Artificial Intelligence

Lecture 2
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence

Dr. Mahmoud Bassiouni

[email protected]
Lecture 2: An introduction to Artificial Intelligence [AI]
1.1 What is Intelligence 1.3 AI as the Study & Design of Intelligent

▪ Some Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Agents

▪ What is Intelligence? ▪ Systems that Think like Humans

▪ What is Artificial Intelligence? ▪ Systems that Think Rationally

1.2 Systems that Act Like Humans ▪ Challenges to Systems that Think Rationally

▪ Systems that Act Like Humans ▪ Systems that Act Rationally

▪ Turing Test (the Imitation Game)?

▪ Total Turing Test?

▪ The Chinese Room Argument

▪ Strong Vs. Weak AI

▪ Where are we?

 What is Artificial Inteligence?

Systems that act like humans Systems that think rationally

“The study of how to make computers do “The study of mental faculties through the
things at which, at the moment, people are use of computational models” (Charniack
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991) and McDermott, 1985).
“The art of creating machines that perform “The study of the computations that make it
functions that require intelligence when possible to perceive, reason, and act.”
performed by people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) (Winston, 1992)

Systems that think like humans Systems that act rationally

“The automation of activities that we

associate with human thinking, such as “AI .. is concerned with intelligent behavior
decision making, problem solving, learning” in artifacts (Nilsson, 1998)
(Bellman, 1978)
“Computational Intelligence is the study of
“The exciting new effort to make computers the design of intelligent agents.” (Poole et
think … machines with minds, in the full al., 1998)
and literal sense.” (Haugeland, 1985)
3
Systems
that Act
Like
Humans
…
?!

4
 Systems that Act Like Humans
TuringTest;theImitationGame…

In Turing’s (1950) paper “Computing machinery and intelligence”:

♦ Can machines think ? ≡ (identical to) Can machines behave intelligently?

♦ Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

HUMAN

HUMAN ?
INTERROGATOR

AI SYSTEM

5
 Systems that Act Like Humans
TuringTest;theImitationGame…
• Turing test (1950): Can a human interrogator tell whether (written)
responses to her (written) questions come from a human or a
machine?
• Natural Language Processing
• Knowledge Representation
• Automated Reasoning
• Machine Learning

• Total Turing Test (extended to include physical aspects of human

behavior):
• Computer Vision
6
• Robotics
 Total Turing Test?

Butwhydowewantaninteligentsystem toactlikeahuman?
- Because for many tasks, humans are still the Gold Standard.
7
 BabyX! BabyX is a project (by Auckland's Bioengineering
Institute Laboratory for Animate Technologies) to make
a virtual animated baby that learns and reacts like a
human baby. It uses the computer's cameras for
"seeing" and microphones to "listen" as the inputs. The
TotalTuringTest? computer uses AI algorithms for BabyX's "learning" and
interpretation of the inputs (voice and image) to
understand the situation. The result is a virtual toddler
that can learn to read, recognize objects and
"understand." The output is the baby's face that can
"speak" and express its mood by facial expressions
(such as smiling).
8
 BabyX! Reinforcement learning ..? It is a machine learning
training method based on rewarding desired
behaviors and/or punishing undesired ones.

TotalTuringTest? Affective Computing ..? it describes computing that

is in some way connected to emotion ( a.k.a.
emotional artificial intelligence). It is the study and
development of systems and devices that can
recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human
affects (feelings, emotions, or mood.
9
 Systems that Act Like Humans
The Chinese Room Argument
John Rogers Searle (born July 31, 1932) is an American philosopher

“Searle's thought experiment begins with this hypothetical premise: suppose that
artificial intelligence research has succeeded in constructing a computer that
behaves as if it understands Chinese. It takes Chinese characters as input and, by
following the instructions of a computer program, produces other Chinese
characters, which it presents as output. Suppose, says Searle, that this computer
performs its task so convincingly that it comfortably passes the Turing test: it
convinces a human Chinese speaker that the program is itself a live Chinese speaker.
To all of the questions that the person asks, it makes appropriate responses, such
that any Chinese speaker would be convinced that they are talking to another
Chinese-speaking human being.”

The question Searle wants to answer is this: does the machine literally "understand"
Chinese? Or is it merely simulating the ability to understand Chinese? Searle calls
the first position "strong AI" and the latter "weak AI".

22
 Systems that Act Like Humans
The Chinese Room Argument
(Continued)
Searle then supposes that he is in a closed room and has a book with an English
version of the computer program, along with sufficient paper, pencils, erasers, and
filing cabinets. Searle could receive Chinese characters through a slot in the door,
process them according to the program's instructions, and produce Chinese
characters as output. If the computer had passed the Turing test this way, it follows,
says Searle, that he would do so as well, simply by running the program manually.

Searle asserts that there is no essential difference between the roles of the
computer and himself in the experiment. Each simply follows a program, step-by-
step, producing a behaviour which is then interpreted as demonstrating intelligent
conversation. However, Searle would not be able to understand the conversation.

Searle argues that without "understanding" (or "intentionality"), we cannot

describe what the machine is doing as "thinking" and since it does not think, it
does not have a "mind" in anything like the normal sense of the word. Therefore,
he concludes that "strong AI" is false. 23
 Systems that Act Like Humans
The Chinese Room Argument
(Continued)

If person inside does a great job of answering questions, can we

say s/he understands?
Even if (s)he is only blindly following rules?
(Obviously, the ‘person inside’ is acting like an AI program)
12
 Systems that Act Like Humans
The Chinese Room Argument
(Continued)
Strong vs. Weak AI Hypotheses?
-WEAK AI Hypothesis; We can accurately simulate animal / human
intelligence in a computer.
- STRONG AI Hypothesis; We can create algorithms that are intelligent
( Consciousness ? ..
Self-Awareness ? ..
Free-will ? )

Do you remember Sonny,

the robot from the 2004
science-fiction / action film
"I, Robot"?

13
 Systems that Act Like Humans
Strong Vs. Weak AI .. Where are we?

Source: https://www.upwork.com/hiring/for-clients/artificial-intelligence-and-natural-language-processing-in-big-data/ 26
Lecture 2: An introduction to Artificial Intelligence [AI]
1.1 What is Intelligence 1.3 AI as the Study & Design of Intelligent

▪ Some Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Agents

▪ What is Intelligence? ▪ Systems that Think like Humans

▪ What is Artificial Intelligence? ▪ Systems that Think Rationally

1.2 Systems that Act Like Humans ▪ Challenges to Systems that Think Rationally

▪ Systems that Act Like Humans ▪ Systems that Act Rationally

▪ Turing Test (the Imitation Game)?

▪ Total Turing Test?

▪ The Chinese Room Argument

▪ Strong Vs. Weak AI

▪ Where are we?

 What isArtificial Inteligence?

Systems that act like humans Systems that think rationally

“The study of how to make computers do “The study of mental faculties through the
things at which, at the moment, people are use of computational models” (Charniack
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991) and McDermott, 1985).
“The art of creating machines that perform “The study of the computations that make it
functions that require intelligence when possible to perceive, reason, and act.”
performed by people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) (Winston, 1992)

Systems that think like humans Systems that act rationally

“The automation of activities that we

associate with human thinking, such as “AI .. is concerned with intelligent behavior
decision making, problem solving, learning” in artifacts (Nilsson, 1998)
(Bellman, 1978)
“Computational Intelligence is the study of
“The exciting new effort to make computers the design of intelligent agents.” (Poole et
think … machines with minds, in the full al., 1998)
and literal sense.” (Haugeland, 1985)
16
 Systems that Think Like Humans
• Need to study the brain as an information processing machine,
… in other words … it is based on cognitive modeling approach.
Steps to develop an AI that think like human:
1. Use Computational Models to Understand the Actual Workings of Human Mind
2. Devise/Choose a sufficiently precise theory of the mind.
3. Express it as a computer program.
4. Check match between program and human behavior (actions and timing) on
similar tasks.
• Tight connections with Cognitive Science & Neuroscience.
• Finally building systems that can model the cognitive capability of the human.
Simulating the way the human think, conclude, reason with. How can convert these
to computations and based on these computations we can build these AI systems.
• Examples: Chatbots (GPT-3 or GPT-4) or Virtual personal assistants (Siri,
Alexa, google assistant)

17
 What isArtificial Inteligence?

Systems that act like humans Systems that think rationally

“The study of how to make computers do “The study of mental faculties through the
things at which, at the moment, people are use of computational models” (Charniack
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991) and McDermott, 1985).
“The art of creating machines that perform “The study of the computations that make it
functions that require intelligence when possible to perceive, reason, and act.”
performed by people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) (Winston, 1992)

Systems that think like humans Systems that act rationally

“The automation of activities that we

associate with human thinking, such as “AI .. is concerned with intelligent behavior
decision making, problem solving, learning” in artifacts (Nilsson, 1998)
(Bellman, 1978)
“Computational Intelligence is the study of
“The exciting new effort to make computers the design of intelligent agents.” (Poole et
think … machines with minds, in the full al., 1998)
and literal sense.” (Haugeland, 1985)
18
 Systems that Think Rationaly
Logic: That is; patterns of arguments (fact) that always yields
correct conclusions when supplied with correct premises. It is based on laws
of thought approach or logic.
“.. Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal.”
Steps to perform systems that think rationally:
1. Try to build computational frameworks based on logic, that is, describe a
problem in formal logical notation and apply general deduction (conclusion)
procedures to solve it.

2. Then use these frameworks to build intelligent systems that think rationally.

• Tight connections with (Propositional Logic) and (Logic Programming).

• More advanced logic-based representations: Semantic Networks.

• Examples: (Autonomous Vehicles self driving cars, Game-playing AI (chess

game) ) 33
 What isArtificial Inteligence?

Systems that act like humans Systems that think rationally

“The study of how to make computers do “The study of mental faculties through the
things at which, at the moment, people are use of computational models” (Charniack
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991) and McDermott, 1985).
“The art of creating machines that perform “The study of the computations that make it
functions that require intelligence when possible to perceive, reason, and act.”
performed by people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) (Winston, 1992)

Systems that think like humans Systems that act rationally

“The automation of activities that we

associate with human thinking, such as “AI .. is concerned with intelligent behavior
decision making, problem solving, learning” in artifacts (Nilsson, 1998)
(Bellman, 1978)
“Computational Intelligence is the study of
“The exciting new effort to make computers the design of intelligent agents.” (Poole et
think … machines with minds, in the full al., 1998)
and literal sense.” (Haugeland, 1985)
20
 Systems thatAct Rationaly
Why ..?

• Acting rationally refers to the process of making decisions and taking actions that
lead to desirable outcomes or goals, based on available information and knowledge.
(information or knowledge obtained using any approach)

• Aim to build rational agents to achieve goals. These agents can imitate the human
actions or use the cognitive modeling of the human or use the law of thought to reach
the goal. (I don’t care).

• But more is needed for rational behavior, e.g.

• How to behave when there is no provably correct thing to do (i.e. reasoning
under uncertainty).

• Examples:
• Autonomous Robotics: uses sensor data, algorithms to see the environment to
optimize the actions and achieve the objectives. (manufacturing, healthcare,.etc)
• Traffic Management systems: in smart cities (use data from cameras, sensors,
and traffic flow model to optimize the traffic signal timing, reduce congestion,
enhance the transportation efficiency.
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 Exercises
What have we learned?
▪ Describe briefly the Turing Test “Imitation game”. (Illustrate through drawing).
▪ Describe briefly the Total Turing Test.
▪ Describe briefly the “Weak AI Hypothesis” versus the “Strong AI hypothesis”
▪ Describe briefly Reinforcement Learning
▪ Describe briefly Affective computing.
▪ Compare briefly between Systems that “Act / Behave Rationally”, and Systems
that “Act / Behave Humanly”.
THANK YOU