Topic 8 Electrical Forensic Investigation Ir Hamzah Bin Ismail
Topic 8 Electrical Forensic Investigation Ir Hamzah Bin Ismail
Topic 8 Electrical Forensic Investigation Ir Hamzah Bin Ismail
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Definition
• “Forensic electrical engineering” is a branch of
forensic engineering focusing on the
investigating of electrical failures and accidents,
using scientific principles, to reveal the root
causes of the failure
• It involves determining the cause of electrical
mal-functions, poor power quality, poor power
system performance (low voltage, transients,
interruptions and etc.)
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Standards, Rules & Regulations
• Electricity Supply Act 1990
• Electricity Regulations 1994
• Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514)
• Akta Keterangan 1950 (Akta 56)
• JKR Electrical Specification (L-S1 to L-S20)
• MS IEC 60364 - Electrical installations of buildings
• etc.
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Standards, Rules & Regulations
Akta Bekalan Elektrik 1990, Akta 447
• Seksyen 33: Pemberitahuan Kemalangan atau Kebakaran:
“(2) Suruhanjaya hendaklah, dengan seberapa segera yang praktik apabila
menerima laporan pertama mengarahkan seseorang pegawai diberi kuasa
supaya—
(a) melawat tempat di mana kemalangan atau kebakaran itu berlaku;
(b) membuat penyiasatan permulaan mengenai hal keadaan itu;”
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Requirements of forensic investigators
• Forensic work cannot be confined to a 6 hours
training, it involves constant though and testing
of hypotheses against observed facts
• Requisite qualities of investigators are:
a) Suitable academic and practical experience
b) Observant and methodical
c) Ability to write good, objective and well
illustrated technical reports
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Proses Kerja
MULA
Semakan ke atas
Terima dokumen secara A
Permohonan komprehensif
Definasi Membangunkan
objektif siasatan hipotesis
Proses Kerja
Penyiasatan
di tapak
Pengujian Analisis
B C
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Proses Kerja
B C
Kesimpulan
D
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Proses Kerja
D
Sediakan
laporan forensik
TIDAK Laporan
lengkap?
TAMAT
YA
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Methodology in Electrical Forensic Analysis
Obtain Information
• Obtain documents such as:
– Technical specifications
– Details of equipment suppliers, type test
reports, mill certificates, catalogue, FAT
reports
– Testing & Commissioning, O&M records
– Drawings
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Methodology in Electrical Forensic Analysis
Site Investigation
• To identify the mode of damage/failure, so that
the root causes can be known
• Conduct visual inspection at site as fast as
possible before evidence becomes disturbed,
destroyed, disposed off or stolen
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Methodology in Electrical Forensic Analysis
Site Investigation
• Sometimes a visual inspection will offer immediate
clues:
– A transformer that’s much too hot
– Wiring or connections discoloured from heat
– Signal cables running in the same trays as power
cables
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Methodology in Electrical Forensic Analysis
Site Investigation
• Like any detective, you should start at the scene
of the crime. Troubleshooting should start at
the load(s) and work back through the DBs,
SSBs, MSBs and transformers.
• Walk through the building and observe the type
and number loads used.
• Look for possible problem sources such as new
loads added, new construction and type and
quality of wiring
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Methodology in Electrical Forensic Analysis
Site Investigation
• Look for characteristics of damage, whether due to
flashover, explosion, fire, ohmic heat, mechanical
failure, environment degradation (corrosion) or other
causes
• Defects in electrical wiring caused improper
workmanship is common causes that often require
investigating
• Take as many photographs as possible-firstly, overall
view, then close-ups; take from different angles
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Methodology in Electrical Forensic Analysis
Site Investigation
• Conduct interviews of witnesses to obtain first
hand information on the incident.
• Collect as much information as possible about
the nature of the problem being reported
and/or suspected problem.
• Ask questions, such as what is the nature of the
problem, when the problem occurs, how often
the problem occurs and what loads are affected.
Take notes when collecting information.
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Methodology in Electrical Forensic Analysis
Site Investigation
• Obtain or create a single line diagram
– It’s tough to diagnose problems without having a
working knowledge of the site being investigated
– Start by checking a single line diagram of the site
• Testing on site and conduct further dismantling (at
laboratory) if required
• Making use of a sharp eye and taking some basic
measurements (voltage & current).
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Methodology in Electrical Forensic Analysis
Analysis of Results
• The theories must fit the facts and not the other
way round. Physical evidence and test results
must be considered
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Methodology in Electrical Forensic Analysis
Analysis of Results
• Must include part or all of the following:
– Information from supplier/manufacturer
– Observations and test results
– Calculations and analysis with software
– Specialist information from literature survey
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Report Output
• A report should be simple enough for a ‘layman’
to understand but have sufficient depth to
satisfy a specialist
• A good technical report should contain all
information relevant to the understanding of
the case but should be concise and precise
• Use simple language with short sentences
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Report Output
• Dividing the report into properly numbered and
appropriately titled sections, subsections and
paragraphs for easier reading and
understanding, cross-referencing
• The use of clear and high resolution illustrations
will enhance the integrity of the physical
evidence. In forensic analysis one good picture
is worth more than a thousand words
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Report Output
• The findings should be discussed before
conclusions are made (for complex cases)
• The conclusions should answer the objectives
• Recommendations should be made for the
further work necessary to obtain better results
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Fire Cases
• Kes kebakaran memerlukan seorang pakar forensik
elektrik yang berpengalaman kerana ia perlu
membangunkan semula kejadian tersebut berdasarkan
temubual saksi, bahan bukti dan pemahaman yang tinggi
terhadap akta, standard, spesifikasi dan bahan/barangan
elektrik.
• Perlu bekerjasama dengan pihak BOMBA dan
Suruhanjaya Tenaga.
• Kes-kes yang melibatkan kematian dan berkepentingan
rakyat perlu dikendalikan dalam tempoh yang singkat.
Seorang pakar perlu mempunyai pengetahuan yang
tinggi dan berpengalaman luas.
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Fire Cases
• Pakar Forensik Elektrik juga akan bertanggungjawab
menjadi saksi pakar prosiding kepada Suruhanjaya
/Jawatankuasa Siasatan Bebas:
Sebelum prosiding dilaksanakan saksi pakar akan
disemak kelulusan, jurutera profesional yang
berdaftar dan pengalaman dalam mengendalikan kes
kebakaran bagi menentukan saksi pakar benar-benar
layak.
Mahir dalam mengenalpasti tempat-tempat kejadian.
Mahir dalam mengenalpasti setiap komponen-
komponen di tempat kejadian.
Boleh menerangkan laporan dengan jelas dan dalam
bahasa yang mudah dan bukan teknikal.
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Fire Cases
Mampu mengulas laporan daripada Agensi lain
Mahir dengan Akta Bekalan Elektrik
Mahir dengan standard pemasangan elektrik dan
penyelenggaraan
Mampu membangunkan semula kejadian kebakaran
Memahami dengan terperinci litar/pendawaian bangunan
yang terbakar
Memahami dengan terperinci komponen dan litar barangan
elektrik
Mampu merekodkan setiap percakapan dengan saksi utama.
Mampu mengingati tarikh-tarikh yang penting.
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FAULT DIAGNOSIS
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Why do Materials/Equipment Fail?
• Due to the action of stresses – electrical,
mechanical, environmental and etc.
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Why do Materials/Equipment Fail?
Electrical Stresses
• Arise from electrical potential (voltage), from supply
authority or from lightning activity
• Electrical potential can cause a breakdown in the dielectric
strength of insulation and result in an explosive flashover
with temperatures reaching thousands of degrees celcius
• Current flow – high resistance, gives rise to ohmic heating,
which may cause conductors and joints to melt, resulting
in open circuiting, arcing and fires. Also gives rise to
magnetic forces which cause mechanical stresses (e.g. in
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transformer cores)
Why do Materials/Equipment Fail?
Mechanical Forces
• Give rise to tensile, compressive and bending stresses,
which can cause brittle or ductile failures and fatigue
failures
Environmental Stresses
• Arise from natural or artificial agents in the environment,
such as moisture, heat, corrosive gases and liquids, often
act in combination with mechanical stresses
• May give rise to general corrosion, galvanic corrosion,
wear, erosion, thermal degradation and cracking
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Temperature Problems
• Heat is produced in all electrical systems.
• The heat is the result of electricity flowing through
electrical distribution equipment such as conductors
(cable), transformers and switchgears.
• Heat is produced when current flows through a
resistance. The higher the current, the greater the
temperature produced at the resistance.
• Temperature measurements identify problems or
potential problems in electrical systems by identifying
the heat produced by undersized cables, switching
gear and transformers.
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Temperature Problems
• Temperature measurements are important because
power quality problems, such as harmonics, produce
extra heat in electrical systems even when current
flow is within acceptable limits.
• Harmonics in an electrical system produce additional
heat in all transformers.
• Temperature measurements are taken using non
contact temperature test instruments.
• Non contact temperature instruments are typically of
the infrared type or thermal imaging type.
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Temperature Problems
Infrared Meters
• Infrared meters are less expensive than
thermal imaging cameras.
• Thermal imaging cameras are able to
measure the temperature of large areas and
are great troubleshooting and preventive
maintenance test instruments.
• A poor electrical connection is a typical
problem
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Temperature Problems
Infrared Meters
• The worse the connection, the higher the
resistance and the higher the heat created.
• Loose, corroded or dirty electrical
connections generate unwanted resistance
and heat
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Live Testing
• It is preferable that supplies be made dead
before work commences. However, it does
acknowledge that some work, such as fault
finding and testing may require the electrical
equipment to remain energized.
• If the fault finding and testing can only be
successfully carried out live then the person
carrying out the fault diagnosis must:
– Be trained so that they understand the
equipment and the potential hazards of
working live
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Live Testing
– Set up appropriate warning notices so that the
work activity does not create a situation
dangerous to others
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Diagnose and Find Faults
• To diagnose and find faults in electrical
installations and equipment is one of the most
difficult tasks
• To be successful the individual must have a
thorough knowledge of the installation or
equipment and have a broad range of the skills
and competences
• The tests recommended by the MS IEC 60364
can be used as a diagnostic tool
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Where do electrical faults occur?
• Faults occur in wiring systems
• Faults occur at cable terminations
• Faults occur at accessories such as switches,
sockets and control gear
• Faults occur in protective devices
• Faults occur in luminaires
• Faults occur in electrical components, equipment
and accessories such as motors, starters,
switchgear, distribution boards
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Case Studies
Case #1 – Hospital Fire Incident
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Case Studies
Case #1 – Hospital Fire Incident
• Satu kejadian kebakaran telah berlaku di wad Unit Rawatan
Rapi (Intensive Care Unit-ICU). Kejadian ini telah
mengakibatkan enam (6) orang pesakit meninggal dunia.
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Case Studies
Case #1 – Hospital Fire Incident
Gambar di bawah menunjukkan ada cpc tidak ditamatkan
pada earth terminal di DB-NB.
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Case Studies
Case #1 – Hospital Fire Incident
Terdapat beberapa cpc tidak ditamatkan pada earth
terminal di DB-EL dan berkemungkinan ada berlakunya
single line-to-earth fault. Pemeriksaan pada 27/10/2016
menunjukkan cpc tidak ditamatkan. Walau
bagaimanapun pemeriksaan pada 30/10/2016
menunjukkan cpc tersebut telah ditamatkan semula.
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Case Studies
Case #1 – Hospital Fire Incident
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Case Studies
Case #2 –Kuarters terbakar
1. Objektif
Menentukan sama ada kebakaran disebabkan oleh
pepasangan elektrik ataupun peralatan elektrik yang
digunapakai oleh penghuni.
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Case Studies
Case #2 –Kuarters terbakar
2. Metodologi
• Pemeriksaan secara penglihatan.
• Temubual dengan penghuni rumah
• Pengujian di tapak
• Semakan ke atas rekabentuk
• Semakan ke atas laman web ST untuk
bahan/barangan
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Case Studies
Case #2 –Kuarters terbakar
3. Penemuan
Periuk tekanan elektrik telah terbakar beserta dengan
extension cord plug. Peralatan lain yang terbakar adalah
ketuhar elektrik, periuk nasi elektrik, pengisar elektrik
dan kabinet dapur
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Case Studies
Case #2 –Kuarters terbakar
3. Penemuan
Switch socket
outlet
Periuk
tekanan
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Case Studies
Case #2 –Kuarters terbakar
3.1 Pengujian Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)
Bagi mengenalpasti sama ada RCCB tersebut beroperasi
jika berlaku kerosakan ke bumi, ujian RCCB telah
dijalankan.
Nama Papan Kadaran Kepekaan
Jenama Model Keputusan
Agihan Arus (Sensitivity)
DB –APT (Type B) Hager CD 63 A 30 mA Berfungsi dengan
(1 phase) 263B baik
DB –APT (Type B) Maxguard HML1 40 A 100 mA Berfungsi dengan
(1 phase) baik
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Case Studies
Case #2 –Kuarters terbakar
3.2 Pengujian Earth Fault Loop Impedance (Zs)
Tujuan ujian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti sama ada
MCB yang disambungkan kepada s/s/o (disambungkan
kepada periuk tekanan) dapat terpelantik dalam masa
40 ms jika berlaku kerosakan ke bumi, ujian earth fault
loop impedance telah dijalankan dan keputusan adalah
0.54 Ω. Nilai keputusan ujian didapati kurang dari 0.57 Ω
berdasarkan MCB 32 A Type C IEC 60898 dan jika
berlaku kerosakan ke bumi, MCB dapat terpelantik
dalam masa 40 ms
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Case Studies
Case #2 –Kuarters terbakar
3.3 Pengujian Prospective Short Circuit Current (PSCC)
Bagi menentukan PSCC pada s/s/o (disambungkan
kepada periuk tekanan), ujian PSCC telah dijalankan dan
keputusan adalah 474 A. MCB yang telah dipasang
mempunyai breaking capacity iaitu 6 kA di mana
melebihi daripada PSCC. Oleh sebab itu, pemilihan
spesifikasi MCB adalah berdasarkan standard.
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Case Studies
Case #2 –Kuarters terbakar
3.4 Rekabentuk Pepasangan
Setelah membuat semakan lukisan skematik terhadap litar
yang terbabit dengan kebakaran, didapati terdapat
ketidakpatuhan di mana pemilihan kadaran kabel (Iz) dan
kadaran MCB (In) tidak berdasarkan standard MS IEC 60364.
Iz mestilah melebihi atau sama dengan In (Iz ≥ In). Di dalam
kes ini, saiz kabel yang digunakan adalah 2.5 mm2 (radial
circuit) dan berkadaran 24 A (Iz) manakala MCB berkadaran
32 A (In). Oleh sebab itu, kadaran kabel adalah kurang
daripada kadaran MCB yang mana boleh menyebabkan kabel
mengalami lebihan arus semasa berlaku litar pintas sebelum
MCB terpelantik.
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Case Studies
Case #2 –Kuarters terbakar
3.5 Gambar-Gambar Pemeriksaan
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Case Studies
Case #2 –Kuarters terbakar
5. Pengesyoran
• Mengesyorkan supaya kes ini dilaporkan kepada ST
supaya tindakan dapat diambil terhadap pembekal
periuk tekanan yang mengiimpot barangan tersebut
dari China tanpa berdaftar dengan ST.
• Menyarankan supaya rekabentuk dan pemasangan
elektrik terhadap kuarters ini dikaji semula kerana
terdapat ketidakpatuhan kepada standard. MCB 32 A
bagi s/s/o perlu ditukarkan kepada kadaran 20 A dan
bagi litar-litar lain pengiraan haruslah dibuat semula.
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Case Studies
Case #3 – Root Cause Analysis of Dry-Type Transformers
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Case Studies
Case #3 – Root Cause Analysis of Dry-Type Transformers
• Seramai dua orang Jurutera Elektrik Forensik telah di
arahkan oleh Pegawai Penguasa bagi melaksanakan
Root Cause Analysis (RCA) untuk tiga buah transformer
yang meletup. RCA telah dijalankan di premis pengilang
Shanghai, China.
• Objektif Root Cause Analysis (RCA) adalah untuk
mengenalpasti punca penyebab kerosakan pada tiga
buah transformer tersebut.
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Case Studies
Case #3 – Root Cause Analysis of Dry-Type Transformers
Metodologi oleh Pengilang:
Pemeriksaan secara penglihatan
Pengujian ke atas transformer
Pemeriksaan dan pengukuran pada bahagian dalaman
transformer
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Case Studies
Case #3 – Root Cause Analysis of Dry-Type Transformers
–Metodologi oleh JKR:
Semakan ke atas prosedur RCA
Temubual dengan pihak pengilang
Semakan ke atas mill certificate untuk bahan mentah (raw material)
Semakan ke atas Quality Assurance (QA)/Quality Control (QC) pengilang
Lawatan ke atas proses pembuatan transformer
Menyaksikan pengujian oleh pihak pengilang
Menyaksikan pemeriksaan dan pengukuran pada bahagian dalaman
transformer oleh pihak pengilang
Mengambil sampel bahan-bahan untuk diuji di makmal
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Case Studies
Case #3 – Root Cause Analysis of Dry-Type Transformers
Hasil semakan ke atas mill certificate didapati bahan
penebat untuk High Voltage (HV) windings iaitu Mylar
mempunyai ketahanan
suhu sehingga 150 oC
manakala spesifikasi JKR
memerlukan penebat
155 oC Class F berdasarkan
IEC 60076-1
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Case Studies
Case #3 – Root Cause Analysis of Dry-Type Transformers
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Resin dan fibre glass telah terkopak akibat kesan short circuit
Case Studies
Case #3 – Root Cause Analysis of Dry-Type Transformers
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Case Studies
Case #3 – Root Cause Analysis of Dry-Type Transformers
• Ketiga-tiga transformer yang meletup disebabkan oleh
kegagalan produk (product failure) akibat daripada
kegagalan mematuhi spesifikasi bahan mentah dan
kawalan kualiti proses pembuatan di kilang. Akibat
daripada kegagalan produk tersebut, sebanyak 21 buah
transformer yang telah dipasang telah ditarik balik dan
digantikan dengan baharu.
• Juga akibat daripada kegagalan transformer tersebut,
pendaftaran produk tersebut telah ditarik balik
pendaftaran dengan JKR.
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Thank You
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