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IE Mod 01 PowerSupply

Industrial electronics encompasses technologies like sensors, controllers, communication protocols, and power electronics. The goals are to enhance efficiency, reliability, safety, and productivity. A power supply consists of a transformer, rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator. The transformer steps up or down AC voltage without changing frequency. The rectifier converts AC to pulsating DC. The filter smoothes the pulsating DC into steady DC. The regulator provides a constant voltage output despite input or load variations. Diodes are used in half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits to convert AC to DC for loads. Full-wave rectifiers have higher efficiency than half-wave rectifiers.

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33 views25 pages

IE Mod 01 PowerSupply

Industrial electronics encompasses technologies like sensors, controllers, communication protocols, and power electronics. The goals are to enhance efficiency, reliability, safety, and productivity. A power supply consists of a transformer, rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator. The transformer steps up or down AC voltage without changing frequency. The rectifier converts AC to pulsating DC. The filter smoothes the pulsating DC into steady DC. The regulator provides a constant voltage output despite input or load variations. Diodes are used in half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits to convert AC to DC for loads. Full-wave rectifiers have higher efficiency than half-wave rectifiers.

Uploaded by

Ry An
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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POWER SUPPLY

module 01
Industrial Electronics
[email protected]
Industrial Electronics

Industrial electronics encompasses a wide range of technologies, including


sensors, controllers, communication protocols, power electronics, and more.
The primary goals of industrial electronics are to enhance efficiency, reliability,
safety, and productivity within industrial operations.
Power Supply

VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER
REGULATOR
Power Supply Block Diagram

1. Transformer. Step-up or step-down the AC voltage without change in


frequency.
2. Rectifying Circuit. Changes the incoming AC signal into a pulsating DC
signal.
3. Filter Circuit. Smooths out the pulsating DC coming from the rectifier
circuit using a smoothing capacitor. This reduces the pulsations in the
rectified voltage, resulting in a smoother DC voltage.
4. Voltage Regulator Circuit. Provides a constant voltage output regardless
if there is change in the amplitude of the input signal or change in the
amount of load.
Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that may step up or step down AC
voltage.
● One coil is termed the primary winding, which is connected to
the supply of electricity, and the other the secondary winding,
which may be connected to a load.
Transformer
● The induced e.m.f. E in a coil of N turns is given by the following equation:

where is the rate of change of flux. In an ideal transformer, the rate of


change of flux is the same for both primary and secondary and thus i.e.
the induced e.m.f. per turn is constant.
● If, assuming, there are no losses, i.e. and , then we
can determine the voltage ratio and the transformation ratio.
Transformer
Transformer

PROBLEM 01: A transformer has 500 primary turns and 3000 secondary turns.
If the primary voltage is 240V, determine the secondary voltage, assuming an
ideal transformer. (1.44 kV)

PROBLEM 02: An ideal transformer with a turns ratio of 2:7 is fed from a 240V
supply. Determine its output voltage. (840 V)

PROBLEM 03: An ideal transformer, connected to a 240V mains, supplies a 12V,


150W lamp. Calculate the transformer turns ratio and the current taken from
the supply. (20l 0.625 A)
Rectifier

● It is a diode circuit that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current


(DC).

● It converts a bidirectional current flow to a unidirectional flow, which


maintains constant polarity across the load.
Half-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Rectifier (Center-tapped)
Full-wave Rectifier (Bridge)
Half-wave vs. Full-wave Rectifier

RMS voltage 0.5*Vm Vm/√2

DC voltage Vm/π 2*Vm/π

Ripple factor 1.21 0.482

Maximum efficiency 40.6% 81.2%


Ripple Factor
● The rectified output contains some amount of AC component
present in it, in the form of ripples. This is understood by
observing the output waveform of the half wave rectifier. To get a
pure dc, we need to have an idea on this component.
● The ripple factor gives the waviness of the rectified output. It is
denoted by γ. This is defined as the ratio of the effective value
of ac component of voltage or current to the direct value or
average value.
Rectifier Efficieny
● Any circuit needs to be efficient in its working for a better output.
To calculate the efficiency of a half wave rectifier, the ratio of the
output power to the input power has to be considered.
● The rectifier efficiency is defined as the ratio of the DC power
delivered to the load (output power) to the AC input power from
the transformer secondary (input power)

●
Regulation
● The current through the load may vary depending upon the load
resistance. But even at such condition, we expect our output
voltage which is taken across that load resistor, to be constant. So,
our voltage needs to be regulated even under different load
conditions.
● The variation of D.C. output voltage with change in D.C. load
current is defined as the Regulation. The percentage regulation is
calculated as follows.
Peak Inverse Voltage

● A diode when connected in reverse bias, should be operated under a


controlled level of voltage. If that safe voltage is exceeded, the diode gets
damaged. Hence it is very important to know about that maximum
voltage.
● The maximum inverse voltage that the diode can withstand without being
destroyed is called as Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV).
Silicon diodes are used in a four-diode full-wave rectifier circuit to supply a load with 12 volts D.C.
Assuming ideal diodes and that the load resistance is 12 ohms, compute (i) the transformer
secondary voltage, (ii) the load ripple voltage, (iii) the efficiency of the rectifier. Derive equations
used and assume that the input voltage is 220 volts.
Silicon diodes are used in a two-diode full-wave rectifier circuit to supply a load with 12 volts D.C.
Assuming ideal diodes and that the load resistance is 12 ohms, compute (i) the transformer
secondary voltage, (ii) the load ripple voltage, (iii) the efficiency of the rectifier. Derive equations
used and assume that the input voltage is 220 volts.
A transformer having a turns ratio of 44:1 is connected to a 220 V r.m.s. mains supply. If the
secondary output is applied to a half-wave rectifier, determine the peak voltage that will appear
across a load
An ac supply of 220V is applied to a half wave rectifier circuit through transformer with turns ratio
10:1, Find (a) dc output voltage and (b) PIV. Assume the diode to be ideal.
REVIEW FOR QUIZ 01

Transformers.
The turns ratio of a transformer used in a Bridge Rectifier is 12:1. The primary is connected to the
power mains: 220V, 50Hz. Assuming the diode voltage drops to be zero, (a) calculate the D.C
voltage across the load resistor. (b) What is the PIV of the diode? If the same dc voltage is obtained
by using Center tapped FWR, what is PIV? ANSWERS: a) 16.48 V, b) 25.9 V, c) 51.8 V

Rectifiers,
Fill up the following table. Identify the relationship among the different rectifier circuits.

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