EC2601:SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

By
Prof. AJIT KUMAR SAHOO
Asst.Prof (ECE)
NIT,Rourkela

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 Discrete-Time complex exponential and Sinusoidal
signals
A discrete-time complex exponential signal or sequence is of the form

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶𝛼 𝑛 …………(5) where 𝐶 and 𝛼 are complex numbers

Alternatively, eq(5) can be expressed as 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐶𝑒𝛽𝑛 …..(6), where 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛽

The complex exponential can exhibit different characteristics depending upon its
parameters 𝐶 and 𝛼

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 Real Exponential signal
A discrete-time real exponential is a special case of complex exponential
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶𝛼 𝑛
where 𝐶 and 𝛼 are real numbers
• If 𝛼 > 1, the magnitude of the signal 𝑥[𝑛] grows exponentially with 𝑛 (Growing
Exponential)
• If 𝛼 < 1 , the magnitude of the signal 𝑥[𝑛] decreases exponentially with
𝑛 (Decaying Exponential)
• If 𝛼 = 1, then 𝑥[𝑛] is a constant
• If 𝛼 = −1 , 𝑥[𝑛] alternates between +𝐶 and − 𝐶

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𝛼>1 0<𝛼<1

−1 < 𝛼 < 0 𝛼 < −1

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 Sinusoid Signals
Using eq(6) and constraining 𝛽 as a purely imaginary number (i.e 𝛼 = 1 ) and
𝐶 = 1,we will get
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑛 …(7)
As in the continuous time case, the discrete-time sinusoid is represented as
𝑥 𝑛 = Acos(𝜔0 𝑛 + 𝜑)…….(8)
𝑛 →dimensionless 𝜔0 , 𝜑 → radians

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The signals represented in eq(7) and eq(8) are examples of discrete-time signals with
infinite total energy but finite average power
𝑗𝜔 𝑛 2
Since 𝑒 0 = 1, every sample of the signal in eq(7) contribute 1 to the signal
energy. Thus the total energy for −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞ is infinite, while the average power
per time point is equal to 1.
According to Euler’s relation
𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑛 =cos 𝜔0 𝑛 + 𝑗 sin 𝜔0 𝑛 …..(9)
𝐴 𝑗∅ 𝑗𝜔 𝑛 𝐴 −𝑗∅ −𝑗𝜔 𝑛
A cos(𝜔0 𝑛 + ∅) = 𝑒 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 𝑒 0 ….(10)
2 2

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 General Complex Exponential Signal

The general complex exponential signal can be represented as in terms of real

exponential and sinusoidal signals.
General exponential signal
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶𝛼 𝑛
Let 𝐶 = |𝐶|𝑒 𝑗𝜃 and 𝛼 = |𝛼|𝑒 𝑗𝜔0

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶𝛼 𝑛 = |𝐶| 𝛼 𝑛 cos(𝜔0 𝑛 + 𝜃) + 𝑗|𝐶||𝛼|𝑛 sin(𝜔0 𝑛 + 𝜃)

Re{𝑥[𝑛]} Im{𝑥[𝑛]}

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If 𝛼 = 1, then real(Re{𝑥[𝑛]}) and imaginary (Im{𝑥[𝑛]}) parts of a complex
exponential sequence are sinusoidal.

𝑎 𝛼 =1

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If 𝛼 > 1, corresponds to sinusoidal sequences multiplied by a growing exponential
If 𝛼 < 1, corresponds to sinusoidal sequences multiplied by a decaying exponential

(𝑐) 𝛼 < 1
(𝑏) 𝛼 > 1

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 Periodic Properties of Discrete-time complex
exponentials
Continuous-time counter part: 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡

• The larger is the magnitude of 𝜔0 , the higher is the rate of oscillation in the
signal.

• 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 is periodic for any value of 𝜔0

• 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 are all distinct for distinct value of 𝜔0

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Discrete-Time case
• 𝑒𝑗 𝜔0 +2𝜋 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑛 . 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑛

• Discrete-time complex exponentials separated by 2𝜋 are same.

• The signal with frequency 𝜔0 is identical to the signals with frequencies
𝜔0 ± 2𝜋, 𝜔0 ± 4𝜋, and so on.
• In discrete-time complex exponentials only a frequency interval of length
2𝜋 is considered. E.g: −𝜋 ≤ 𝜔0 ≤ 𝜋 or 0 ≤ 𝜔0 ≤ 2𝜋.
• 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑛 doesn’t have a continually increasing rate of oscillation as 𝜔0 is
increased in magnitude.

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• As 𝜔0 increases from ‘0’, the signal oscillates more and more rapidly until 𝜔0 = 𝜋. After this
the increase in 𝜔0 will decrease in the rate of oscillation until it is reached 𝜔0 =2𝜋, which
produces the same constant sequence as 𝜔0 =0
• So, low frequency (i.e. slowly varying) discrete-time exponentials have values of 𝜔0 near 0, 2𝜋
and any other even multiple of 𝜋, while high frequencies(rapid variations) are located near
𝜔0 = ±𝜋 and other odd multiple of 𝜋.
• In particular for 𝜔0 = 𝜋 or any odd multiple of 𝜋
𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑛 = (𝑒 𝑗𝜋 )𝑛 = (−1)𝑛
It indicates signal oscillates rapidly (changing sign at each point in time).

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 Periodicity
𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑛 will be periodic with period 𝑁 > 0, if 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 (𝑛+𝑁) = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑛
⇒ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑛 . 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑁 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑛
⇒ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑁 = 1
𝜔0 𝑁 must be multiple of 2𝜋. There must be an integer 𝑚 such that 𝜔0 𝑁 = 2𝜋𝑚
𝜔0 𝑚
⇒ = Rational Number
2𝜋 𝑁
𝑗𝜔0 𝑛 𝜔0
The signal 𝑒 is periodic if is a rational number, and not periodic
2𝜋
otherwise. The same observation is applicable for discrete-time sinusoids
2𝜋 𝜔0
Fundamental frequency of a periodic signal 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑛 is = and fundamental
𝑁 m
2𝜋
period 𝑁 = 𝑚( ) [𝑁 and 𝑚 has no common factor]
𝜔0

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 𝒋𝝎𝟎 𝒕 𝒋𝝎𝟎 𝒏
Comparison of signals 𝒆 and 𝒆
𝒆𝒋𝝎𝟎 𝒕 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝟎 𝒏
Distinct signals for distinct values of Identical signals for values of
𝜔0 𝜔0 separated by 2𝜋
Periodic for any choice of 𝜔0 2𝜋𝑚
Periodic only if 𝜔0 = for some
𝑁
Fundamental Frequency 𝜔0 integers 𝑁 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚
𝜔
Fundamental Period Fundamental frequency 0
𝑚
• 𝜔0 = 0, undefined (𝑚 and 𝑁 don’t have any factors in
2𝜋 common)
• 𝜔0 ≠ 0 ,
𝜔0
Fundamental period
• 𝜔0 = 0, undefined
2𝜋
• 𝜔0 ≠ 0, 𝑚( )
𝜔0
(𝑚 and 𝑁 do not have any common
factors) 14
Example-1:
Find the fundamental period if the signal is periodic.
2𝜋
• 𝑥(𝑡)=cos 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑇 = 12 Periodic
12
2𝜋
• 𝑥[𝑛]=cos 𝑛
12
2𝜋
𝜔0 𝑚 12 𝑚 𝑚 1
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ =
2𝜋 𝑁 2𝜋 𝑁 𝑁 12

⇒ 𝑁 = 12
Periodic

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 Example-2
 Find the fundamental period if the signal is periodic.
8𝜋
• 𝑥(𝑡)=cos 𝑡 Periodic
31
8𝜋
• 𝑥[𝑛]=cos 𝑛 Periodic
31
8𝜋
𝑥(𝑡)=cos 𝑡
31
2𝜋 31
𝑇0 = 8𝜋 =
4
31
8𝜋
𝑥[𝑛]=cos 𝑛
31
8𝜋
𝜔0 𝑚 31 𝑚 𝑚 4
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ =
2𝜋 𝑁 2𝜋 𝑁 𝑁 31

⇒ 𝑁 = 31
The discrete time signals is defined only for integer values of independent variable.
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Example-3
 Find the fundamental period if the signal is periodic.
𝑡
• 𝑥(𝑡)=cos
6
𝑛
• 𝑥[𝑛]=cos
6

𝑡
⇒ 𝑥(𝑡)=cos
6
𝑇0 = 12𝜋
𝑛
𝑥[𝑛]=cos Rational Number
6
𝜔0 1 1 𝑚
⇒ = = =
2𝜋 6 × 2𝜋 12𝜋 𝑁
Irrational Number

So it is not periodic. 17
 Example-4
2𝜋 3𝜋
𝑗 𝑛 𝑗 𝑛
 𝑥[𝑛]= 𝑒 3 + 𝑒 4 , find the fundamental period if the signal is periodic.

2𝜋
𝑗 𝑛
𝑒 3 is periodic with 3

3𝜋
𝑗 𝑛
𝑒 4 is periodic with 8

𝑥[𝑛] is periodic with 24

• For any two periodic sequences 𝑥1 𝑛 and 𝑥2 [𝑛] with fundamental period 𝑁1 and 𝑁2 ,
respectively, then 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 [𝑛] is periodic with 𝐿𝐶𝑀(𝑁1 , 𝑁2 )
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 Harmonically related periodic exponentials

A set of periodic complex exponentials is said to be harmonically related if all the

signals are periodic with a common period 𝑁
2𝜋
These are the signals of frequencies which are multiples of . That is
𝑁
2𝜋
𝑗𝑘( )𝑛
∅𝑘 [𝑛] = 𝑒 𝑁 , 𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, …
In continuous time case, all of the harmonically related complex exponentials
2𝜋
𝑗𝑘 𝑡
𝑒 𝑇 , 𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, … are distinct

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In discrete time case
2𝜋
𝑗(𝑘+𝑁) 𝑁 𝑛
∅𝑘+𝑁 𝑛 = 𝑒
2𝜋
𝑗𝑘 𝑛
∅𝑘+𝑁 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑁 . 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑛 = ∅𝑘 [𝑛] ……..(11)
This implies that there are only 𝑁 distinct periodic exponentials in eq (11)

2𝜋𝑛 4𝜋𝑛 2𝜋(𝑁−1)𝑛

E.g.:∅0 𝑛 = 1, ∅1 𝑛 = 𝑒𝑗 𝑁 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅2 [𝑛] = 𝑒𝑗 𝑁 ,…….∅𝑁−1 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑗 𝑁 are
distinct.
Any other ∅𝑘 [𝑛] is identical to one of these
E.g.: ∅𝑁 [𝑛] = ∅0 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅−1 [𝑛] = ∅𝑁−1 [𝑛]

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 Unit Impulse and Unit Step Functions

Discrete-time unit impulse and unit step sequences.

0, 𝑛 ≠ 0
The unit impulse or unit sample sequence is defined as 𝛿[𝑛]=ቊ
1, 𝑛 = 0

0, 𝑛 < 0
Discrete-time unit step signal 𝑢[𝑛] is defined as 𝑢[𝑛]=ቊ
1, 𝑛 ≥ 0

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Discrete-time unit impulse is the first difference of the discrete-time step
𝛿[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛] − 𝑢[𝑛 − 1]

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The discrete-time unit step is the running sum of the unit sample
𝑢[𝑛] = σ𝑛𝑚=−∞ 𝛿[𝑚]………(12)

𝑛<0 𝑛>0

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Put 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 𝑚 in eq(12)
0

𝑢[𝑛] = ෍ 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘]
𝑘=∞

𝑢[𝑛] = σ∞
𝑘=0 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘] …….(13)

𝑛>0
𝑛<0

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 Eq(13) can be interpreted as superposition of delayed impulses.

𝑢[𝑛] = σ∞
𝑘=0 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘])

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The unit impulse sequence can be used to sample the value of a signal.

𝑥 𝑛 . 𝛿 𝑛 = 𝑥 0 . 𝛿[𝑛]

𝑥 𝑛 . 𝛿 𝑛 − 𝑛0 = 𝑥 𝑛0 . 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]

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Continuous time unit-step and unit impulse function

The continuous time unit step function 𝑢(𝑡) is defined as

0, 𝑡 < 0
𝑢(𝑡)=ቊ
1, 𝑡 > 0

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The continuous time unit impulse function 𝛿(𝑡) is related to the unit step function
as
𝑡

𝑢 𝑡 = න 𝛿 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 … … … … … … … … (14)
−∞
𝑑𝑢(𝑡)
𝛿 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑢(𝑡) is discontinuous at 𝑡 = 0

𝑢(𝑡) = lim 𝑢∆ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑢∆ (𝑡)

∆→0 𝛿∆ 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 28
𝛿∆ 𝑡 is a short pulse of duration ∆ and with unit area for any value of ∆
𝛿(𝑡) = lim 𝛿∆ (𝑡)
∆→0

Continuous Time Unit Impulse Scaled Impulse

The arrow at 𝑡 = 0 indicates the area of the pulse is concentrated at 𝑡 = 0 and the
height of the arrow and ‘1’ next to arrow are used to represent area of the impulse

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Scaled impulse 𝑘𝛿 𝑡 will have an area 𝑘, so
𝑡

න 𝑘𝛿 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑘𝑢(𝑡)
−∞
𝑡
𝑢 𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝛿 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
Put 𝜎 = 𝑡 − 𝜏
𝑡

⇒ 𝑢 𝑡 = න 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝜎 (−𝑑𝜎)
−∞

⇒ 𝑢 𝑡 = න 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝜎 (𝑑𝜎) … … … … … … … … … (15)
0

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 𝑡 < 0 𝑡 < 0

𝑡 > 0 𝑡 > 0
𝑡 ∞

𝑢 𝑡 = න 𝛿 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑢 𝑡 = න 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝜎 (𝑑𝜎)
−∞ 0 31
 Properties of Impulse Function
Continuous-time Discrete-time

0, 𝑡≠0 Definition 0, 𝑛 ≠ 0 Definition

𝛿 𝑡 =൝ ∞  𝛿[𝑛]=ቊ
‫׬‬−∞ 𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1 1, 𝑛 = 0
𝑥(𝑡). 𝛿(𝑡) = 𝑥(0). 𝛿(𝑡)  𝑥 𝑛 . 𝛿 𝑛 = 𝑥 0 . 𝛿[𝑛]
𝑥(𝑡). 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) = 𝑥(𝑡0 ). 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )  𝑥 𝑛 . 𝛿 𝑛 − 𝑛0 = 𝑥 𝑛 0 . 𝛿 𝑛 − 𝑛0
∞
‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥(𝑡). 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡0 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡0 )  σ∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥 𝑛 . 𝛿 𝑛 − 𝑛0 =𝑥 𝑛0
1  𝛿 𝑎𝑛 = 𝛿[𝑛]
𝛿 𝑎𝑡 = 𝛿(𝑡)
𝑎  𝛿 −𝑛 = 𝛿[𝑛]
𝛿 −𝑡 = 𝛿(𝑡)

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THANK YOU

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