Water for Food Security in Indonesia

Prof. Dr. Waluyo Hatmoko, M.Sc.

Research Professor in Water Resources Management
Directorate General of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works
Problems of Food Security

Present condition

Problem analysis: 1) Policy; 2) SWOT; 3) Water Security,

4) System Dynamics

The way forward

 Problems of Food security
Food security (United Nations Projection of Indonesian Rice Demand
Committee on World Food Security) and Production
• means that all people, at all 39.0
times,
38.0
• have physical, social, and
economic access to sufficient, 37.0
safe, and nutritious food 36.0

million tons of rice

• that meets their food 35.0
preferences and dietary needs 34.0
for an active and healthy life. in the year of 2045
33.0 Deficit 3.1 million tons
Dimension of Food security 32.0
• Food availability: water is one
31.0
key element supporting food
availability 30.0

• Economic access 29.0

• Nutritious 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 2037 2039 2041 2043 2045
Demand Production
Provinces with Surplus of Rice Production

Surplus Gabah Kering Giling (Ton/tahun)

1,000,000 to 5,470,000 (7)
500,000 to 1,000,000 (3)
250,000 to 500,000 (2)
0 to 250,000 (10)
-1,250,000 to 0 (12)
The amount of water in Indonesia is number 4 in the world

9,000

8,000

7,000

6,000
km3/year

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0
Brazil Rusia Canada Indonesia China Colombia USA
Jumlah Air Sumber air di negeri sendiri
Sumber: FAO (2003)
The water availability is highly fluctuated within a year and between year
 Water per capita per year

Indonesia:
8,244
The threat of water shortages
Water Balance Status (surplus/deficit) in the river basin area
Water Demand / Water Supply Ratio in the river basin area
 Falkenmark Water Stress Index, water per-capita in the river basin area

Indonesia: 8,244 m3/cap/year (No Stress)

Java: 831 m3/cap/year (Scarcity)
Bali and Nusa Tenggara: 1,482 m3/cap/year (Stress)
 Problem Analysis
1. Irrigation
modernization policy
2. Strength-Weakness-
Opportunity-Threat
(SWOT ) Analysis
3. AWDO Water
Security Indicators
for agriculture
4. System dynamics
approach:
identification of the
intervention from the
Causal Loop Diagram
1. Present Policy: Modernization of irrigation system
• Modernization of the irrigation system through the 5 pillars:
1) Water availability
✓ guarantee of water availability
✓ increasing water reliability through infrastructure, management,
and institutional
2) Irrigation Infrastructure
✓ Toward real-time, real allocation, real losses basis to support
improvement level of service
3) Irrigation Management
✓ Service oriented, participatory, accountable, real-time, real
allocation, real losses, supported by ICT, and IoT
4) Irrigation Institution
✓ Government, farmers, and coordination institution
✓ Supported by Knowledge Management Center
5) Human Capital
✓ Human as a subject in the central position in irrigation
management
 2. SWOT Analysis, Water for Food Security in Indonesia
Strengths Weaknesses
1. Water abundance , 2.78 trillion m3/year 1. High variability of water availability
2. Existing surface water irrigation 7,145,168 Ha, 2. Old Irrigation Infrastructures, 49% is older than
swamp 1,643,283 Ha, pond 189,747 Ha, 50 years, and 45% is damaged
groundwater 113,600 Ha, pump 44,23 Ha 3. Low data availability and quality
3. Potential rainfed area, 2.38 million Ha
4. Potential swamp area, 33.4 million Ha

Opprtunities Threats
1. Development of Swamp Irrigation 1. Flood and drought
2. Development of Rainfed Area 2. Climate change
3. Development of Food Estate 3. Land use change
4. All year round premium irrigation 4. Pandemi Covid-19
 3. Water security

Water Security
• The capacity of a population to
safeguard sustainable access to
adequate quantities of acceptable
quality water for sustaining
livelihoods, human well-being, and
socio-economic development, for
ensuring protection against water-
borne pollution and water-related
disasters, and for preserving
ecosystems in a climate of peace and
political stability (UN-Water, 2013).
ADB, 2020
 3. Indonesian Water Security

Indonesia 2016 to 2020

From Engage to Capable
2016 2020
Household
15

10

Disaster 5 Economic

ADB, 2020

Environment Urban

ADB, 2016 and ADB2020

3. Water security, food and agriculture

ADB, 2020
3. Water Security Indexes related to Food and Agriculture

The parameters of Water Security Indexes related to Agriculture (ADB, 2000)

➢Sub-Indicator Broad Economy
1. water availability for economic use:
a) reliability of supply across sectors:
• inter –annual rainfall
• intra-annual rainfall
• storage/water in basin ratio → more reservoirs
b) freshwater stress → higher irrigation efficiency
c) the Storage - Drought Duration Index → more reservoirs
2. data availability for decision making →better hydrology and water
resources data
➢Sub-Indicator Agriculture
• Water productivity → more crop per drop of water, higher cropping intensity
• Self-sufficiency → more area and crop intensity
 Need of Hydrological Information for Planning and Operation of
Irrigation and Water Resources Management
Time
Stages Scope Hydrological Information Needs
Horizon
Planning National Planning > 20 years Historical time-series, Climate change
projection
Island based Planning > 20 years Historical time-series, Climate change
projection
River Basin Area (Wilayah Sungai) 5, 10, 15, 20 Historical time-series, Climate change
1) Strategic Plan (Pola PSDA) years projection
2) Master Plan (Rencana PSDA)
Operation Annual Water Allocation Plan Annual of Climate prediction for the next year
(RAAT), Annual Reservoir Operation half-monthly
Plan, In Sub River Basin, River Basin basis
or River Basin Area
Real-time Water Allocation Real-time Real-time data
in Sub River Basin, River Basin or
River Basin Area
4. System dynamics approach: a simple Causal Loop Diagram

• Blue Arrow: Positive (increase)

• Red Arrow: Negative (decrease)
 The Way Forward
1. Water-saving irrigation: volumetric, incentives for water-efficient farmers
2. Conservation of upper catchment area
3. Constructions
1. More reservoirs: supporting all year crop in the premium irrigation area,
independent of the usual planting season
2. Irrigation development: rainfed, swamp, and Food Estate
4. Planning and Operation
1. Application of the Smart Water Management System: IWRM + ICT & IoT
2. Better Hydrological Information
• Hydrological database of historical data
• Climate change projection scenarios for strategic planning
• Climate prediction for annual water allocation, and cropping pattern
planning
• Near real-time data supporting real-time water allocation
 Progress: Building Reservoirs

18,97 Irrigation Services

billion m3 Total Irrigation Area : 7.145.168 Ha
12,46 13,57 (290 Dam)

billion m3 bilion m3
(220 Dam)
(235 Dam) 6,383,626.00 6,382,519.97 5,867,383.71

Existing 2019 2024 761,542.00 762,648.04 1,277,784.29

50 m3/kapita 68 m3/kapita Existing 2019 2024
15 Resevoirs 70 Reservoirs Bulit
Bulit

Source: Dit Bendungan dan Danau, 2021

Progress: Water Saving Irrigation, Precast Concrete Modular Canal

Compared to stone
masonry lining:
• Easier and faster
(37%)
• Lower life cycle
cost (43%)

Balai Teknik Irigasi

 Progress: Pipe and sprinkler irrigation for Food Estate
• Food Estate in Humbang
Hasundutan Disrict, North Sumatera
• Reservoir 1.400 m3 by gravity for 35
Ha, and pump (15 Ha)
• 10 sprinkler, 2021 will be added with
two more reservoirs 4.400 m3 and 1.200
m3, 200 sprinkler for 1,000 Ha.

• Food Estate in Belu District, East Nusa

Tenggara: 156 hectares of piped irrigation with
156 sprinkler units supplied from Rotiklot Dam,
and 224.2 hectares with 224 sprinklers supplied
from 23 groundwater wells.
Source: Dit ATAB, BWS Sum2
 Progress: Smart Water Management System

Smart Water Management

System in Cisangkuy River
SMOPI: Sistem Manajemen Operasi dan Basin
Pemeliharaan Irigasi
Balai Teknik Irigasi Balai Hidrologi dan Lingkungan Keairan
Progress: ICT
and Satellite Data
for real-time river
discharges

Balai Hidrologi dan

Lingkungan
Keairan
Progress: Climate Change Impact on Jatigede Reservoir Operation
• Climate change Projection until 2045 using an ensemble of 7 General Circulation Model (GCM) provided by
BMKG. Rainfall is converted into discharge using empirical projection
• Climate change scenario: Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 (IPCC, 2013)
Inflow Scenario Wet Year Normal Year Dry Year
Climate change impact on
Public water supply 100% 100% 100%
wet, normal, and dry year
Irrigation supply 100% 100% 89% to 100%
Drops of water level No. No. Up to 5 meters
Irrigation supply/demand ratio
Reservoir water level in the normal and dry year in the dry year

27
Concluding remarks
Recommendation for Indonesian Hydrological Society, Masyarakat
Hidrologi Indonesia (MHI), to contribute a more important role in the
management of water resources
1. Promote collaboration among hydrologist, meteorologist, and
groundwater specialist to improve hydrological data acquisition,
processing, analysis, and dissemination for better water resources
management
2. fostering the hydrological profession and establishing national
hydrological competency standards
3. Encourage young hydrologist to become actively involved in MHI’s
activities
 Thank you
Terima kasih
dank je
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