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    The Human Eye - Structure

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    marealyn.hermida.camacho
    The document summarizes the structure and function of the human eye. It discusses the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, pupil, retina, lens, and optic nerve. It explains that the cornea and lens work together to focus light and form images on the retina. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert light into electrical signals which are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. Common vision conditions like myopia, hyperopia, and presbyopia are also summarized, along with diseases that can affect the eye such as cataracts and glaucoma.

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    The Human Eye - Structure

    Uploaded by

    marealyn.hermida.camacho
    71 views8 pages
    The document summarizes the structure and function of the human eye. It discusses the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, pupil, retina, lens, and optic nerve. It explains that the cornea and lens work together to focus light and form images on the retina. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert light into electrical signals which are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. Common vision conditions like myopia, hyperopia, and presbyopia are also summarized, along with diseases that can affect the eye such as cataracts and glaucoma.

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    The Human Eye_ Structure (1)

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    The document summarizes the structure and function of the human eye. It discusses the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, pupil, retina, lens, and optic nerve. It explains that the cornea and lens work together to focus light and form images on the retina. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert light into electrical signals which are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. Common vision conditions like myopia, hyperopia, and presbyopia are also summarized, along with diseases that can affect the eye such as cataracts and glaucoma.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    71 views8 pages

    The Human Eye - Structure

    Uploaded by

    marealyn.hermida.camacho
    The document summarizes the structure and function of the human eye. It discusses the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, pupil, retina, lens, and optic nerve. It explains that the cornea and lens work together to focus light and form images on the retina. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert light into electrical signals which are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. Common vision conditions like myopia, hyperopia, and presbyopia are also summarized, along with diseases that can affect the eye such as cataracts and glaucoma.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    The Human Eye: Structure

    PARTS DEFINITION FUNCTION

    Cornea transparent covering of the front allows for the passage of light
    (Clear lens in front of eye) of the eye into the eye and functions as a
    fixed lens.

    and it also focuses the light.

    Pupil Size = controlled by iris Hole where light enters


    (Black hole)
    dilated pupil = big hole
    constricted pupil = small hole

    Get LARGER = small iris


    eye needs more light to enter
    (when it is dark),

    Get SMALLER = large iris


    eye needs less light to enter
    (when it is very bright

    Iris Colored Controls the amount of light


    (Colored part) entering the eye
    Circular muscle
    Sclera Tough white skin (made of tissue) Supports the eyeball and
    (white part) that covers all of the eyeball provides attachment for muscle
    except the cornea

    Lens Converging lens allows us to see objects near and


    (behind the pupil) far

    Retina Converts light waves to electric


    Internal membrane signals

    Contains light-receptor cells


    (rods and cones)

    Optic nerve comprised of millions of nerve transmits electrical


    fibres impulses/signals from retina to the
    brain

    creates blind spot

    brain takes inverted image and


    flips
    Blind Spot Small spot on the back of the Where optic nerve leads back into
    retina the brain

    Other eye compensates for this No rod or cone cells


    area

    2 LENSES
    - Cornea – the front surface of the eye, does most of the focusing in your eye
    - Lens – provides adjustable fine-tuning of the focus

    HOW LENS FOCUSES?


    Your lens has a small depth of field
    You can't see something close and far with both objects in focus at the same time
    You focus on one or the other by changing the bulge of your lens.

    FOCUSING PROBLEMS

    1. HYPEROPIA ( FAR-sighted)
    ➔ Far-sightedness
    ➔ Problem seeing close objects
    ➔ Distance between lens and retina too small
    ➔ Light focused behind retina
    ➔ Corrected with converging lenses
    ○ Convex

    a. PRESBYOPIA
    ➔ Form of far-sightedness
    ➔ Harder for people to read as they age
    ➔ Lens loses elasticity
    ➔ Corrected by glasses with converging lenses

    2. MYOPIA
    ➔ Near-sightedness
    ➔ Problem seeing objects far away
    ➔ Distance between lens and retina too large
    ➔ Light focused in front of retina
    ➔ Correct with diverging lenses
    ○ Concave
    DISEASES OF THE EYES

    1. Astigmatism
    ➔ Eye cannot focus an object’s image on a single point on retina

    Causes:
    ➔ Cornea is oval instead of spherical
    Affects:
    ➔ Causes blurred vision
    Treatments:
    ➔ Some types can be corrected with lenses

    2. Glaucoma
    ➔ Group of diseases

    Causes:
    ➔ Loss of ganglion cells
    Affects:
    ➔ Gradual loss of sight and eventual blindness
    ➔ Affects optic nerve - pressure
    Treatments:
    ➔ Check eyes regularly
    ➔ Can be treated

    3. Cataracts
    ➔ Clouding forms in lens due to denaturation of lens protein
    ➔ Obstructs passage of light

    Causes:
    ➔ age, chronic exposure to UV, or due to trauma
    Treatments:
    ➔ Removed by surgery

    VISION CORRECTNESS

    1. Contact Lenses
    ➔ Artificial lens placed over cornea
    ➔ Same as glasses
    ➔ Corrects for both near and far-sightedness
    ➔ Also used for cosmetic purposes (eye colour, Hollywood)
    Key of terms

    ➔ Lights
    - Neither form or destroyed
    ➔ Luminous body
    - Source of body
    ➔ Non-Luminous body
    - Does not emit light
    Materials
    ➔ Transparent Material
    - Allow light to pass through
    ➔ Opaque
    - Doesn’t allow

    The Path of Light


    Ray - narrow beam of light
    Regular reflection - (regular) image — smooth
    Diffuse reflection - reflected in all direction — rough

    Refraction
    - Reflection other than 90 degrees

    Discovery of the Speed of light

    Olaf Roemer
    AHC Fizeau
    Foucault
    A.A. Michelson

    Colors of opaque objects


    1. ROYGBIV — white
    2. Only absorbs one color, others are reflected.
    3. every color is absorbed

    PLANE MIRRORS

    (IR)
    (RR)
    Incident Angle
    Angle of reflected ray

    Image = NOT REAL (Virtual)

    LAWS
    1. All lie in the SAME PLANE
    2. Incident ray = angle of reflection

    Characteristics
    ● Image = VIRTUAL
    ● Image = upright/inverted
    ● Image size = object’s side
    ● Image distance = object’s distance
    ● Laterally Inverted (left-right reversal)
    (Point of reference = mirror)

    CONCAVE MIRRORS

    Upright – Virtual — same image (UV) “the apparent intersection”


    Inverted — Real — may changes sa image (IR) “ formed by the actual intersection of light rays”

    CONVEX MIRRORS
    - Magnify objects

    ADDITIONAL
    A. Below are the qualitative characteristics of images. Determine whether it is REAL
    or VIRTUAL type of images:

    1. is upright.
    2. is inverted.
    3. is behind the mirror.
    4. is formed by convex mirror.
    5. can be projected onto a screen.
    6. is inverted with the respect to the object.
    7. is on the same side of the mirror as object.
    8. rays of light do not actually pass through the image.
    9. can be larger, smaller, or the same size as the object.
    10. rays of light actually converge and pass through the image.

    B.Identify whether the following is PLANE, CONCAVE or a CONVEX MIRROR


    1. forms images that are either behind the mirror or on the same side as the object.
    2. forms images that are always the same distance from the mirror as the object.
    3. forms images that are either smaller/same size/larger than the object.
    4. forms images that are the same size as the object only.
    5. forms images that have left to right reversal.
    6. forms images that are either real or virtual.
    7. forms images that are upright or inverted.
    8. forms images that are behind the mirror.
    9. forms images that are always reduced.
    10. forms images that are always upright.
    11. forms images that are only virtual.
    12. forms real or virtual images.
    13. forms only virtual images.
    14. is flat, smooth mirror.
    15. is a curved mirror.

    C. Identify whether the following is CONCAVE or a CONVEX LENS


    1. In the , the curve faces inward.
    2. In the , the curve faces outward.
    3. is a diverging lens that spreads out the light.
    4. is thicker at the center, as compared to its edges.
    5. is thinner at the center, as compared to its edges.
    6. is use for correction of nearsightedness or myopia.
    7. is use for correction of farsightedness or hyperopia.
    8. is a converging lens which converges the refracted rays.
    9. is called negative lens because of its negative focal length nature.
    10. is called positive lens because of its positive focal length nature.

    CONCAVE or CONVEX.

    1. Vehicle side view mirror


    2. Water glass surface
    3. Head light of motorcycle
    4. Tube lights
    5. Inner surface of glasses
    6. Lunch plates
    7. Calling bell
    8. Surface of pens
    9. Globe
    10. Surface of steel flask

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