy,
alignment, and durability of the shell architecture, guaranteeing its long-lasting quality.
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

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TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE

1) Geodesic Domes

Geodesic domes are iconic structures with interlocking geometric elements, forming spherical or partially
spherical shapes. They have excellent strength-to-weight ratio and can enclose large spaces with minimal
materials. It is used in exhibition centers, greenhouses, stadiums, and residential buildings.
Forms:

Examples
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

2) Cylindrical barrel Vaults

Cylindrical barrel vaults, also known as tunnel vaults, are curved structures with parallel arches. They’re
strong due to their efficient load transfer, distributing forces and minimizing bending moments. It is used
in ancient Roman architecture for tunnels, cathedrals, and large-span roofs.
Forms:

Example:

Colosseum, Rome, Italy

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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

3) Shell Roofs

Shell roofs are curved, single-surface structures that cover large areas without internal support, offering
unobstructed views and open interiors. They can take various forms and are commonly found in airports,
exhibition halls, stadiums, and cultural centers for their architectural elegance and spatial efficiency.

Forms:

Example:

The dome of the Pantheon in Rome

 ACTIVITY NO.: REPORT MT-01
ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

4) Folded plate Structures

Folded plate structures are flat plates bent along predetermined lines to form interconnected facets,
forming a structural system for efficient load carrying. It is also known for its visual appeal, geometric
complexity, and structural strength. They are commonly used in roofs, walls, and bridges for strong
architectural statements.

The principle components in a folded plate structure consist of:

1) The inclined plates

2) Edge plates which must be used to stiffen the wide plates
3) Stiffeners to carry the loads to the supports and to hold the plates in line
4) Columns to support the structure in the air.

Forms:

Example:
 ACTIVITY NO.: REPORT MT-01
ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

5) Shell Grid Structures

Shell grid structures combine shells and grids, creating a three-dimensional grid pattern. They balance
shell benefits with grid regularity, offering flexibility for architectural forms. It is used in exhibition spaces,
stadiums, and industrial buildings, they balance aesthetics and structural efficiency.

Example:

The great court at the British Museum

 ACTIVITY NO.: REPORT MT-01
ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

EXAMPLES OF SHELL STRUCTURE

1) Sydney Opera House, Australia

The Sydney opera house, designed by Danish Architect jørn utzon, features intricate precast. Concrete
shells inspired by yacht sails. The shells interlock gracefully, showcasing the artsy vibe of the performance
center. Extensive structural analysis ensures efficient load distribution and resilience against wind and
seismic forces. The use of shells in interior spaces allows for large, column-free spaces, enabling
versatility and flexibility for multi-venue functions. Shells distribute roof and external forces, channeling
them to the ground.
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

2) National Museum of Roman Art, Spain

The national museum of roman art in Mérida, Spain, is a blend of roman Heritage and contemporary
design, featuring a striking barrel vault roof, designed by Rafael Moneo, a testament to the architectural
achievements of the roman empire. The barrel vault roof, made of interlocking shells, ensures efficient
load distribution and structural stability in the museum. Concrete is used for durability and versatility,
with advanced modeling and analysis tools for optimal design and performance. Reinforcement
enhances structure, strength and resilience.
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

3) Milwaukee Art Museum - Milwaukee, United States of America

The Milwaukee art museum, designed by Santiago Calatrava, is a dynamic shell Architecture that features
a movable brise-soleil, composed of large steel fins, providing shade and protection from sunlight, and
animates the building with its transformative movement. The shell-like building distributed loads evenly,
ensuring structural stability. Materials like steel and glass combine strength and transparency, creating
column-free spaces for exhibits. The structural system, including steel trusses, beams, and tension cables,
maintains an open atmosphere.
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

4) Montreal Biosphere, Canada

The Montreal biosphere is a unique ecological museum in Canada, housed in a Geodesic dome structure
designed by Buckminster fuller. The dome, made of interconnected triangles, provides structural stability
and natural light, promoting environmental awareness. It also serves as a recreational space with a
panoramic view of the Saint Lawrence River.
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

5) Sagrada Familia, Barcelona

The sagrada Familia in Barcelona, designed by Antoni Gaudi, is a striking shell structure with hyperboloid
shapes. Its intricate design mimics natural forms and efficiently distributed loads, enhancing structural
stability. Despite engineering challenges, the basilica continues to evolve, embodying the fusion of shell
structures and organic architecture.

6) Millennium dome, London

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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

The millennium dome in London is a unique thin shell structure, featuring a tensioned fabric membrane.
Structure over a steel framework. Its curvilinear shape allows for spacious interiors without internal
columns, resembling a giant tent. Initially hosting exhibits, it later transformed into The O2 arena, a
renowned entertainment venue.

7) Olympic Stadium, Munich

The Olympic stadium in Munich, Germany, is a shell structure designed by architect Günther behnisch
and engineer Frei otto for the 1972 summer Olympics. It features a canopy roof made of acrylic glass
panels supported by steel cables and masts, resembling a tent. The lightweight, translucent panels allow
natural light to fill the stadium, creating an airy atmosphere. The stadium showcases the innovative spirit
of its time, demonstrating the possibilities of lightweight construction and tensile structures.

8) Eden Project, United Kingdom

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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

The Eden project in Cornwall, uk, is a botanical garden and environmental education center with a shell
structure design. It features large, transparent biomes housing diverse ecosystems, constructed using
lightweight steel and tensile material frameworks. The geodesic dome shape allows sunlight to penetrate
while providing insulation and UV protection. The shell structure creates controlled environments,
mimicking specific climates and ecosystems, enabling diverse plant species growth. Visitors can explore
and learn about different environments, offering an immersive experience. The Eden Project's innovative
design and ecological focus make it a remarkable space for education and conservation.

9) Dorton Arena, North Carolina

Dorton arena, a north Carolina shell structure, was designed by Architect Matthew Nowicki in 1952. Its
hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof, consisting of intersecting curved sections, offers a large, column-free
interior space, structural stability, and efficient rainwater drainage. The roof's dramatic curves create a
unique architectural aesthetic, reflecting the mid-century modern architectural style and a significant
advancement in engineering and construction techniques. The arena's impressive visual impact and
unique architectural aesthetic make it a standout in the surrounding landscape.
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

10) Louvre Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

The louvre Abu Dhabi is a unique lattice shell structure designed by Architect jean nouvel, featuring
nearly 8,000 geometric patterns of Aluminum and stainless steel. The dome serves both aesthetic and
functional purposes, providing shade and allowing sunlight to filter through. It also incorporates a "rain
of light" effect, creating an enchanting atmosphere. The design blends traditional architectural elements
with innovative techniques, paying homage to the region's cultural heritage while embracing modernity
and sustainability.

CONCLUSION

Shell architecture offers significant potential for architectural expression and engineering innovation,
with advancements in technology making it easier to design and build innovative and structurally sound
shell structures. Learning computational design can be beneficial for designing and building shell roofs.
Shell structures, a blend of art, engineering, and innovation, offer efficient load transmission and
versatile interior spaces. Known for their unique designs, they showcase human creativity and
technological advancement, paving the way for future architectural advancements.
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ACTIVITY TITLE: SHELL STRUCTURE

2858/2859 | AR 4151/D – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 | 7:30-12:30 F | H709A

REFERENCES

Top 10 Examples of Innovative Shell Structures in 2023 (novatr.com)

Shells as a Universal Structural Type in Nature and Design | IntechOpen

10 Stunning Concrete Shell Structures Around The Globe (thearchspace.com)

Shell Structures: Introduction, Benefits, Types & Examples (novatr.com)

Shell Structure; advantages, types and applications (constrofacilitator.com)

Shell structure | PPT (slideshare.net)

Shell Structures (authorea.com)

AD Classics: The Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption / Pietro Belluschi and Pier-Luigi Nervi |
ArchDaily

AD Classics: Sydney Opera House / Jørn Utzon | ArchDaily

Composite Structure That Combines 3D Printer Mortar with Slim-Crete | Appendix | OBAYASHI
CHRONICLE 130 English